5. What is the critical distinction between allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy?

a. Allopolyploidy involves disruptive selection but autopolyploidy does not.

b. Autopolyploidy involves disruptive selection but autopolyploidy does not.

c. If speciation is allopatric rather than sympatric, the mode of speciation is allopolyploidy; if speciation is sympatric rather than allopatric, the mode of speciation is autopolyploidy.

d. In autopolyploidy, one parental species contributes to the polyploidy; in allopolyploidy, two parental species contribute to the polyploidy.

e. In allopolyploidy, one parental species contributes to the polyploidy; in autopolyploidy, two parental species contribute to the polyploidy.

Explanation:

The myelin sheath, lipoprotein structure deposited around axons selected in inner nodules, interrupted periodically by Ranvier nodules, allows saltatory, rapid and effective conduction in the nervous system of vertebrates. The cells that construct myelin are the oligodendrocyte in the nervous central nervous system (CNS) and the Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. An oligonucleotide myelinates one or more axons, while the Schwann always forms a single myelin internodule. The process of myelination begins when a cell-sheath projection involves the axon and a loose spiral shape around it. Over time the formed layers are compacted by the expulsion of the cytoplasm and the formation of a lamellar structure with thick electrodes bands - derived from the apposition of the cytoplasmic phases of the membranes - and fewer electrodes - derived of the external phases of the membranes.

Schwann cells form the myelin sheath by wrapping their membrane around an axon segment in the PNS, creating a lipid-rich layer that facilitates rapid transmission of electrical signals. This insulation ensures efficient nerve impulse conduction with nodes of Ranvier allowing impulses to travel quickly by 'jumping' from gap to gap.

Schwann cells are a type of glial cell responsible for the production of the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). During the process of myelination, a Schwann cell envelops an axon segment by wrapping its cell membrane around the axon multiple times. This wrapping forms a lipid-rich layer with very little cytoplasm between the layers, effectively insulating the axon and aiding in the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

The myelin sheath's appearance has been compared to a pastry wrapped around a hot dog, with the sausage representing the axon and the pastry the myelin layers. Unlike oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), which can myelinate several axons at once, a single Schwann cell myelinates just one segment of a peripheral nerve. Myelin is not only comprised of the phospholipids from the Schwann cell membrane but also includes proteins that help maintain the structure of the sheath, supporting fast electrical signaling along the nerve fiber.

The role of Schwann cells and myelin is crucial as they contribute to the formation of nodes of Ranvier—regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction, wherein nerve impulses 'jump' from node to node, drastically increasing the speed at which they travel down the axon.

Answer:

There is 50% probability that a son of carrier mother (X^cX) and normal father (XY) is affected with colorblindness. Since father is normal, all the daughters will be normal.

Explanation:

Being X linked recessive trait, males can be affected with colorblindness if their mother is either colorblind or carrier for the disease. Since both the parents are normal, the mother is carrier for the disease and is heterozygous dominant with genotype X^c X. She would deliver the "X^C" to 50% of her sons making them colorblind.

Daughters can get affected with X linked disorder such as colorblindness if their father is affected with the disease. In the given question, father is normal (XY). So, none of the daughters can be colorblind.

Final answer:

Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Boys can be colorblind if they inherit the colorblind gene from their mother, as they only have one X chromosome. Girls can be carriers of the colorblind gene but do not express color blindness due to the presence of a normal gene on their second X chromosome.

Explanation:

Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, which means it is associated with the X chromosome. Since boys only have one X chromosome, if it carries the colorblind gene, they will be colorblind. On the other hand, girls have two X chromosomes, so even if one X chromosome carries the colorblind gene, the other X chromosome with a normal gene for color vision will mask the recessive colorblind gene. Thus, girls with one colorblind allele and one normal allele are carriers and do not express color blindness.

Answer:

All cross bridges broken

Explanation:

Muscle contraction is explained by the most accepted sliding filament theory given by Huxley and Huxley. During the process of muscle contraction actin filament slide over the myosin filament by the formation of cross-bridges. In this process the length of I band reduces whereas the length of A band remains the same. Also we should note that the actin and myosin filament remains unchanged.

