Why might polar bears become extinct
a.They do not have any predators
b.they may drown when the glaciers melt
c.their thick fur is not suited for a warming climate
d.too many hurt them

Answers

Answer 1

They do have predators because of killer whales, although that is not the killer whale's only source of food.

They are good swimmers, however if all the glaciers melt then they would grow tired of swimming and would drown.

Polar bears fur is not suited for a warm climate, although they could survive for a while.

I would go with d. because all the answers are correct.


Related Questions

Charles Darwin gathered a lot of data about the natural world over a 5 year period as he traveled the coastline of South America and the Galapagos Islands. Which of the following statements explains what he found after analyzing his data?

Answers

He found out that there were 14 different species of finches that occupied the islands. Each of them had a different type of beak which helped them because they all ate different types of food. (They had different niches).
Also, he saw how the fittest animals survived. So, the fastest animals will have a greater chance of living longer as opposed to slower ones.
Hope this helps!

Darwin's analysis of his data gathered during his voyage led to the theory of evolution by natural selection, proposing that organisms with advantageous traits will survive and reproduce more effectively than those without such traits (option A).

Charles Darwin's pivotal research during his five-year voyage, particularly in South America and the Galápagos Islands, led him to propose a groundbreaking theory in the field of biology. After analyzing his data, he concluded that organisms with helpful traits have a better chance of surviving longer and producing more offspring than those without such traits (option A). This is the core concept of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that the traits of giant tortoises varied from island to island, corresponding to the specific environmental conditions of each island. For instance, tortoises that had long necks were better suited to reach higher vegetation and thus had a selective advantage in environments with taller plants. Over many generations, these advantageous traits would be passed down, leading to a gradual adaptation of the species to its environment.

which three components make up almost all of the energy earth receives from the sun?

Answers

Visible light, UV light, and Infrared Radiation I believe.

Sunlight is composed of three components:-

1. Visible light: which enables the objects to be visible. The objects absorb the rays and reflect the ones which give them color.

2. Ultra violet rays: These rays are the most harmful ones. Although they are absorbed by the ozone layer and very less amount is able to reach the Earth's surface. These are cancer causing rays.

3. Infra red rays: These are the rays which are responsible for maintaining the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere. The maximum amount of sun's rays reaching the Earth are IR rays.

What are agents that can cause infection and disease

Answers

The answer is either bacteria or viruses. 

pathogens is the answer on engenu!ty

What are all of the the types of weather fronts

Answers

Hello there,

Warm Front= Resembled with a line and red semicircles on one side of the line. Means that the warmer air mass is replacing the less warmer air mass.

Cold Front
= Resembled with a line and blue triangles on one side of the line. Means that the colder air mass is replacing the less colder air mass.

Occluded Front
= Resembled with a line and purple shapes going in the pattern triangle to semicircle on one side of the line. Means that to colder air masses push the less colder air mass upwards.

Stationary Front= Resmbled with a line with blue triangles on one side and red semicircles on the opposite side. Means that a warmer air mass and a colder air mass meet at a standstill.

Hope this helps!! {Not plagaraized, I just learned this last month :) }

The table below shows the density of the crust, the mantle, and the outer and inner core of Earth arranged randomly: Density of Layers Unknown Layer Density (g/cm3) W 2.8 X 13 Y 4.6 Z 10.5 What is most likely Layer X? Crust Inner core Outer Core Mantle

Answers

Inner Core is the answer

Answer:

The correct answer would be the inner core.

The inner core is the innermost region of the earth which is solid in nature and is made up of the iron-nickel alloy.

The estimated radius of this solid ball is around 1220 kilometers.  

Due to its solid nature, the density is estimated around 13 grams per cubic centimeter.

The temperature of this region is similar to that of the surface of the sun.

It is believed that the flow of molten alloys (present in outer core) around the inner core creates the magnetic field of the earth.

I need help with c please

Answers

Dissolved gasses under lots of pressure are being trapped in the magma, these expanding gases and steam are what causes it. Also, because of this heat getting more and more hotter, and the volume being lost due to the gasses over time the lava bursts out.

