The possible reasons to isolate human DNA include genetic testing, forensic analysis, genealogy research, medical diagnostics, and scientific research. The length of DNA in each cell's nucleus is approximately 2 meters. The steps necessary to isolate DNA from cheek cells are:
1. Collecting the cells: Gently scrape the inside of the cheek with a cotton swab to collect cheek cells.
2. Lysing the cells: Add the collected cells to a solution that contains detergent and salt to break open the cells and dissolve the proteins and lipids.
3. Precipitating the DNA: Add cold alcohol to the solution to cause the DNA to precipitate out of the solution.
4. Spooling the DNA: Use a sterile stick or glass rod to twirl and collect the DNA that has formed a stringy, white precipitate.
5. Washing the DNA: Rinse the DNA with alcohol to remove impurities.
6. Dissolving the DNA: Place the DNA in a buffer solution to dissolve it, making it ready for further analysis or storage.
1. Isolating human DNA is essential for various applications. In genetic testing, it helps in identifying genetic disorders or predispositions to certain diseases. Forensic analysis uses DNA to match crime scene samples with suspects. Genealogy research involves tracing family histories and lineage. In medical diagnostics, DNA isolation aids in personalized medicine and understanding genetic factors in diseases. Scientific research often requires pure DNA samples for experiments and studying gene function.
2. The length of DNA in each cell is staggering when compared to the size of the cell itself. Human DNA is composed of approximately 3 billion base pairs, and when stretched out, it measures around 2 meters. This is possible because the DNA is highly coiled and packed within the cell nucleus.
3. The isolation of DNA from cheek cells involves several critical steps:
- Collecting the cells: Cheek cells are a convenient source of DNA because they can be easily obtained without invasive procedures.
- Lysing the cells: This step disrupts the cell membrane and nuclear envelope, releasing the DNA into the solution. The detergent helps to dissolve the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, while the salt helps to dissociate the DNA from histones and other proteins.
- Precipitating the DNA: DNA is insoluble in alcohol, so when alcohol is added to the solution, the DNA strands clump together and precipitate out.
- Spooling the DNA: The precipitated DNA can be wound around a tool like a glass rod, making it easier to handle and transfer.
- Washing the DNA: This step removes any remaining salts, proteins, or detergents that might interfere with subsequent applications.
- Dissolving the DNA: Finally, the DNA is dissolved in a suitable buffer, typically Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer, which helps to maintain the pH and chelate any metal ions that could damage the DNA. The isolated DNA can then be used for various molecular biology techniques such as PCR, sequencing, or restriction digestion."
Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the effect of acetylcholine. A. addition of a drug that stimulates the GTPase activity of the Gα subunit B. mutations in the K+ channel that keep it closed all the time C. modification of the Gα subunit by cholera toxin D. a mutation that decreases the affinity of the βγ complex of the G protein for the K+ channel E. a mutation in the acetylcholine receptor that prevents its localization on the cell surface F. adding acetylcholinesterase to the external environment of the cell
Answer:
Explanation:
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, an organic chemical that that functions in the body and brain.
It is one of the substance released by the nerve cell, so that it can send signal to cells such as;gland cell, muscle cell. Acetylcholine causes contraction of muscles and also regulates endocrine functions. Lack of acetylcholine in the body can results to muscle weakness.(myasthenia)
To Indicate whether each of the below conditions would increase or decrease the effect of acetylcholine.
A.) addition of a drug that stimulates the GTPase activity of the Gα subunit.
Answer: INCREASE
B.) mutations in the K+ channel that keep it closed all the time.
Answer: DECREASE
C.) modification of the Gα subunit by cholera toxin
Answer: INCREASE
The reason is because Toxin inhibit GTP hydrolysis
D.) a mutation that decreases the affinity of the βγ complex of the G protein for the K+ channel.
Answer: DECREASE
E.) a mutation in the acetylcholine receptor that prevents its localization on the cell surface
Answer: DECREASE
.
F.) adding acetylcholinesterase to the external environment of the cell
Answer: DECREASE
.
function of cell sap
Cell sap, located in the central vacuole of a plant cell, plays a crucial role in maintaining pressure against the cell wall, contributing to turgor pressure, and aiding the transport of sugars, minerals, amino acids, and plant growth regulators through the plant.