The release of acetylcholine at the neuro-muscular junction stimulates the release of calcium ions from endoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. During the relaxed condition troponin-tropomyosin complex always block the myosin binding site on the surface of actin.

Once calcium is released it binds to the TpC component of troponin causing the shift of troponn-tropomyosin complex. Now actin can attach and slide over myosin.

The myosin head binds to actin forming the cross bridge and the pulling of myosin head towards M-line along with actin is called the power stroke. But myosin head also has a site for binding of ATP. Binding of ATP causes the detachment of myosin head from actin filament. Now since its the analog of ATP i.e AMPPNP present in the solution, cross-bridges will be broken. And only if ATP undergoes hydrolysis, the angle of myosin head changes into high energy cocked head conformation. Since AMPPNP is non-hydrolyzable we can rule out the fourth option.

That would be D(the last one).

Iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has 1 coordination site that bind to O2.

Each iron chelated in a tetrapyrrole/porphyrin ring can bind to one oxygen molecule. That is why we say hemoglobin can carry a maximum number of 4 O2 molecules. (See attached pic)

Final answer:

The false statement is that the iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has two coordination sites that bind to oxygen. Myoglobin has one vacant coordination site for O₂, not two, and in hemoglobin, each of the four iron atoms also has one binding site for oxygen.

Explanation:

The statement "The iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has two coordination sites that bind to oxygen" is the FALSE statement. In myoglobin, the heme iron is five-coordinate, meaning it has a single histidine imidazole ligand from the protein and the four nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin to bind, leaving one vacant coordination site for O₂ to bind. In contrast, while hemoglobin is a tetramer and each subunit binds a heme group, the iron at the center of these heme groups does not have two oxygen binding sites, but rather one like in myoglobin.

Myoglobin is a single polypeptide chain that includes a heme prosthetic group, and hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta units), each binding a heme group. Both proteins have iron chelated by a tetrapyrole ring system, which is a fundamental component of the heme group that allows these proteins to bind oxygen and function in oxygen transport or storage.

Answer:

Option 1 and 2.

Explanation:

Bohr's effect explained the relationship between the binding affinity of oxygen with acidity and carbon dioxide content. Bohr effect was given by the scientist Christian Bohr.

The decrease in pH and increase in the amount of carbon dioxide reducing the binding affinity of oxygen. When the blood travels in tissue from the lungs, pH decreases and oxygen get unload from the hemoglobin as compared with the condition when there is no change in pH.

Thus, the correct answer is option (1)and (2).

The Bohr effect refers to the influence of pH on the interaction between oxygen and hemoglobin. A drop in pH (more acidic conditions) enhances the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin while an increase in pH (more basic conditions) inhibits this dissociation.

The Bohr effect describes the influence of pH on the binding of O2 to Hemoglobin (Hb). As the blood travels from the lung to the tissues, the pH drops due to the increase in carbon dioxide and byproducts of cell metabolism like lactic acid, carbonic acid, and carbon dioxide which makes the blood more acidic. This drop in pH promotes oxygen dissociation from Hb. Conversely, a higher, or more basic, pH inhibits oxygen dissociation from Hb. This is because there are fewer hydrogen ions available to contribute to the breakdown of bicarbonate ions, leading to less carbon dioxide.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option B ( ligand gated channels opened by neurotransmitter molecules).

Explanation:

Input region or postsynaptic region or dendrite is the site of neuron cell which receives the impulse from the pre-synaptic neuron at the synaptic junction.

The cell membrane of the dendrite is embedded with ligand-gated channels which opens up in response to the ligand (neurotransmitters) produced by the neurotransmitter vesicle of axon or output region of neuron.

The neuromuscular junction is such a case where acetylcholine receptors present in the dendrite opens in the presence of acetylcholine.

Thus, option B ( ligand-gated channels opened by neurotransmitter molecules) is the correct option.

Answer:

The answer is A-2.

