Why is pseudoscience not considered real science



A. It cannot answer all of a scientists questions



B. It relies on evidence based on personal experiences or beliefs



C. It cannot distinguish between the right or wrong way to apply knowledge



D. It relies on frequent communication within the community of researchers

Answer: Option D.

Explanation:

Active transport is defined as the transfer of molecules and other substances across a membrane from lower to higher concentration against the concentration gradient. Active transport utilizes Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as a energy source for the continuous movement of molecule against its concentration gradient.

Active transport function continuously because constant process of diffusion allows the movement of solutes in other direction.

For example cells are having higher concentrations of potassium (K+) and lower concentrations of sodium (Na+) in comparison to extracellular fluid. concentration gradient supports diffusion of Na+ ion into the cells and diffusion of K+ out of the cell. In such manner other small substances like glucose and amino acid constantly move across the plasma membranes and maintains concentrations of ions and other substances required for the body.

Hence, the correct option D.

Answer: Option B. 1. photosystem II 2. photosystem II 3. photosystem I

Explanation:

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food in the presence of light utilizing carbon dioxide and water. this process occurs in chloroplast which contains green pigments called chlorophyll.

Photosystem are defined as the cluster of chlorophyll pigments found on the thylakoid membrane ( in chloroplast) which functions to collect energy and concentrate it to reaction center which further uses the energy to excite electrons and pass on to enzymes.

Photosystem II absorbs light and energy which allows the excitation of electrons and creates an electron deficiency in Photosystem II. the deficiency filled by Z protein which contain manganese that stimulates splitting of two water molecules.

NADPH formation takes place in Photosystem I. Photosystem I accepts energy from light which excites an electron and passed on to an electron acceptor called FeS.  FeS then passes its e- to Ferrodoxin which donates its electron to NADP+ reductase. NADP+ reductase donates electron to NADP+ and add a proton  to form NADPH to get stabilized.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

This process is called Chemiosmotic Theory.

Two different solutions with a semi-permeable barrier (it allows to pass throw just water or solute, not both) will try to get into equilibrium.

Then, if you allows to pass just water though the barrier, it will go from the solution with less solute to the solution with more solute, in order to reach the solution equilibrium.

Answer:

The factor that will be different between the experimental group and the control group is the independent variable.

Explanation:

Scientific experiments are conducted using control and/or experimental groups. The independent variable can be controlled and/or changed in an experiment so that the changes or effects it caused on the dependent variable can be tested. In an experimental group, the subjects are tested with the changes made in the independent variable; whereas, in a control group, the independent variable remains constant. Since the control group does not receive the independent test variable, the results of the experimental group are compared with that of the control group.

Answer:

The bacterium will be a spherical shape

Explanation:

The responsible for the width of rod-shaped bacteria is the protein called MreB. This protein forms large microfilaments that are very similar to actin filaments found in eukaryotic cells. All the bacteria that are spherical by nature doesn’t have the protein MreB. So, if a rod-shape bacterium that doesn´t have a MreB protein or is altered this bacterium would be spherical-shape.

Answer:

HCl is known as hydrochloric acid. Hence the answer is option B.

Explanation:

Hydrochloric acid is an example of strong acid. This can be completely dissociates into aqua solution. It is also the very common acid used in chemical reactions. It is formed by the fusion of hydrogen atom and chlorine atom. This is formed due to the single substitution of ions.

The molecule has lower value of PH which indicates it as a very strong acid. This add acid is also present in our stomach. This side also helps in proper digestion of food and preservation of the food inside the stomach and it also close all the bacteria which are harmful for the human body

Answer:

The cause of the current mass extinction is the anthropic activity. The consumption of fossil fuels, ocean acidification, pollution, deforestation and forced migration threaten life and have caused the disappearance of many species.

Final answer:

The sixth mass extinction differs from past events as it is caused by human actions, including habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation of species, marking a significant shift from natural catastrophic events to anthropogenic impacts.

