A neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division of the nervous system that increases the heart rate and constricts smooth muscle in blood vessels to raise blood pressure in the "fight or flight" response is called:
a. epinephrine.
b. aldosterone.
c. melatonin.
d. prolactin.

Answer: True

Explanation:

In a normal healthy individual the pH of the urine should be 6.0 which is slightly acidic.

Many diseases and types of diet can result in change in pH of urine. There are chance that a person who is having a pH lower than 6 or more than 7 must be suffering from some disease.

One can adjust their diet to change the pH of the urine slightly.

1. Keratinocyte

This is the most predominant of all types of cells found in the skin epidermis. It is located at the outmost part of the skin and constitutes about 90 percent of all types of cells found in the skin.

2. Merkel cells

These types of cells found in the skin are receptors which can be easily attacked and form malignant tumors known as Merkel cell carcinomas. There have been proof that they originate from neural crest, and a recent study on vertebrates discovered that they have epithelial origins.

3. Melanocytes

These types of cells found in the skin are cells that produce melanin and they are found at the heart, the bones, the meninges, the inner ear, the unea, and the stratum basel (bottom layer) of the epidermis. Melanin is the substance that determines what color a skin will posses.

Answer:

The correct answer is option A. true.

Explanation:

Hydrostatic pressure is the main driving force that helps lymph move between capillaries and interstitial compartment or tissues. The pressure caused by a fluid against the wall of interstitial is called Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (IFHP).  IFHP is comparably low than capillary hydrostatic pressure because lymphatic vessels are regularly absorbing extra fluid from the interstitial compartment.  

Thus, the correct answer is option A. true.

Answer:

The most common area of the brain that might have been affected by a stroke, when there is impairment in language comprehension, be it written, or oral, would be Wernicke´s area, on the temporal lobe, surrounding the auditory cortex.

Explanation:

Wernicke´s area, like Broca´s area, is a part of the brain that has been generally linked to speech comprehension and speech production. Fed by branches of the middle cerebral artery, this area, just like Broca´s, can be severelly affected when there is a stroke in the branches of the artery. In speech comprehension, Wernicke´s area is directly related to speech comprehension and it is known that a person who is unable to understand words, wether they are written or spoken to them, suffer from Wernicke´s aphasia. There are two types of aphasias in this area, fluent, and non-fluent.

Answer:

The answer is A radial head subluxation

Explanation:

The subluxation of the head of the radius occurs when abruptly rises and holds the child in the air; It is a very common lesion in children under 5 years since the elbow joint is not fully developed in this age group (0-5 years old).

Answer:

The small intestine is the body's most important digestive organ. It performs both chemical and mechanical digestion and is the main site of absorption.

Explanation:

The small intestine measures about 20 feet, and is divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 90% of absorption of nutrients and minerals take place in the small intestine, and the remaining 10% in the stomach and large intestine.

Answer: Fibrous pericardium and Serous Pericardium

Explanation:

The pericardium can be defined as the fibroserous sac( double layered) which covers the whole heart. The gap between two layers of serous pericardium is filled with serous fluid. This fluid protects the heart from external shocks.

Fibrous pericardium

This layer is the most superficial layer which consists of dense connective tissue. This layer of the heart protects it from over filling of blood, anchors the heart to the surrounding wall.

Serous pericardium

This layer provides lubrication to the heart by resisting the friction which occurs during the various type of heart function.

Answer:

The correct answer is option 1. elastic recoil of the lungs.

Explanation:

Lungs recoil to push the air to the outside of the lungs. It causes the intercostal muscle to relax position and returning chest wall or thoracic cavity volume decreases during normal exhalation.

The diaphragm also relaxes during exhalation. This results in higher pressure within the thoracic cavity to the comparison of the environment. It is called a passive process or event as there is no contraction takes place in any muscles during exhalation.

Thus, the correct answer is option 1.

Answer:

All these elements: cardiac output, resistance and blood volume, are all factors that make part, and affect, blood pressure.

Blood pressure then is defined as the force excerted by blood, as it is pumped in a certain volume, from the heart, and passes through the arteries, to achieve an exchange of oxygen and nutrients, towards the tissues, and carrying out of elements of disposal from the tissues.

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped during one heartbeat, every minute, from the left ventricle towards the body. This output depends on several other elements, all of which form the blood pressure. Blood volume which is the amount of blood returned towards the heart by the veins, will fill the atria and ventricles, during a heart cycle, and then, during the heartbeat, whatever volume has filled up the left ventricle will be ejected with force towards the aorta. This force, caused both by the actual contraction of the heart muscle, and the amount of blood actually pumped from the ventricle, will generate a force against the arterial walls. It is this force, this play of physics, that will ensure the exchange of waste and nutrients to and from the tissues. But arterial walls also have a resistance, which means, they are built with tensile materials that will resist the force of the blood against them, preventing thus the walls from bursting.