Explanation:

Even though four ATP molecules are produced in the second half. The net gain of glycolysis is only 2 ATP because 2 ATP molecules are used in the first half of the glycolysis.

Answer:

Cancer cells lack contact inhibition; therefore, they do not stop reproducing

Explanation:

Answer:

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

Explanation:

It consists of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Final answer:

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, facilitating communication between the brain, limbs, and organs. It has two main subdivisions: the somatic and the autonomic systems and is further divided into sensory and motor divisions.

Explanation:

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is an essential component of the human nervous system. It comprises a network of nerves that extend from the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, to various parts of the body. The PNS is responsible for connecting the CNS to limbs and organs, essentially serving as a communication relay back and forth between the brain and the extremities. It is made up of thick bundles of axons, known as nerves, which carry messages between the CNS and the muscles, organs, and sensory systems in the periphery of the body.

The PNS has two primary subdivisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is concerned with conscious perception and voluntary motor responses, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.

The PNS is also divided into sensory and motor divisions. The sensory division is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the CNS, and the motor division is involved in transmitting motor commands from the CNS to the rest of the body.

The first two sentences of the given essay extract function as the hook, drawing readers into the contentious issue of animal testing via vivid and emotionally charged descriptions of laboratory practices.

The first two sentences of this excerpt form the hook that is designed to draw the reader's attention. These sentences are: 'Somewhere in a claustrophobic laboratory a dog is forced to breathe tobacco smoke. In another lab in another part of the country, a rat is squeezed into a narrow glass tube and forced to breathe tobacco smoke.' A hook in an essay is the first one or two sentences that are intended to capture the attention of a reader and engage them in the topic. In this essay, the hook introduces the contentious issue of animal testing by painting a vivid, disturbing picture of what animals may undergo in the process.

By using the technique of vivid description and somewhat shocking imagery, the writer effectively brings the issue of animal testing to life for the reader. This hook catches the reader's attention and makes them want to read further to find out more about the situation, the ethical considerations, and what might be done to change it.

It is crucial to note that a strong hook not only draws in the reader but also sets the tone of the essay and introduces the main topic in a compelling and engaging way. The mentioned sentences accomplish all of these tasks effectively, setting the stage for a persuasive argument against animal testing.

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Answer:

60%

Explanation:

Answer:

release enzymes for chemical digestion of food

Explanation:

Liver is a large organ located on the right upper quadrant just below the diaphragm of an organism.

Liver detoxifies the drug and harmful substances of the body. Liver produces bile juice, regulate carbohydrate metabolism and regulates the cholesterol excretion. Liver doesn't produce any enzyme for the the digestion of food. The bile juice of liver contains salts and chemical that helps in the emulsification of food.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Answer:

Muscularis externa layer.

Explanation:

The muscularis externa layer lies adjacent to the submucosa membrane. This is the third layer of the gastro intestinal tract. The muscularis externa of the colon is thick as it carries and passes urine and feces.

Muscularis externa layer prevents the backward travelling of food. This layer is mainly responsible for the peristalsis movement of food in the gastro intestinal tract and responsible for the segmentation as well.

The muscularis externa, a layer in the alimentary canal, is responsible for both segmentation (mixing) and peristalsis (propulsion) of food through rhythmic muscle contractions, facilitating digestion and nutrient absorption.

The muscular layer of the alimentary canal, known as the "muscularis externa," is responsible for both segmentation and peristalsis. Peristalsis is the coordinated, rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the muscularis externa that propels food through the digestive tract, while segmentation involves the mixing and churning of food to facilitate digestion and absorption.

These muscular movements are essential for moving food through the digestive system and breaking it down into smaller particles for nutrient absorption.

For more questions on alimentary canal:

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Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. False. In ventilation perfusion coupling, the goal is to match airflow and blood flow for optimal gas exchange in the lungs. However, there may be variations in blood flow and ventilation.

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. False. Ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, while perfusion refers to the blood flow to the lungs. In the context of ventilation perfusion coupling, the goal is to match the airflow and blood flow to optimize gas exchange in the lungs. Ideally, blood flow would be directed towards functional alveoli, where there is adequate ventilation. However, in reality, there may be variations in blood flow and ventilation, resulting in some blood flowing past nonfunctional alveoli as well.