Explanation:

The cause of the current, or sixth mass extinction, is significantly different from those of the past. While past extinctions were largely due to major geologic and climatic events, the sixth extinction is directly attributable to human actions. These actions include habitat destruction, overexploitation of species, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species, all of which have dramatically increased the rate of species extinction.

Unlike previous mass extinctions that were caused by events such as asteroid impacts or massive volcanic eruptions, the current crisis is the result of the activities of Homo sapiens, especially since the onset of the industrial revolution.

Answer:

All carbohydrates, including sugar, contain the same three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Different arrangements of these elements form single units to make different types of carbohydrates.

Carbon and hydrogen

Answer:

A. They all contain carbon.

Explanation:

carbohydrates- Carbon,Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:2:1

Lipids- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Protein- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and nitrogen

Nucleic Acid- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

All four major groups of organic compounds - carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids - contain carbon.

The four major groups of organic compounds, which are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, all have one thing in common - they all contain carbon. This is because organic compounds are defined by their carbon-based structures. Carbon atoms are unique because they can form stable bonds with many elements, including themselves, which allows for the complex structures of organic compounds. Therefore, the answer is A - all major groups of organic compounds contain carbon.

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Answer:

The chemicals

Explanation:

When a scientific experiment is proposed, it is necessary that the dependent and independent variables are identified.

An independent variable is one that does not need the influence of another variable and is responsible for presenting a result that depends on its manipulation. The dependent variable, on the other hand, is one that is influenced by the dependent variable and needs its manipulation to generate a result.

In the question above, we saw that Susan wants to know what results the manipulation of different chemicals will have on plant growth. With that, we can say that chemicals are the independent variable, while plant growth is the dependent variable.

Among the given options, only 'Temperature effects the activity of an enzyme' is true about the normal functioning of an enzyme. An enzyme cannot bind with just any substrate or store molecules. Such molecules have active sites for specific substrates, which according to 'lock-and-key' or 'induced fit' models, aid in biochemical reactions.

The correct statement about the normal functioning of an enzyme is 'C. Temperature effects the activity of an enzyme'. Enzyme molecules possess a unique region known as the active site to which they bind with a specific substrate, adhering to lock-and-key or induced fit hypothesis models. This explains why enzymes cannot be used with any substrate, refuting options A and D.

Moreover, enzymes do not store molecules; they aide in various biochemical reactions. The activity of an enzyme can indeed be influenced by temperature; they optimally work within a certain temperature range. High temperatures can lead to denaturation of enzymes, affecting their shape and functionality. Therefore, statement C is the correct one.

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The products of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis are ATP (adenosine triphosphate), NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), and oxygen. These components are created by converting absorbed solar energy into chemical energy, which are then used to fuel further reactions in photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis, fundamental to life on Earth, occurs in two primary stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin Cycle). The question pertains to the products of the light-dependent reactions.

During the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll within the photosynthetic membranes. This process essentially converts light energy into chemical energy. This takes form as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), often considered 'energy carriers'. Additionally, the light-dependent reactions also result in the creation of oxygen, a byproduct formed when water molecules are split to provide the electrons for photosynthesis.

Therefore, the correct answer is: ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen. These molecules then provide energy for the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle), which lead to the production of glucose, a form of usable energy for plants.

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Answer:

Bacteria resistance

Explanation:

The antimicrobial cleaner contained certain product which most bacteria living on the counter top were sensitive to. This means, the product was effective and killed most of them. This is why the population declines significantly.

Yet, a few bacteria were already resistant to this product. This happens because of variability in their genome. Some bacteria have mutations in their DNA that confers them this advantage, by chance.

This few resistant bacteria will slowly start to grow again, while the chef continues to spray them, and therefore keeps selecting the resistant ones allowing their population to increase again.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. human movement that is used to communicate messages between people.

Explanation:

Body posture comes under non-verbal communication. Most of the time people communicate non-verbally than verbally by facial expression, body posture, appearance, and gesture.

Body posture says a lot of things about a person like if a person's body posture is straight that shows that the person is focused, interested and confident but if a person has stooped posture while sitting or standing gives a message that the person is bored and lack self-confidence.