(02.04 HC)List an example of how an ecosystem can be affected by weather patterns. Explain how ocean temperatures affect weather patterns.

Answers

An ecosystem can be affected by weather patterns because of what they do. For example, if there is a really bad or strong storm, then a lot of things can be messed up. Like the aquatic life of the ocean could be distributed by a big storm.
Ocean temps determine how much water evaporates and how much water that is evaporated determines how big the storm is.

Answer:

An ecosystem is defined as the group of biological community in which the organisms interacts with the physical environment. They are mainly of two types, such as- the terrestrial ecosystem and the aquatic ecosystem. This two are further subdivided into different types.

These ecosystems are directly related to the weather and climatic conditions. A change in the weather or climate pattern will directly have an impact on the organisms that lives in these ecosystem.

For example, the freshwater ecosystem is rich in a variety of aquatic species. In a region where there is sufficient rainfall and temperature, there the organisms will exists without any difficulties. But, if the temperature in that area increases rapidly and there occurs heavy rainfall, then these river waters will spread in every possible direction due to their higher flow rate, resulting in flood and affecting the aquatic species. So the weather plays an important role in controlling the ecosystem.

The earth is comprised of nearly 70% of water bodies that includes the oceans, seas, rivers and lakes. This oceans in the equatorial region receives maximum amount of sunlight, due to which the area becomes warm and forms a low pressure zone, resulting in heavy rainfall. Whereas, towards the higher latitudes, these ocean water remains relatively cold. So the warm air from the equatorial region are carried towards the poles in order to maintain the equilibrium, resulting in various types of weather patterns.

The initial period of population growth for a species in an environment is _______.


a.

linear


b.

exponential


c.

slow


d.

negative

Answers

Hello!
----------
The answer is B, exponential. The definition of exponential is an increase or becoming more and more rapid.
----------
Have a great day!

Answer:

c.  slow

Explanation:

When a species gets to a new environment, it takes its time getting used to the environment in a process otherwise known as acclimatization. During this process, the species mobilize resources and adjust its metabolism to suit its environment.

After the initial slow period as a result of adjusting to the new environment, what follows it is a period of exponential growth during which the species thrive and increase in population at a very high rate.

In conclusion, the initial growth rate is slow as a result of getting used to a new environment.

The correct option is c.

The study of the similarities and differences between embryos of different organism

Answers

I believe the answer is comparative anatomy. It is the study of the similarities and differences in the structures of different species. Similar body parts may be homologies or analogies, such that both provide evidence of evolution. Similarities in embryos are evidence of common ancestry. For example all vertebrates embryos  have gill slits and tails.

The graph above was made by a South American biologist in the country of Brazil, after a long study on parrots. About 200 years ago, 90% of Brazil was covered in mature, deep forest. Today, well over half of this forest has been cut to make way for farms. What conclusion could you draw about the parrots in the graph?
A) Red parrots have become less common in the last 200 years.
B) There are probably less green parrots today than there once were. C) Blue parrots probably are the best adapted species to live on farms. D) The blue parrot population has likely increased in the last 200 years.






Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is B) There are probably less green parrots today than there once were.

Explanation:

The graph shows that most of the green parrots live in the deep forest region. The cutting of the deep forest would destroy their habitat and due to the lack of habitat the green parrots would eventually decrease.  

As the question says, half of the deep forest is cut, so, the number of green parrots must be declined in that area.

Which of the following statements describes how you would classify Figure 28.2 as a negative feedback loop?

a
The control center counteracts change from a set point.
b
The sensors notice an increase away from a set point.
c
Nerves and hormones carry messages to target organs.
d
A target organ receives and responds to a message.

Answers


a) The control center counteracts change from a set point.

Because negating (opposing) the initial change is the definition of a "negative feedback loop."

the answer is a. When the heart rate is too high, the body sends hormones that continually increase the heart rate higher.


please help

Which of the following is the most important factor in driving global thermohaline (conveyor belt) circulation?

A. changes in density
B. changes in wind direction and velocity
C. changes in gravity
D. changes in pH

Answers

Changes in density are the most important factor in driving global thermohaline circulation. This density change is mainly due to variations in seawater temperature and salinity, which in turn affect deep ocean currents and climate.