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Ventilation perfusion coupling is a crucial process that matches the flow of air and blood in our lungs. It optimizes the efficiency of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal by directing more blood past well-ventilated (functional) alveoli and less past poorly ventilated (non-functional) alveoli.

The statement about ventilation perfusion coupling is indeed true. Ventilation perfusion coupling is a mechanism by which the body ensures efficient gas exchange in the lungs by matching ventilation and blood flow. When ventilation is sufficient, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli remains high. If ventilation is insufficient, the body constricts the pulmonary arteriole serving the affected alveolus, which redirects blood flow towards alveoli with sufficient ventilation. Meanwhile, pulmonary arterioles serving well-ventilated alveoli dilate, allowing more blood flow. This process enhances the overall efficiency of oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal, ensuring more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

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Answer:

In some specialized cells of eukaryotes, a very high level of gene expression can be achieved when DNA is copied repeatedly without cell division for example, some insect larvae maximize production of salivary proteins by means of this process: polytene chromosomes.

Question #1

To know which baby belongs to who you need to draw both families Punnett squares.

Let's start with the Jones family. Mr. Jones is AB this means, he has co-dominant alleles. Ms. Jones is 0 this means, she has two recessive alleles.

When you draw the Punnett square, you'll find that chances are 50% group A, and 50% group B.

Now, analyze the Smith family Mr. Smith is group A this means, he has either two A alleles or A0. Ms. Smith is group 0 this means, she has two recessive alleles.

If Mr. Smith is AA, 100% of children will be A, and if Mr. Smith is A0, 50% of children will be group A, and 50% will be group 0.

Baby Jane is group A, she could be either Smith or Jones, but baby Sara is group 0 the only chance is that her family was the Smith.

Question #2

Meiosis is a process in which gametes create. You have two stages: meiosis I, and II. At the end of meiosis I, you still have diploids cells (2n) this means, you have a pair of chromosomes in each cell. At the end of meiosis II, you have all haploid (n) cells, with half of the genetic charge.

Metaphase of meiosis II: Sister chromatids are in the equatorial plane to be pulled apart without being replicated. Here you have 46 chromosomes about to create two cells with 23 (n) chromosomes.

Metaphase of meiosis I: homologs chromatids are in the equatorial plane to be pulled apart after replication. Here you have 46 pairs of chromosomes about to create two cells with 46 chromosomes each (2n).

Anaphase of meiosis II: all singles chromatids (n) are in the poles and the plasmatic membrane begins to close to obtain two haploids (23 chromosomes each) cells.

Egg cell is the result of meiosis II and is the breeding cell. Its chromosomic charge is 23.

Answer: c. 36

Explanation:

Cellular respiration oxidizes food molecules. The chemiosmotic model suggests that one ATP molecule is generated for each proton pump activated by the electron transport chain. Since the electrons from NADH activate three pumps and those from FADH2 activate two, we would expect each molecule of NADH and FADH2 to generate three and two ATP molecules, respectively.

However, because eukaryotic cells carry out glycolysis in their cytoplasm and the Krebs cycle within their mitochondria, they must transport the two molecules of NADH produced during glycolysis across the mitochondrial membranes, which requires one ATP per molecule of NADH. Thus, the net ATP production is decreased by two. Therefore, the overall ATP production resulting from aerobic respiration theoretically should be 4 (from substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis) + 30 (3 from each of 10 molecules of NADH) + 4 (2 from each of 2 molecules of FADH2) – 2 (for transport of glycolytic NADH) = 36 molecules of ATP

Sterile broth should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for incubation.

At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, sterile broth should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for incubation.

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At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, a sterilizing agent such as ethanol or bleach should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for a sufficient amount of time to kill any remaining bacteria.

At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, a sterilizing agent such as ethanol or bleach should be added to the plates or tubes, and everything should be soaked for a sufficient amount of time to kill any remaining bacteria. This is done to prevent any contamination and to ensure the accuracy of the results.