Explanation:
The function of cell sap is pivotal in maintaining a plant's physiological processes. Cell sap, a fluid found in the central vacuole of a plant cell, maintains pressure against the cell wall contributing to turgor pressure. This fluid comprises various components such as sugars, amino acids, and minerals, and it aids in the transportation of these substances throughout the plant.
It's also involved in the translocation process, where photosynthates (sugar synthesized via photosynthesis) are transported to the nearest sink from the source. This transportation is conducted through phloem cells known as Sieve Tube Elements (STEs). These STEs contain small cytoplasm contents and are connected by sieve plates that enable pressure-driven bulk flow, or translocation, of phloem sap.
Phloem sap travels through these sieve tube elements, aided by neighboring companion cells that perform metabolic functions for the sieve tube elements and provide them with energy.
The high concentration of sugar and other solutes in the cell sap decreases water potential (Ys), causing water to move by osmosis from the adjacent xylem into the phloem tubes, which increases pressure. This, in turn, causes a bulk flow of phloem sap from the source (usually leaves) to the sink (other parts of a plant like roots, stems, etc.).
Learn more about function of cell sap here:https://brainly.com/question/32215344
#SPJ12
which graph best represents disruptive selection
Answer:
graph a
Explanation:
The graph which best represents disruptive selection is Graph A. So, the correct option is A.
What is Disruptive selection?Disruptive selection is defined as diversifying selection which can be defined as an evolutionary force that is used to describe changes in the genetics of a population. This ultimately implies a disruptive selection which causes genetic drift in the population.
Disruptive selection is explained as population genetic changes which favor extreme values of a trait over intermediate values such that the variation of the trait increases, and the population splits into two groups. The graph which best represents disruptive selection is Graph A.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
Learn more about Disruptive selection, here:
https://brainly.com/question/28095656
#SPJ2
Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
Which graph best represents disruptive selection?
A Graph B Graph C GraphWhich growth model would you expect to see in a stable population
Stage 4 of the age structure diagrams is likely to represent a population in decline, as it follows the stages of rapid growth, slow growth, and stable population respectively. Declining populations typically show fewer young individuals and an aging overall population.
Explanation:The age structure diagrams described in stages 1 through 3 indicate different patterns of population growth: stage 1 shows rapid growth, stage 2 shows slow growth, and stage 3 shows a stable population. In stable populations, the logistic growth model is a more realistic representation of population dynamics than exponential growth. This is because the logistic growth model accounts for resource limitations that impact reproductive growth as population size increases.
Considering the provided descriptions, stage 4 in an age structure diagram would typically represent a population that is either declining or contracting. This is inferred from the fact that stable populations have nearly equal numbers across age groups, while declining populations would show fewer younger individuals and potentially a bulging at older age groups, indicating that less offspring are being produced and the overall population is aging.
Pea plants have two traits: round or wrinkled seeds, and tall or short stems.
Round and tall are dominant, while wrinkled and short are recessive.
Two parent plants are crossed. One is heterozygous for both traits, the other is homozygous dominant for seed shape, and homozygous recessive for stem height.
What are the genotypes of the two parent plants? Use R or r for seed shape, and T or t for stem height.
The genotypes for seed shape are RR, RR, rR, and rR
For stem height they are Tt, Tt, tt, and tt
Hope this helps!
What are the metabolic waste products produced when animal cells use each of the macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) in aerobic respiration? Related to this question, why are fishes able to extract more energy from proteins than mammals or birds? Please be specific in your responses!
Answer:
Metabolic stuff made once animal cells use carbohydrates are greenhouse gas and H2O, lipids - greenhouse gas and H2O, macro-molecule - carbamide and acid. Fish would like macro-molecule principally for growth. Fish eat to satisfy their energy demands. if the energy state of diet is a smaller amount, they waste macro-molecule to fulfill the metabolic desires, if energy state is high, it'll cut back the intake of food.Ben Affleck has a cleft chin, but his ex-wife Jennifer Garner does not. Neither one of their two daughters (Violet and Seraphina) has a cleft chin, but son Samuel does. Draw a pedigree for the Garner/Affleck family including the genotypes for all five individuals. Use your pedigree to answer the question: What are the genotypes of Ben, Jen, Violet, Seraphina, and Samuel?
Answer:
Ben - Y Xc
Jen - XCXC
Violet - XCXc
Seraphina - XCXc
Samuel- Y Xc
Explanation:
Given -
Ben has a cleft chin
Let the allele for cleft chin be "c"
and the allele for normal chin be "C"
When Ben with cleft chin mates with wife Jennifer Garner having normal chin, then the two girl child do not have cleft chin but the boy has cleft chin.