Body posture also affects the health and personality of any individual. Day to day lifestyle of modern life is hugely responsible for people's bad body posture and health issues.

Therefore, the correct answer is c. human movement that is used to communicate messages between people.

Answer: The right answer is Deoxyribose sugar

Explanation:

ATP consists of adenosine (this is an adenine ring and a ribose sugar) – and three phosphate groups (triphosphate).

Hope this helps

Final answer:

Deoxyribose sugar is not a component of ATP; instead, ATP contains adenosine (adenine and ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups.

Explanation:

The component that is not a part of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule is deoxyribose sugar. ATP is composed of adenosine, which consists of adenine and ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Deoxyribose sugar is found in DNA, not ATP. The ribose sugar in ATP is a five-carbon sugar that is crucial for the molecule's structure and function, particularly in storing and transferring energy within the cell.

Answer:

Two

Explanation:

When alleles pass through segregation hey get ripped apart from it's homologous to produce mono allele gametes.

To create a new organism, that mono allele gamete will associate with another mono allele gamete to greate a full cell.

In this case, if your complete cell has both alleles A, and a.

Could produce two single allele cells A or a.

An individual with genotype Aa will produce two types of gametes according to Mendel's Principle of Segregation. They are either 'A' or 'a', each representing one allele of the gene.

According to Mendel’s Principle of Segregation, genotype Aa will make two different types of gametes during sexual reproduction.

These gametes have one of each allele for the gene, because the alleles separate during meiosis, the process that forms gametes. So, an individual with the Aa genotype will produce two types of gametes: one with the 'A' allele and one with the 'a' allele. This is due to the independent segregation of alleles for each gene during gamete formation.

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Ball and Socket Joint

This type of joint allows for a wide range of rotation and movement. The shoulder and hip are ball and socket joints.

The ball-and-socket joint, such as the hip and shoulder joints, enables the widest range of movement in the human body.

Ball-and-Socket Joint: The joint with the greatest range of motion is the ball-and-socket joint. For example, the hip joint and the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint are ball-and-socket joints that allow extensive movement in different directions.

Answer:

The correct answer is option e) "a and c".

Explanation:

Single carbons are atoms needed for the biosynthesis of many molecules in cells, therefore the cells need a pathway to move group of atoms containing single carbons to make them available for the biosynthesis. S-adenosylmethionine and Tetrahydrofolate are two of the major carriers of single carbons in cells. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) acts as a methyl (-CH3) donor and Tetrahydrofolate (THF) as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions.

Answer:

B. They have limited access to nutrients.

Explanation:

Although different factors affect plant growth at high altitudes such us, higher U.V radiation, temperature and harsh winds. Depending on its location alpine biome has shallow soils that cannot support the growth of big trees. Another factor could be the run off caused by rain which ends up washing top soil nutrients limiting its availability and hence plant growth.  

Also cold temperatures slow down decomposition procees limiting nutrients.

Plants in the alpine biome are typically low growing because they have limited access to sunlight.

Answer: B. They have limited access to sunlight.

Explanation:

Alpine biomes are described by cool temperatures, plentiful breeze and moderately low precipitation. This biome is home to just around 200 plant species, as their dynamic conditions are not good for plant development.

These areas are described by cold and blustery conditions as well as harsh daylight. Additionally, there's an insignificant stock of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis at high elevations.

For instance - The Himalayas, The Scottish Highlands, The Caucasus Mountains have alpine biome.

Answer:

A. epistasis

Explanation:

Many of the color varieties of summer squash are determined by several interacting loci: AA or Aa gives white, aaBB or aaBb gives yellow, and aabb produces green. Crosses among heterozygotes give a 12:3:1 ratio. Epistasis is the type of gene interaction that would account for these results.

Final answer:

The gene interaction leading to color variations in summer squash is an example of dominant epistasis, where one gene's dominant allele masks the expression of another gene. Resulting from a cross of WwYy individuals, this interaction gives a phenotypic ratio of 12 white, 3 yellow, and 1 green squash.