For example, after completing an experiment to grow bacterial cultures, you would add ethanol or bleach to the plates or tubes and let them soak for at least 10 minutes. This ensures that any bacteria left on the surfaces are killed before handling or disposing of them.

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Answer:

It is a single stranded DNA since adenine percentage is not equal to that of thymine and the percentage of guanine is not equal to cytosine.

Explanation:

According to Chargaff rule, the amount of adenine in a double-stranded DNA is always equal to that of thymine. This is due to the fact that adenine pairs with thymine in a double-stranded DNA. Likewise, the amount of guanine is always equal to that of cytosine in a double-stranded DNA.

The percentage of four types of bases in the genome of the virus does not follow the Chargaff rule and hence, it is a single-stranded DNA.  

Answer:

16 million

Explanation:

The population at the beginning of the log phase is 1 million cells.

The generation time (doubling time) is 30 min.

In 2 h, there will be four generations.

The population will have doubled four times (2^4 = 16).

There will be 16 million cells.

In the logarithmic phase of bacterial growth, the population size doubles at regular intervals. Given a generation time of 30 minutes, a bacterial culture with a starting population of 1 million cells would grow to 16 million cells after 2 hours. This assumes ideal conditions for exponential growth.

The bacterial culture is currently in the log phase of growth, also known as the exponential growth phase. Given that the generation time, or doubling time, is 30 minutes, the bacterial population will double every half hour. Therefore, starting from a population of 1 million cells, after 2 hours of growth (or four 30-minute cycles), the population size would be 16 million cells.

The calculation is straightforward: Starting with 1 million cells (2^0), after one 30-minute cycle (2^1), we have 2 million cells. After two cycles (2^2), we have 4 million cells. After three cycles (2^3), we have 8 million cells. And after four cycles (2^4), we have 16 million cells.

It's important to understand that this idealized exponential growth assumes that the conditions remain constant and optimal for the bacteria, without food shortages, waste accumulation, or other inhibitions to growth. In environmental conditions, such growth rate might not be sustained over time and could be affected by various factors.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option b. "atrophy of muscles can cause an increase in their size".

Explanation:

Muscle atrophy is defined by the partial or total loss of muscles mass that results from disabling circumstances. Muscle atrophy results in weakness, since the ability of the muscle to exert force is closely related to its size. Therefore, is false to state that muscle atrophy can cause an increase in its size. Actually, is the opposite, an atrophy in a muscle results in a decrease in its size.

Answer:

White: A---

Black: aaB-

Brown: aabb

Explanation:

As per given information, the genotype of parent white sheep is AaBb (heterozygous white).

The gene "A" is dominant over gene "B". Hence, all the genotypes with one or two copies of "A" would exhibit white phenotype.

All the genotypes that have "aa" and one or two "B" alleles would exhibit black phenotype.

All the genotypes with "aabb" allele combination would exhibit brown phenotype.

Answer:

The harmful effects of chemicals on biological systems

Explanation:

Toxicology is an interdisciplinary subject that involves chemistry, pharmacology, biology and medicine. Mathieu Orfila is known as the father of modern toxicology.

Toxicology generally deals with the study of harmful effects of poison or chemicals on the living system. Rate of exposure, age, sex and duration of dosage are some factors that can influence chemical toxicity.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Answer:

CFTR protein is found in the cells lining the lungs

Answer: A. visceral control center of the body

Explanation:

The hypothalamus corresponds to a small area in the Central Nervous System responsible for vital phenomena within the animal organism. Due to its importance, evolutionarily, it was protected by its location in the central part of the brain and protected by the skullcap. It commands the Endocrinological system. It exerts its direct action on the pituitary and indirect on other glands such as adrenal, gonads, thyroid, mammary and even on various organic tissues (muscle, bone, viscera. It acts on HYPOPHYSIS and interferes with the regulation of metabolism in general. It indirect influence: sleep/wake, hunger, blood pressure, the regulation of body heat production and loss, among others.