This means that the allele C could be X -linked and the mother is not the carrier but the father is
The genotype of father Ben would be Y Xc
Genotype of mother would be XCXC
Genotype of two daughters XCXc , XCXc which means they are carrier for the next generation
Genotype of Boy - Y Xc
Pedigree for the Garner/Affleck family:
Ben (Cc)
/ \
Jen (cc) Samuel (CC/Cc)
/ \
Violet (cc) Seraphina (cc).
Genotypes of all five individuals:
Ben Affleck: Cc (heterozygous for a cleft chin)
Jennifer Garner: cc (homozygous recessive for no cleft chin)
Violet Affleck: cc (homozygous recessive for no cleft chin)
Seraphina Affleck: cc (homozygous recessive for no cleft chin)
Samuel Affleck: CC/Cc (heterozygous or homozygous dominant for a cleft chin)
We can also determine the genotypes of Violet, Seraphina, and Samuel based on the pedigree. Since Jennifer Garner is homozygous recessive for no cleft chin (cc), she can only pass on the recessive allele to her children.
Therefore, Violet and Seraphina must also be homozygous recessive for no cleft chin (cc).
Samuel Affleck is the only child in the family who has a cleft chin. This means that he must have inherited at least one copy of the dominant allele for a cleft chin from his father, Ben.
Therefore, Samuel must be either heterozygous (Cc) or homozygous dominant (CC) for a cleft chin.
we know that the most likely genotypes for all five individuals are as follows:
Ben Affleck: Cc
Jennifer Garner: cc
Violet Affleck: cc
Seraphina Affleck: cc
Samuel Affleck: CC/Cc
For such a more question on Pedigree https://brainly.com/question/30574023
#SPJ6
Ichthyosaurs were giant marine reptiles. Fossils indicate that they possessed dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are examples of:_______
Answer: Adaptations to a common environment and examples of convergent evolution.
Explanation:
Ichthyosaurs were the giant marine reptiles but it possess tails and dorsal fins though this is not a common character of reptiles. But the presence tails and dorsal fins states that it was an adaptation which was required at that time.
This giant reptile was an mixture of modern fish and dophins. It also had dorsal fin for swimming in water and has vertical tail which was used for the propulsive stroke. They were air breathing but had some part of their life in water as well like other reptiles.
Convergent evolution can be defined as the evolution of similar features in the species found at different period.
Some of the fishes like dolphins and other fishes shows convergent evolution to ichthyosaurs.
How can dna help scientists make the classification of similar organisms such as giant pandas and red pandas more accurate
Determine the most likely reason why natural selection may cause prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms to evolve if postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms are already present, but natural selection can never cause the evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. Ca Natural selection may lead to the evolution of prezygotic reproductive isolation in organisms that already have postzygotic isolation to prevent wasted reproductive effort. O Prezygotic isolation can evolve if postzygotic isolation has generated genetic variation during earlier periods of anagenesis. O If postzygotic isolation is present, then natural selection is already acting evolution of prezygotic isolation. Prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms are the necessary physiological and behavioral precursors for the evolution of postzygotic isolation via natural selection. same
Answer:
a) Natural selection may lead to the evolution of prezygotic reproductive isolation in organisms that already have postzygotic isolation to prevent wasted reproductive effort
Explanation:
Prezygotic reproductive isolation produces postzygotic reproductive isolation because this mechanism lead to genetic differences that impair the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Although in reality the inheritance of cleft chin (e.g., the deep chin dimple seen in Ben Affleck) is slightly more complicated, for now let's assume that the presence or absence of a cleft chin is determined by one gene. By studying pedigrees, we know that no child possesses a cleft chin unless at least one parent does (either the mom or the dad). Hint: Based on that last statement, you should now know the mode of inheritance! What is it? (Remember Recessive traits can hide, but dominant traits never do!) (1) Cleft chin is a dominant trait. (2) Cleft chin is a recessive trait.
Answer:
Cleft chin is a dominant trait
Explanation:
Single gene inheritance: From the description, cleft chin is a dominant trait if at least one parent has it. For a trait to be inherited in the recessive condition, both parents must have a copy each of that trait. But for this trait to be inherited from at least one parent, it has to be a dominant trait.