The most important factor in driving global thermohaline circulation, also known as the global conveyor belt, is changes in density. This deep ocean circulation is driven by differences in the density of seawater, which are primarily influenced by variations in temperature (thermal) and salinity (haline).

The process works as follows: Warm, salty surface water travels to the North Atlantic where it cools and increases in density, causing it to sink into the deep ocean. This newly formed deep water then moves southward and dense water also sinks near Antarctica. Over time, as this cold, dense water gradually warms, it returns to the surface in a slow-moving system that circulates water globally, greatly influencing Earth's climate by transporting heat.

Factors such as heat fluxes, evaporation, rain, and the freezing and melting of sea ice alter the distribution of temperature and salinity at the ocean's surface, thus impacting the density-driven thermohaline circulation.

What is a major threat to biodiversity

Answers

Biodiversity is under serious threat as a result of human activities. The main dangers worldwide are population growth and resource consumption, climate change and global warming, habitat conversion and urbanisation, invasive alien species, over-exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation.
The correct answer is B. 

Hope this helps =)

pips these here is science

A species of gray wolf was eliminated from a national park because of unrestricted hunting. As a result, there was a tremendous increase in the population of its prey, the elk. The populations of other herbivores also increased. What imbalance might this situation have on the ecosystem?

A.There will be a steep increase in the number of producers in the national park.

B.The increase in the prey population will result in overgrazing, causing a decline in woody plant species.

C.The population of other predator animals will decrease.

D.The ecosystem will remain largely unaffected.

Answers

out of the options you listed, the correct answer would be B.
the answer is either d or b husband says b but go with B I've been reading and reading ever since you posted this question

In which interaction does one organism defend resources from another organism?

A. Commensalism
B. Competition
C. Mutualism
D. Predation

Answers

Answer:

b

Explanation:

An interaction where one organism defends resources from another organism is known as Competition.

What do you mean by Species interactions?

Species interaction may be defined as the population of one species interacting with the population of other species that live in the same locality.

Competition is a type of -,- interaction. It affects both species negatively. This is because both species compete over food, shelter, space, or any other resources.

Therefore, an interaction where one organism defends resources from another organism is known as Competition.

To learn more about Species interactions, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/10438690

#SPJ2

Radio tagging of animals is a way to save many endangered animal species. How do scientists use radio tagging to help them save animals?
A) Scientists can track the movements of the endangered animals.
B) Scientists can study the movements of the animals’ predators.
C) Radio tags act as bait for the prey of these endangered animals.
D) Radio tags keep the predators of the tagged animals away from them.

Answers

When I type my answer, there is always some red text that reminds me not to cheat. I have an answer, but tell me if I am cheating. Aquarium exhibits show a map that contain the movements of the tagged animals. Documentaries show that marine biologists use this method to find breeding areas for whales in Hawaii. So I think it's A.
A, they track the endangered animals.

What’s the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? Help please ASAP

Answers

Answer:

The letter A is the right answer.

Explanation:

Cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. This element is essential in the cellular respiration process, since it is responsible for accepting electrons and keeping the electron transport chain functioning.

Cellular respiration occurs after glycolysis, where pyruvate is formed along with 2 molecules of ATP. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidized to a two-carbon compound that will react with co-enzyme-A and form NADH and CO2. This process will start the electron transport chain that will result in a protonic gradient that will transform ADP into ATP. The electron receptor in this process is oxygen, which will later be combined with hydrogen molecules to form water.

Final answer:

In cellular respiration, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to create water, facilitating the creation of ATP, the cell's primary energy source.

Explanation:

Oxygen plays a critical role in the process of cellular respiration, a process used by cells to convert glucose into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), which provides energy for the cell's activities. During cellular respiration, oxygen is used in the final stage called the electron transport chain. Here, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with electrons and hydrogen ions to produce water. This process creates a gradient that powers the creation of ATP, the cell's primary energy source. Without oxygen, many cells can't create ATP efficiently.

Learn more about Oxygen in cellular respiration here:

https://brainly.com/question/3130022

#SPJ11

What would happen if guard cells in a plant stopped working?