Explanation:

The type of gene interaction that accounts for the color varieties in summer squash as a result of several interacting loci, namely the A and B loci, is known as epistasis. Specifically, this is an instance of a dominant epistatic interaction, where the presence of a dominant allele at one locus masks the expression of alleles at a second locus. If the W gene has at least one dominant allele (AA or Aa), the squash will be white, which masks the effects of the Y gene alleles. When the W gene is homozygous recessive (aa), the color of the squash is then determined by the Y gene. If the Y gene is homozygous dominant or heterozygous (BB or Bb), the squash will be yellow, while the homozygous recessive combination of both genes (aabb) will yield a green squash. A typical heterozygous cross of WwYy individuals would thus result in a phenotypic ratio of 12 white : 3 yellow : 1 green squash.

Answer:

The broth would become contaminated with microbes because they were trapped in the neck.

Explanation:

When Pasteur heat the bottles, he made them sterilizing, and as the water was condensed in one part of the S neck, it will act as a sealing mouth, so in this way no microorganism could enter. But at the same time is open at the end, so in this way, the air with microorganism could enter, an pollute the water in the middle. The clue here is that this polluted water is not in contact with the broth. If the flask is tip, the broth and the water will be in touch, in this way it will pollute the broth and microbes will grow.

Tipping a Pasteur swan-necked flask would likely lead to contamination of the sterile broth as trapped microbes in the neck would be introduced to the broth, highlighting that microorganisms come from other microorganisms, not spontaneously.

In 1861, Louis Pasteur conducted experiments with S-shaped flasks that refuted the spontaneous generation theory. If you were to tip one of Pasteur’s swan-necked flasks so that the sterile broth enters the long S-shaped neck and then returned the flask to its upright position, the most likely outcome would be that the broth would become contaminated with microbes because they were trapped in the neck. The bending of the flask's neck was designed to trap airborne microorganisms and prevent them from entering the flask. Thus, tipping it would allow those trapped microbes to access the broth.

Initially, Pasteur’s experimental design used the unique shape of the flask's neck to allow air but prevent microbes from reaching the broth. When the swan neck was intact, even with the access to air, the broth remained sterile for months. However, as soon as the swan neck was broken, the broth quickly became turbid due to microbial growth, showing that microorganisms do not arise spontaneously but come from other microorganisms.

To neutralize gastric juices in your stomach, antacids contain bases.

So A is the answer.

Answer:

To neutralize gastric juices in your stomach, antacids contain bases. Is the answer is option A.

Explanation:

The presence of hydrochloric acid inside the stomach makes the food very acidic and sometimes it is also considered to be as acidity in stomach. It can utilize this acidity of the food bases are required from outside of the body. For this work antacids are the best option to be used.

In antacid there is a presence of base which is helpful for making the acidic food neutralize for the further process. Milk of magnesia is very common example of antacid.

Answer: b. micelles

Explanation:

Phospholipids are lipids that contain a polar part, which is hydrophilic (i.e. likes water) and a non-polar part, which is hydrophobic (i.e. dislikes water).

When phospholipids are in an aqueous environment they form a structure called micelle, in which the polar heads face the water molecules and surround the non-polar tails which remain on the inside. This way, the polar heads protect the hydrophobic chains from exposure to the aqueous environment.

I've attached an image of a micelle for better understanding of its structure.

✿━━━━@♥ℳg━━━━✿

______________________________

✿━━━━@♥ℳg━━━━✿

■Here,The corn syrup is hypertonic to the carrot, so will take water from the adjoining cells, causing those cells to shrink, become hypertonic to their neighboring cells and to take water from them.

■Conversely the water is hypotonic, and will enter the cells in the outer of the carrot.

■Because of this water will pass from the outside of the carrot to the inside, and cause liquid in the tube to rise

Answer:

Carrot cell will swell and liquid level in glass will reduce

Explanation:

Carrot cell will absorb water and swell in due course of time as there is difference in concentration of water outside and inside the cell.  