Cleft chin is a dominant trait; a child will not exhibit it unless at least one parent also has a cleft chin. Offspring have a 50% chance of having a cleft chin if one parent is heterozygous for the trait and the other parent does not have a cleft chin.
Explanation:The trait in question, a cleft chin, is determined by one gene with two alleles. Given that a child will not have a cleft chin unless at least one parent has it, we can conclude that cleft chin is a dominant trait. This mode of inheritance indicates that if a parent has a cleft chin, they must have at least one dominant allele (B), which is expressed in the physical appearance, overriding the recessive allele (b) for a smooth chin.
If we assume the parent with a cleft chin is heterozygous (Bb), and the other parent has no cleft chin (therefore having two recessive alleles, bb), their offspring would have a 50% chance of inheriting the cleft chin. This is because the offspring can inherit either the dominant allele from the cleft-chinned parent, leading to a cleft chin (Bb), or inherit only recessive alleles from both parents, resulting in no cleft chin (bb).
Learn more about Cleft Chin Inheritance here:https://brainly.com/question/15864530
#SPJ3
pls answer quick now brainliest
Explain what is “acid rain.” In your explanation, tell how it affects plants and the environment and the steps society can take to help reduce its effects.
Answer:
Acid rain: Rainfall made so acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, chiefly to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels.
Alternative fuels is an excellent way to prevent acid rain and to stop using nonrenewable fuels and switch over to renewable sources of energy, such as solar, wind and water energy.
Answer:
Acid rain comes from Gaseous Sulfur evaporating into the air. When it goes into the clouds, it reacts with the water vapor to make sulfuric acid. Then, when the cloud turns into water droplets, it brings the sulfuric acid down with it, typically in low concentrations. This will erode any substance with Calcite a mineral in it. Since Limestone and marble have this mineral, many buildings, statues, and surfaces are affected by acid rain. However, this affect will only be significantly felt by long term exposure. The way to help decrease the likelihood of acid rain is to reduce the amount of electricity because most electricity in the United States comes from burning coal, which produces sulfur dioxide. Burning any fossil fuel for energy production, including oil and natural gas, releases nitrogen oxides. Or reduce vehicle exhaust that also produces nitrogen oxides.
Hope this helped
NEED HELRIGHT ANSWERS ONLY
Drag each label to the correct location on the map.
Identify the types of precipitation on the map. The color scale gives the rainfall amounts in inches.
light rain
moderate rain
heavy rain
Answer:
The top box that points to the green is moderate rain.
The middle box that points to the blue is light rain.
The bottom box that points to the red is heavy rain.
I got a 100 on plato
The color scale gives the rainfall amounts in inches are:
The top box that points to the green is moderate rain.The middle box that points to the blue is light rain.The bottom box that points to the red is heavy rain.What is a rainfall map called?An isohyetal map is thought a map with isohyets.
The process used to calculate moderate rainfall in a distinct region is known as an isohyetal technique.
Thus, these are the answer.
To learn more about precipitation click here:
https://brainly.com/question/18109776
#SPJ2
which of the following is a scientific question
Explanation: whats the following ?
Answer: What are the options?
Explanation:
In Andalusian fowls (Gallus gallus), black plumage (feathers) (P) is incompletely dominant to white (PW) and the heterozygous condition results in blue plumage. a. What phenotypes, and in what ratios, will result if you breed a blue Andalusian with a
i. black bird
ii. blue bird
ill. white bird
b. Is it possible to produce a flock of blue birds that will produce only blue offspring when mated with each other? Why or why not?
Answer:
i. Genotype - PP, PPW, PP, PPW
Phenotype - Blue Andalusian : black bird is 1:1
ii. Genotype - PP, PPW, PPW, PWPW
Phenotype - Black bird : Blue Andalusian : White bird - 1: 2: 1
iii. Genotype - PPW, PPW, PWPW, PWPW
Phenotye
Blue Andalusian : white bird
2: 2
1: 1
Explanation:
Given -
Black plumage (feathers) (P) is incompletely dominant to white (PW)
The heterozygous condition i.e PPW gives blue color to the feather.