A.
Diseases would quickly invade the plant.


B.
Photosynthesis would occur more slowly.


C.
Stomata would not open and close.


D.
Chloroplasts would change color.

Answers

The answer to this is C
A. Diseases would quickly invade the plant 

Which process describes the discharge of waste from the body? Absorption Chemical Elimination Mechanical

Answers

elimination process

elimination is right!

name 2 reasons why oxygen was vital for the formation of living things

Answers

Oxygen was one of the most essential element for all livings things to sustain life. The two main reasons oxygen was vital for the formation of living things was to form water and to breath. Every cell in our body inhales the oxygen and exhales the carbon dioxide in a respiration process. Breathing is important because our cells need a supply of oxygen so they can produce energy.

To survive on earth, oxygen is the single most vital element. You can survive for couple of days without taking nitrogen and hydrogen but you can’t survive without oxygen for more than few minutes.

Two main reasons which describe the importance of oxygen in the creation of living beings are:

- To generate energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

- To form water (essential to conduct reactions in human body)


what do all members of a biological species have in common

Answers

They have identical characteristics. 

Members of a biological species can sexually reproduce and have fertile offspring. They share a common gene pool and evolutionary history. Isolation and genetic divergence can cause species to diverge and adapt to different environments.

All members of a biological species have several key characteristics in common. They are capable of combining genetic information through sexual reproduction to produce offspring who can in turn also successfully reproduce. This reproductive compatibility creates a shared gene pool and ensures that members of the species are closely related in terms of their evolutionary history, meaning they descended from a common ancestor. For instance, all humans are members of the same biological species, evidenced by our ability to interbreed and the fact that our DNA is 99.9% identical across different races and cultures.

Isolation, whether physical or environmental, can lead populations to become separate species by causing reproductive isolation and subsequent genetic divergence, leading to the adaptive fit of each group to their local environmental conditions. The biological species concept is critical to classification in biology as it reflects the evolutionary relationships and patterns of ancestry among organisms. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of successful reproduction within species classification.

what does the phylogenetic tree tell you about the evolutionary relationships of animals?

A)animals descended from one ancestor

B)Animals are unrelated to one another

C)Animals belong to several different kingdoms

D)Animals have many different ancestors

Answers

Hey there mate!

I know that the farther you go back, the more that the ancestors would most likely have no resemblance and it would even look like they don't look like each other. There would be basically (unrelated) from one another.

So, based from your options listed above, I believe that the correct answer to this question would be (animals descended from one ancestor).

I hope this would help you!

Final answer:

Phylogenetic trees help visualize the evolutionary relationships among species by showing how they diverge from common ancestors. Rooted trees indicate that all organisms, including animals, share a single ancestral lineage. Therefore, phylogenetic trees provide evidence that animals descended from one ancestor.

Explanation:

Phylogenetic trees are crucial tools used by biologists to understand the evolutionary relationships among different species, including animals. These diagrams, whether rooted or unrooted, provide a visual representation of how species are related to each other and trace back to common ancestors. A rooted phylogenetic tree starts with a single ancestral lineage at its base, from which all other branches diverge.

This common ancestral point signifies that, according to the theory of evolution, all organisms represented in the diagram share a single ancestral lineage. Thus, these trees can show us how closely related different species are, how recent or ancient these relationships might be, and even hint at the chronological sequence of divergences that led to the current diversity of life forms.

Regarding the options provided, the most accurate answer to the question of what phylogenetic trees tell us about the evolutionary relationships of animals would be 'A) animals descended from one ancestor'. This option aligns with the concept of a rooted phylogenetic tree, where all organisms represented in the diagram relate back to a single ancestral lineage, showcasing the interconnectedness of life and how diverse species have evolved over time from this point.

Which concept does the graph in Figure 6–1 illustrate?

Answers

DEFORESTATION IS YOUR ANSWER

HELP Which situation would not encourage competition? Select one:
a. The amount of vegetation decreases due to a drought in a rabbit habitat.
b. A long, wet season results in additional earthworms in a robin habitat.
c. A long dry season results in a decrease in pond algae in a fish habitat.
d. A wet, rainy season results in flooded caverns foxes normally use as shelters.