Similarly, the corn syrup remains intact from the epidermal cell of the carrot due to the glass tube. Being hyper-tonic in nature and also due to presence of water tight glass lid, it is unable to extract water from the adjoining cell; corn syrup will take water from the tube thereby further reducing the level of water in the tube

Answer:

Natural selection was proposed by Darwin.

Explanation:

He stated that when the limiting factor exist then different species of organism have to compete with each other and the species that is able to survive the competition stays and adapt themselves according to the condition.

Darwin studies natural selection in birds of Galapagos island. He must have faced difficulties and they are: complex environment is difficult to study, it may take longer to study different generations of a population and the birds may be dependent on other species that also might have evolved.

Answer:

The correct answer is option B. Dissecting, compound, and electron.

Explanation:

Dissecting microscopes are used to study the surface of the individual specimen. It is a stereoscopic microscope that means it has two distinct lenses to provide two different images to get three-dimensional details.

Compound microscopes are the instruments that magnify the image of a small object. It magnifies the image at two stages by the objective lens and an eyepiece. Magnification of these is higher than normal or stereo microscopes.

Electron microscopes are a microscope that uses an accelerated electron beam to reflect an image of the specimen by bouncing off the surface of the specimen. It is used to study the comprehensive structure of the specimen.

Thus, the correct answer is - b.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. the common ancestor of coyotes and domestic dogs is more recent than the common ancestor of foxes and domestic dogs

Explanation:

The Canidae family includes foxes, wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, and domestic dogs. Both dogs and coyotes are evolved from ancient wolves and all three can interbreed to produce hybrids.

Dogs are evolved from gray wolves and then domesticated by humans. Humans did the selective breeding of dogs which resulted in artificial evolution of dogs.

Coyotes are evolved from eucyon which was a primitive wolf. Most scientists believe that C. lepophagus is the ancestor of wolves, coyotes,  and dogs. Red fox can not interbreed with dogs, coyotes, and wolves that shows that it does not share a more recent ancestor with these three.

Therefore, the correct answer is c.

Answer:

B. Toes and palms are anterior.

Explanation:

In an anatomical position, directional terms are used to describe the position of the body parts with respect to each other. Anterior, also referred to as ventral position, means the specific body part is at the front of the body or facing forward.

According to the given position of the standing body, palms are facing forward making them anterior in position. The body is standing on the floor with flat feet which means that the toes of the feet are also facing forward.

This makes both toes and palms of the given standing body to be anterior in their position.

In the anatomical position, the body is upright with eyes facing forward and arms at the sides, palms and feet facing forward. In this stance, it is accurate to say that the toes and palms are anterior (facing to the front of the body), not posterior (facing toward the back of the body).

In the anatomical position, the body is positioned in the upright posture with the feet flat on the floor. The face and eyes facing forward and arms are positioned at the sides, with palms turned so they are facing forward as well. In this stance, it is most accurate to say that the toes and palms are anterior (B).

Anterior refers to the front of the body or positioned nearer to the head. Therefore, when standing in anatomical position, the palms and toes are indeed anterior, as they are oriented toward the front. The term posterior, on the other hand, refers to the back of the body or something further away from the head. So, in anatomical position, the palms and toes are not posterior.

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Answer:

A, a variable chemical composition

Explanation:

K12 Test this was the answer here

A variable chemical composition is not a characteristic of a mineral, which has a pre-established chemical composition and currently has a crystal structure.

Minerals are natural substances of inorganic origin, generally solid, that have a defined chemical composition.

Some of its characteristics are:

Therefore, we can conclude that a variable chemical composition is not a characteristic of a mineral.

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Final answer:

The correct match for the equilibrium receptor organs to the type of equilibrium they monitor is maculae/dynamic. The maculae monitor dynamic equilibrium, while the crista ampullaris monitors static equilibrium. Option a is the correct match.

Explanation:

The correct match for the equilibrium receptor organs to the type of equilibrium they monitor is:

The maculae are receptor organs within the utricle and saccule that monitor dynamic equilibrium, which is the sense of linear acceleration and tilting of the head. The crista ampullaris within the semicircular canals monitors static equilibrium, which is the sense of head movement and rotation. Therefore, option a is the correct match.