i. Breeding a blue Andalusian with a black bird
Genotype of blue Andalusian - PPW
Genotype of black bird - PP
PPW * PP
PP, PPW, PP, PPW
Out of 4 two are blue Andalusian and two are black bird
Blue Andalusian : black bird is 1:1
ii. Breeding a blue Andalusian with a blue Andalusian
Genotype of blue Andalusian - PPW
PPW * PPW
PP, PPW, PPW, PWPW
Phenotype
Black bird - PP - 1
Blue Andalusian (PPW) - 2
White bird (PWPW) - 1
Black bird : Blue Andalusian : White bird - 1: 2: 1
iii. Breeding a blue Andalusian with a White bird
Genotype of blue Andalusian - PPW
Genotype of white bird - PWPW
PPW * PWPW
PPW, PPW, PWPW, PWPW
Two are Blue Andalusian and two are white bird
Blue Andalusian : white bird
2: 2
1: 1
What event might occur when favorable adaptations build up in a population over many generations?
starvation
extinction
migration
speciation
Speciation event occur when favorable adaptations build up in a population over many generations.
What is speciation?The process by which new species are formed is called speciation. The major types of speciation are allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric. This speciation is due to the evolutionary process that occurs in an organism.
So we can conclude that Speciation event occur when favorable adaptations build up in a population over many generations.
Learn more about speciation here: https://brainly.com/question/2113835
For the same cross: BbTt x bbTt a. Using the Probability Method illustrated in lecture, break the complex two-gene cross into two simple single-gene crosses (note that the Probability Method can be used if it is known that the alleles of the different genes Assort Independently) b. Show the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios for each of the simple single-gene crosses.
Answer and Explanation:
cross: BbTt x bbTt
Cross for B gene
Parental ) Bb x bb
Gametes) B b b b
Punnet square) B b
b Bb bb
b Bb bb
F1) Genotypic proportion: 2/4=1/2 Bb : 2/4=1/2 bb
Genotypic ratio 1:1
Phenotypic proportion: 2/4=1/2 B- : 2/4=1/2 bb
Phenotypic ratio 1:1
Cross for T gene
Parental ) Tt x Tt
Gametes) T t T t
Punnet square) T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
F1) Genotypic proportion 1/4 TT
2/4 Tt
1/4 tt
Genotypic ratio 1 : 2 : 1
Phenotypic proportion: 3/4 T-
1/4 tt
Phenotypic ratio 3 : 1
Characteristics of mitosis?
Answer:
see the explanation
Explanation:
The characteristics of Mitosis are:
- During mitosis one cell divides once to form two identical cells.
-The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.
-It occurs only in somatic cells.
Chromosomal no. ...
-It does not allow genetic recombination.
Explain the cellular functions that occur when antibiotics attack a bacteria cell?
Thank you!
Answer:
Antibiotics attack the cell walls of bacteria.
Explanation:
They prevent the bacteria from synthesizing a molecule in the cell wall, which is very important as it gives the cell wall the strength to survive in the human body. This molecule is known as PEPTIDOGLYCAN.
Silent mutations are changes that
Answer:
Silent Mutation
Explanation:
These are changes in the sequence of nucleotide bases that constitutes DNA, without a change in the amino acid or the overall protein.
Silent Mutation does can be caused by many ways but does not change protein or amino acids function.
What is the function of these organelles
Answer:
Explanation:
Endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle that produces, processes and transport protein and lipids.
Golgi body is also referred to as the cell's post office. It modifies, packages and sorts protein for secreation.
Mitochondrion is referred to as the power house. It generates energy in form of ATP ( Adenosine triphospate).
Ribosome is the organelle that produces and synthesizes protein.
Cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, and the nucleus, perform distinct functions essential for cell vitality, like energy production, protein synthesis, and genetic information storage.
Organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform distinct metabolic functions, analogous to the organs in a human body. Cells contain various organelles that work in harmony to support the cell's life processes.
Mitochondria are known as the cell's 'powerhouses.' They generate the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comes in two forms: rough ER, with ribosomes for protein synthesis, and smooth ER, for lipid synthesis and detoxification.The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for distribution.Lysosomes are involved in digesting macromolecules and recycling cellular components.Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.The nucleus contains DNA and RNA, governing the hereditary characteristics of the cell and controlling cell activities.Each of these organelles plays a critical role in maintaining the health and functionality of the cell, with specific structures that facilitate their specialized functions.