Answers

B: A long, wet season results in additional earthworms in a robin habitat.
I think B is your answer!

The Healing Of A Wound In A Human Is Most Similar To The Process Of

Answers

Hello,

The healing of a wound in a human is most similar to the process of regeneration.

Hope this helps! :)

The healing of a wound in a human is most similar to the process of regeneration.

The following information should be considered:

Regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs,etc. Also,  even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals.So it should be equivalent to one another.

Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/537797?referrer=searchResults

What statement best summarizes Gregor Mendel's contribution to science?
A.) Factors for traits in pea plants cannot be controlled
B.) Wrinkled seeds form faster than smooth seeds
C.) Garden pea plants can be grown in a variety of colors
D.) Factors for some traits are inherited from parents
please help

Answers

The answer is C, and I hope this helped you!
C because these type of veggies vary in size color and the way they are treated also very good for u but not as tasty.

Hope this helps:)

~Luis~

Help please. Need the correct answers

Answers

9. The genotypes are XY and Xx. (Healthy male, carrier female).
X Y
X XX XY
x Xx xY
10. Punnett square ^. What you did wrong was for the female, you wrote XX. Remember that she’s supposed to be a carrier. That means that she carries the trait, but doesn’t actually have it (one of her X’s is defected so the other one covers for it. This is why females can be carriers and get away with it easily. Males only have one X so if that one is defected they can’t cover it up with a backup X)
11. Males 50% blind
Females 100% not blind
Remember that phenotype is the PHYSICAL APPEARANCE of an organism. If you look at my Punnett square you can see that for the females (those with two X’s), one pair is XX and the other is Xx. One of them is a carrier, but her physical appearance does not show it. So 100% of the female offspring is unaffected. For the males, however, you can see that one pair is xY. The recessive x means that they have the trait in males. So 50% of male offspring will have the trait.
12. 0 females have the disease. Look at the chart— even if they are carriers, the blindness doesn’t affect them.
3 males have the disease. The chart shows that half of all male offspring will have the trait. 6 divided in half is three.
Hope this helped at all.










list the four major hypotheses mendel developed using his garden pea experiments.

Answers

i believe the hypothesis developed by Mendel as a result of his experiments with the garden pea include;
1. For each inherited trait, an individual has two copies of genes-one fromeach parent.
2. There are alternative versions of genes. Today the different versions of a gene are called its  alleles
3. When two different alleles occur together, one of them may be completely expressed, while the other may have no observable effect on the organisms appearance. Mendel described the expressed form of trait as dominant. The trait that was not expressed when the dominant form of the trait was present was described as recessive.
4. When gametes are formed, the alleles for each gene in an individual separate independently of one another. Thus, gametes carry only one allele for each inherited trait. When gametes unite during fertilization, each gamete contributes one allele.

Who is credited with creating the first accurate model of DNA?
A.Rosalind Franklin
B.Friedrich Miescher
C. James Watson and Francis Crick
D.Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei

Answers

The people that are credited with creating the first accurate model of DNA are Watson and Crick.

Francis Crick and James Watson identified the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, illuminating the structural basis for DNA replication, hence option C is correct.

What is an accurate model of DNA?

They proposed the three-dimensional model of DNA, which posits that two helical DNA strands wound around one another to form a double helix.

The alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups attract the hydrophilic backbones that are present outside of the helix to the watery medium in the area.

The hydrophobic structure of the purine and pyrimidine bases is meant to be kept out of the water by the double helix.

Therefore, according to the Watson and Crick hypothesis, hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine and thymine and adenine allow for base pairing.

Learn more about DNA, here:

https://brainly.com/question/3735937

#SPJ2

This means to move around. An organism must do this to find food, shelter, and space.