The hypothalamus is the visceral control center of the body. It is involved in the release of hormones, regulation of body temperature, and maintaining daily physiological cycles.

The hypothalamus is best described as the visceral control center of the body (option A). It is a small region of the brain that plays a crucial role in many vital functions, including releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, and maintaining daily physiological cycles. It connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, allowing it to control various body functions. It's not directly involved in somatic motor control, it's not referred to as the gateway to the cerebellum, nor does it serve as the relay station for the special senses.

The hypothalamus is the visceral control center of the body and is located at the base of the brain. It helps regulate various functions in the body such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone release. For example, it controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which affects growth, reproduction, and stress response.

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Answer:

A life threatening drop in blood pressure due to vasodilation caused by rapid release of histamine as allergic response.  

Explanation:

Anaphylactic shock is one of the rapid immune response towards the entry of an allergen into the blood stream. Presence of allergen in the blood triggers the rapid release of histamine. Histamine is a vasodilator and increases the permeability of capillaries. The relation of blood vessels all over the body results in a fatal drop in blood pressure.

The two main components of the extracellular matrix are Elastin and Collagen.

The extracellular matrix is an intricate macromolecular network that is found in the extracellular space. The matrix is composed of polysaccharides and very diverse proteins, locally secreted and assembled forming a complex network that surrounds the cells. The matrix is highly developed in connective tissue and its derivatives. The extracellular matrix is formed mainly by proteins, glycosaminoglycans,proteoglycans and glycoproteins, organized in diverse networks that constitute the different tissues. The most abundant proteins are collagen and elastin.

Collagen is a family of very abundant proteins in the body of animals. Collagen molecules can represent 25 to 30 % of all body proteins. Its main mission in the tissues is to form a framework that supports the tissues and that resists the forces of mechanical tension.

The elastin molecules are very close to each other through links between the regions rich in the amino acid lysine. It is an abundant protein in may extracellular matrices and appears as a component of the so called elastic fibers, which are onsoluble aggregates of proteins.

The extracellular matrix, a structure provided by cells that lack cell walls, majorly consists of proteoglycans and fibrous proteins such as collagen. Proteoglycans form the bulky mass, while fibrous proteins provide strength.

The two major components of the extracellular matrix are proteoglycans and fibrous proteins such as collagen. Proteoglycans form the bulky mass of the extracellular matrix. They are proteins that are heavily glycosylated, meaning they have several carbohydrate molecules attached to them. On the other hand, fibrous proteins such as collagen provide strength to the structure. They are long and stringy in structure and are known primarily for their tensile strength and resistance to stretching. Both of these components are attached to fibronectin proteins which, in turn, are connected to integrin proteins. These integrin proteins interact with transmembrane proteins in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls.

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Answer: Skin, hair, nails, and glands

Explanation:

The integumentary system is an organ system. It consists of skin, hair, feathers, scales, hooves, exocrine glands and nails. These structures provides the external protection to the body from different types of damage like loss of water, injury and invasion of pathogens.  

The skin is a thick outer cover of the entire body. It protects the body from incident UV rays, chemicals, physical damage and diseases.

The nails and hair are the extensions from the skin. They are composed of hard keratin material. They also provide protection against unfavorable external environmental conditions.

The exogenous glands are the glands which are present over the superficial tissues. These produce secretions which protects the entry of microbes inside the body.

Answer:

T cell activation : proliferation

Explanation:

The pairs that are correctly matched are:

Helper T cell: Killing of Virus infected cells

Helper T cells are also known as cytotoxic T cells which destroys cells with infected virus and tumor.

Plasma cell: Antibody Secretion

Plasma cell is also known as white blood cell. The cells are present in the bone marrow and secrete proteins called antibodies.

Effector B cell: Plasma cell

Plasma B cells are also known as Effector B cells.

Taking about,

T cell activation : proliferation

T cells are a type of lymphocytes that develops in the thymus gland. It is plays a central role in immune response. Thus, both T cell activation and proliferation are the different steps in the immune response by the T cell.

Thus, they are mismatched.