Which statement gives a correct justification and procedure for creating a new kingdom? (AKS 5a, DOK 2) Question 11 options: A scientist creates a new kingdom based on the fact that a discovered organism has characteristics and DNA different from any existing kingdom without the research being supported by other members of the scientific community. A scientist creates a new kingdom based on the fact that a discovered organism has characteristics and DNA different from any existing kingdom and this research is supported by other members of the scientific community. Organisms discovered after 2020 are placed into a new kingdom because they are more likely to be unique and developed through natural selection. A scientist creates a new kingdom based on the fact that a discovered organism has unique characteristics and he has never seen a similar organism before.
Option(D) is correct
A scientist creates a new kingdom based on the fact that a discovered organism has unique characteristics and he has never seen a similar organism before.
Explanation:
A new kingdom can be created if the organism that has been discovered is entirely different from the organisms existing earlier. If the organism possesses features of any other organism existing earlier than it might be impossible to create a new kingdom.
This helps scientists to create a new kingdom or different species of plants or animals. It helps in the development of unique species that possess unique qualities.
The statement that gives a correct justification and procedure for creating a new kingdom is :
D) A scientist creates a new kingdom based on the fact that a discovered organism has unique characteristics and he has never seen a similar organism before.
"New kingdom"The statement that gives a correct justification and procedure for creating a new kingdom is a scientist creates a new kingdom based on the fact that a discovered organism has unique characteristics and he has never seen a similar organism before.
If the organism has highlights of any other living being existing prior than it may be impossible to form a unused kingdom.
This makes a difference researchers to make a unused kingdom or distinctive species of plants or animals.
It makes a difference within the improvement of interesting species that have special qualities.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
Learn more about "New Kingdom":
https://brainly.com/question/12825206?referrer=searchResults
In the Arrow/Midas Cichlid sympatric speciation hypothesis, the investigators had to investigate not only the biology and genetics of the species in question, but had to understand the geological history of the larger geological basin in which they occurred, AND the phylogeny of the populations. This is because ____________.
A) They had to eliminate allopatric speciation and subsequent dispersal as a hypothesis.
B) Certain phylogenetic patterns could corroborate or reject the hypothesis of sympatric speciation.
C) Both answers are correct.
Answer:
They had to eliminate allopatric speciation and subsequent dispersal as a hypothesis.
Explanation:
Allopatric speciation is produced by geographic speciation, thereby the genetic differences observed among organisms might be a consequence of this mechanism . The rejection of this hypothesis may imply sympatric speciation
The correct answer is C) Both answers are correct. In the Arrow/Midas Cichlid sympatric speciation hypothesis, the investigators had to investigate not only the biology and genetics of the species in question, but had to understand the geological history of the larger geological basin in which they occurred, AND the phylogeny of the populations. This is because Investigators had to eliminate allopatric speciation and utilize phylogenetic patterns to support or refute sympatric speciation.
Investigators needed to consider the geological history, biology, and phylogeny to fully understand the potential for sympatric speciation in cichlid fish. They had to eliminate allopatric speciation and subsequent dispersal as a hypothesis, because such events involve physical separation of populations, which is not the case in sympatric speciation. In addition, certain phylogenetic patterns could corroborate or reject the hypothesis of sympatric speciation by showing whether populations diverged in situ without geographic isolation.
Based on morphological and molecular data, researchers hypothesize that the split between dugongs and proboscideans likely occurred between 48 and 34 million years ago. Explain how molecular data from fossils and living organisms would support the existence of an evolutionary relationship between dugongs and proboscideans.
Molecular data from both living organisms and fossils provide evidence to support an evolutionary relationship between dugongs and proboscideans. Analysis of such data helps to track shared genetic elements as well as evolutionary divergences. Beyond morphology, other evolutionary trends can be analyzed, such as the fossil record of the evolution of horses in North America.
Explanation:Molecular data from both fossils and living organisms provide evidence supporting an evolutionary relationship between dugongs and proboscideans, which include elephants. Mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and specific cellular proteins from present organisms and fossilized remains can be analyzed to track shared genetic elements and evolutionary divergences.
In addition to morphological similarities found in fossils, other evolutionary trends can be analyzed. For instance, the fossil record of horses in North America shows an evolution of teeth shapes and foot and leg anatomy adapting to a changing environment over millions of years. This isn’t different from what researchers hypothesize occurred between the dugongs and proboscideans, given the estimated timeline of their divergence.