Answers

Hunting, I believe. Hope this helped
The answer is locomotion.
Other Questions
(15 points) Which fraction below represents a terminating decimal? A.3/8 B.2/3 C4/6. D.7/9 I'll give brainiest if you answer correctly.1886: Coca-Cola is invented in Columbus, Georgia1924: Delta Airlines begins in Macon, Georgia1927: Georgia Pacific is founded in Augusta, Georgia1946: Chick-fil-A is founded in Hapeville, Georgia1979: Home Depot opens first two stores in Atlanta, Georgia1980: CNN is founded in Atlanta, Georgia What can be determined by this list?A)Major businesses avoid the metro Atlanta area.B)Georgians are limited to businesses involving farming.C)Georgia is home to technical and agricultural activities.D)Rural Georgia currently has the most economic power in the state. Atoms of elements at the top of a group on the periodic table are smaller than the atoms of elements at the bottom of the group. How does this help explain the difference in the reactivity of metals within a group? The valence electrons of the larger atoms are farther from the nucleus and are easier to remove, so the metals near the top are more reactive than those at the bottom. The valence electrons of the larger atoms are farther from the nucleus and are harder to remove, so the metals near the bottom are more reactive than those at the top. The valence electrons of the larger atoms are farther from the nucleus and are harder to remove, so the metals near the top are more reactive than those at the bottom. The valence electrons of the larger atoms are farther from the nucleus and are easier to remove, so the metals near the bottom are more reactive than those at the top. After the Fourth Crusade, support among Europeans for the Crusades The diameter of a circle is 8 kilometers. What is the angle measure of an arc kilometers long? List four reasons that prove that he made a significant contribution to US History. they All need four things. please helpJP Morgan Thomas Edison Henry Frick Andrew Carnegie A family charges a trip to the zoo on a credit card. The simple interest rate is 12%. The charges are paid after 3 months. What is the total amount paid for the trip? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. tickets are 67.7, gas is 45.5, and food is 62.34 what is one way to begin saving startup capital? Phloem sap can flow ________. phloem sap can flow ________. from leaves to shoots only from sites of sugar production to storage units only from shoots to leaves only both ways between production and storage sites J is the midpoint of KL. The coordinates of J are (-8,7) and the coordinates of K are (3,4) find the coordinates of L. (show work) (please don't reply if you don't know the answer). Mrs. ramirez was admitted to the hospital for wrist surgery secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. postoperatively, she is stabilized and transferred to the general surgery unit. mrs. ramirez's medications include digoxin, lasix, captopril, synthroid, aspirin, protonix, and prednisone. when administering morning medications, mrs. ramirez refuses her aspirin and prednisone, and the nurse holds the medications. over the next 3 days, mrs. ramirez continues to refuse the prednisone, and the medication is not administered. on the third postoperative day, mrs. ramirez becomes hypotensive, tachycardic, and has a decrease in level of consciousness. stat labs are sent for a complete blood cell count and chemistry panel, and the physician is notified of the change in patient status. on review of the patient's record, the physician notes that mrs. ramirez has not received her prednisone for 4 days. mrs. ramirez has been on prednisone for the past 5 years for her rheumatoid arthritis, and the physician begins to treat the patient for acute adrenal insufficiency. a.what other clinical manifestations should the nurse monitor for with suspected adrenal insufficiency?b.the physician orders a stat dose of iv hydrocortisone. what is the rationale for this medication in this situation? What excuse do Macbeth and lady Macbeth give for his behavior at the banquet? A ___________ is a line segment that has endpoints on a circle and passes through the center of the circle.Question options:radiusdiameteran obtuse anglea regular polygon What was one difference between the roles of nobles and commoners in aztec society Can a remainder in a division problem equal the divisor When placed near each other, opposite magnetic poles repel each other. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F Explain why the rules committee is such an important committee in the house You'll always be a step ahead of your competition if you simply think about your company. a. True b. False Nine-year-old connor is curious about technology and wants to become an engineer. due to changes in no child left behind legislation, his school received a large grant that funds a special technology program. connor is particularly excited to be one of the participants in the program. according to bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the legislative changes took place in which social/cultural ecosystem?a. chronosystemb. mesosystemc. macrosystem d. microsystem Part B: Complete the verbs below by adding the correct ending. Use the conjugation chart in the lesson for your reference. See the example. 1.Yo cant-o_ 2.Ella bail-_ 3.T cant-_ 4.Nosotros cant-_ 5.Ellos bail -_ 6.Usted cant-_ 7.l cant-_ 8.Yo bail-_