Such analyses lead to insights into the phylogenetics of these creatures. By looking at these records, scientists can build phylogenetic trees that map the proposed evolution of species, showing the divergence of the dugongs and proboscideans from a common ancestor.
Learn more about Evolutionary Relationship here:
https://brainly.com/question/30413649
#SPJ12
Molecular data, such as DNA and protein sequences, along with molecular clocks, support the hypothesized evolutionary relationship between dugongs and proboscideans by identifying genetic similarities and estimated divergence times that match the morphological data.
Molecular data from fossils and living organisms support the evolutionary relationship between dugongs and proboscideans in several ways:
Comparing DNA sequences between living dugongs, fossils, and proboscideans can show similarities that suggest a common ancestor.Analyzing protein sequences can also reveal evolutionary relationships, where smaller differences between molecules indicate closer connections.Molecular clocks, which estimate the time since two species diverged based on genetic mutations, can align with the hypothesized split between dugongs and proboscideans.These molecular methodologies, combined with morphological data, create a more complete evolutionary history, giving evidence to the shared lineage of seemingly disparate species.
At the beginning of Unit 3 we saw the example of the pygmy seahorse, whose offspring can change their body color, depending on the color of the coral they settle on from orange to purple. This ability to change body color depends on a complex developmental response that involves numerous genes that code for regulatory proteins that can alter the developmental pathway of a developing baby seahorse. Identify which aspect of color determination is subject to natural selection. Whether baby sea horses have the ability to change their color depending on their environment ... Answer 1 Whether baby sea horses develop orange or purple body color ... Answer 2
Answer:
Seahorses are between the sea animals that may modification color. Such variations camouflage the creatures if not obscure or perhaps frighten possible predators. Color variations facilitate seahorse’s link emotions and intentions, particularly throughout suit. Whereas these alterations are stunning and infrequently seem seamless, they're truly the merchandise of complicated interactions between the seahorse's brain and small organs carried within its skin.
Anatomy
Seahorse organelles, known as chromatophores, are enclosed at intervals their skins. These tiny, sack like organs contain variety of pigments and may expand or consent response to a spread of stimuli, inflicting the seahorse to vary color. Typically, seahorses carry solely a couple of chromatophore diversities, so completely different colors are created through the blending and matching of accessible pigments.
Building Color
All of the colours to that a seahorse will modification are derived from 3 or four basic stains contained in several chromatophores. The pigment cells of those chromatophores are sometimes stacked on prime of every alternative or clustered along in teams. the colour a seahorse displays is predicated on sort, combination and attentiveness of those cells, moreover as their proximity to the skin's surface.
Brightness and Tone
Muscles hooked up to chromatophores will push stain cells toward, or pull coloring cells off from, the surface of a seahorse's skin. Once the coloring is on the point of the skin's surface, the animal's color is brighter and splendid. In turn, once the pigment attracts off from the skin's surface, the ensuing color is a smaller amount saturated and somewhat boring.
Speed of modification
Depending on the stimulant that causes a seahorse to vary its color, chromatophores are measured by the seahorse's system or by its secretion fluctuations. once the system activates chromatophores, comparable to in life-and-death things, the animal's color changes quickly. once chromatophores are activated by secretion fluctuations, comparable to once a seahorse is suit a mate, the animal's color in its place changes somewhat slowly.
Both of them aren't subjected to action because the color modification in ocean horse are influenced by system and secretion system.
The ability of seahorses to change color in response to their environment is an aspect of color determination subject to natural selection. This adaptability is genetically controlled and influenced by the environment, providing a survival advantage. This case is an example of a gene-environment interaction.
Explanation:The aspect of color determination subject to natural selection in seahorses is the ability of their offspring to change their body color in response to their environment. This is a complex developmental response triggered by numerous genes. These genes code for regulatory proteins that can alter the developmental pathway, leading to different body colors in offspring. For example, if a baby seahorse settles on an orange coral, it may develop orange coloration; if it settles on a purple coral, it may develop purple coloration. This adaptive characteristic gives seahorses a survival advantage, making them more invisible to predators and more successful at catching prey. Thus, natural selection can favor seahorses with this trait.
However, it is crucial to note that color change in baby seahorses is not determined by the environment alone, but is under genetic control influenced by the surrounding environment. This is a case of gene-environment interaction.
A similar phenomenon can be observed in side-blotched lizards or other creatures like the peppered moths in England in the time of the Industrial Revolution. Their environment caused a shift in coloration to survive their changing habitats, leading to a shift in the population's genetic variance towards the new, fit phenotype. This adaptability is a wonderful example of how species can evolve through natural selection to increase their survival and reproductive success.
Learn more about color change in seahorses here:https://brainly.com/question/15872810
#SP3
The human body works well when the cells of the body work well. The cells in the body work well when the
conditions are just "right." These "right" conditions are maintained by the body through
the state of maintaining a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions.
Answer:
That is correct...it can also be called homeostasis
Answer:
The human body works well when the cells of the body work well. The cells in the body work well when the conditions are just “right.” These “right” conditions are maintained by the body through homeostasis, the state of maintaining a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions.
Temperature , amount of sugar, and amount of water are some conditions that need to be right in the body for cells to work properly. When all the conditions are just right, the cells function properly.
Starch is a polymer of glucose molecules in plants with a role analogous to that of glycogen in animals. Starch synthesis requires ADP‑glucose generated by ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase. The biochemical mechanism of ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase catalysis is similar to that of UDP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase. What is the driving force for the ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction?
a. production of ADP‑glucose
b. hydrolysis of ADP‑glucose
c. production of pyrophosphate
d. hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
The driving force for the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction is hydrolysis of pyrophosphate.
Explanation:The driving force for the ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction is d. hydrolysis of pyrophosphate.
Here's why:
The reaction is:
ATP + glucose-1-phosphate + pyrophosphate <=> ADP-glucose + phosphate
The hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) into two inorganic phosphates releases a significant amount of free energy (approximately -30 kJ/mol). This free energy release drives the reaction forward, even though the difference in free energy between ADP-glucose and ATP is small.
The production of ADP-glucose (a readily usable sugar precursor) is important for starch synthesis, but it is the hydrolysis of PPi that provides the necessary energy for the reaction to occur.
Therefore, option d is the correct answer.The driving force for the ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction is production of ADP-glucose.
Artificial selection has the greatest impact on society by providing which of the following?
More effcient energy
Reduced air pollution
Improved food sources
Increased gas mileage
Answer:
Improved food sources
Explanation:
Artificial selection is also known as selective breeding. Its a deliberate process of breeding plants and animals for better breeds.
It's also called genetic engineering.
This in a way impacts the society positively as crops with better yield are produced. Example is wheat that has more grain or in animals, cow that produces more milk.
With poultry or game birds, a semiboneless half breast is referred to as
A. a frenched half.
B. a filet.
C. le finnes halves.
D. a suprême.
I don't see the relation to this question to biology, since it goes to cooking, but the answer is D. a suprême. When it comes to poultry, a "supreme" is a boneless and skinless breast. It also denotes a fillet.
-I took cooking classes.
Final answer:
A semiboneless half breast of poultry or game birds is known as d) a suprême. It is characterized by having the wing bone still attached while the rest of the bones are removed. This term is important for culinary precision in dishes that require both presentation and flavor.
Explanation:
In culinary terms, a semiboneless half breast of poultry or game birds is referred to as d) a suprême. This term specifically denotes a breast portion with the wing bone still attached, but with the rest of the bones removed. The suprême is prized for its convenience in cooking and presentation, making it perfect for elegant dishes where both flavor and aesthetics are important. It should not be confused with a frenched half, which usually refers to a method of trimming meat, a filet, which often denotes a boneless and skinless piece of meat, or le finnes halves, which is not a recognized term in culinary use.
In animals the sensory capabilities evolved over hundreds of millions of years. It is therefore not surprising that different sensory aspects use similar transduction mechanisms. In terms of transduction (i.e., the way energy or chemicals are sensed and transduced into an electrical signal), which distinct human sensory systems use the same molecular mechanisms? Please list two pairs of systems and explain the similarity.
Answer:
Visual framework:
In visual framework, sensory cells replace physical vitality of light signals into electrical motivations that movement to the mind. Tangible cells in visual framework are bar cells and cone cells. The light creates a conformational changes in rhodopsin. This change brings about a decrease of the electro-chemical inclination of the photo-receptor which brings about decrease of electrical signs setting off to the cerebrum.
Aulfactory framework:
In the olfactory framework the atoms that giving smell stuck the bodily fluid tough situation to G protein receptors on olfactory cells. The G protein does initiates a downstream flagging course that causes progressively level of cyclic AMP which causes synapse discharge