This is the influence of cardiac output, resistance and blood volume on blood pressure. All of them will directly influence the blood pressure that a person has.

Answer:

directing style predominant, discussing style also

Explanation:

-Directing style promotes learning through listening and following directions.

As a foreign language teacher, I often invite students to learn by listening since paying attention to audios will make them acquire new information.

The process of learning is also based on following directions, either on the books as method or directions i give in order to reinforce the concepts watched. A series of lectures or audios will encourage also students who are mainly learning a language and happen to learn better by listening.

- Discussing style promotes learning through interaction.

Since other students will be more visual, or kynestesic i will combine with a delegating style. Often this means that i will make students participate in activities that require cooperation among them, Also involves processing information they already know and embrace new knowledge to adapt it.

Posing questions that make them think deeply is my preferred means of making them interact together.

Arteries

Arteries are elastic vessels that transport blood away from the heart. Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where oxygen is picked up by red blood cells. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body.

Veins

Veins are elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart. Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins.

Capillaries

Capillaries are extremely small vessels located within the tissues of the body that transport blood from the arteries to the veins. Fluid and gas exchange between capillaries and body tissues takes place at capillary beds.

Sinusoids

Sinusoids are extremely small vessels located within the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

Arterioles

a small diameter blood vessel that branches out from an artery to a capillary

Answer:

The correct answer is carbon dioxide.

Explanation:

Respiration (physical) process involves inhalation and exhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively in between the air and into the lungs to the blood. If the brain receptors sense the excess amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, they send signals the body to promote ventilation.  So, the most important chemical regulator of respiration is carbon dioxide that determines the respiratory rate.

An increase in carbon dioxide concentration in blood results in a decreasing pH level of the blood, causing the person to increase his rate of ventilation.

Thus, the correct answer is carbon dioxide.

Answer:

The answer is B eggs

Explanation:

Influenza vaccines in their preparation contain egg proteins such as ovalbumin; When allergy to eggs is detected in a person, can contraindicate the use of this vaccine.  

Answer:

- Circulatory system: Blood vessels, arteries, veins, arteries, among others.

- Reproductive system: , Uterus,ovary, vagina, among others.

- Central nervous system (CNS): Spinal cord, brain.

- Digestive system: Liver, stomach, pancreas, intestine, among others.

- Integumentary system: Hair, nails.

Answer:

The correct answer will be false

Explanation:

The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system which controls the voluntary action of the muscle which includes afferent and efferent neurons.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are the parts of the autonomic nervous system which influences the function of the internal organs like smooth muscle and glands.

Thus, option false will be the correct answer.

Final answer:

The statement is false. The somatic nervous system is separate from the autonomic nervous system, which includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions responsible for involuntary bodily functions. The correct answer is b. False.

Explanation:

The statement that both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the somatic motor nervous division is false.

The motor division of the peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements and sensory information processing, utilizing motor neurons to relay information from the central nervous system to muscles.

In contrast, the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system, as it prepares the body for stressful situations.

The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is active during restful periods, promoting a 'rest and digest' state by slowing down the heart rate, among other functions. Therefore, the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the autonomic, not the somatic, motor nervous division.

Answer:

The answer is C: running along side the vertebrae

Explanation:

They are autonomous ganglia that run along the spine and are responsible for carrying information to the body that puts life at risk by sending a fight or flight order. They are approximately 20,000 to 30,000 neurons.

Answer:

C, syphilis

Explanation:

Condyloma  Lata is a medical condition characterized by the appearance of wart-like lesions on the genitals. They appear in the first phase of the disease and can disappear later. They are highly infectious.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium. It is usually spread after people have unprotected sex.

The first symptoms of syphilis include having open, wound like sores around the mouth and the genitals areas. They are usually pain free but very unpleasant and they tend to heal on their own. During a later stage of this disease they symptoms may become latent and even disappear for months or years. The no visible symptoms stage is very dangerous one, as the bacterium can damage the internal organs in the body, including the brain.

Answer:

The correct answer choice from the list, to answer the question: Which of the following is not an example of generalized seizure?, would be, A: simple partial.

Explanation:

Seizures, which are a symptom of a major brain disorder called epilepsy, are defined as the erratic, and suddenly disorganized, firing of neurons inside the hemispheres of the brain. Some of these electrical impulses may be limited to a specific part of the brain, in only one of the two hemispheres, which is why this type of seizure would be known as focal, or partial. However, in generalized seizures, the disorganized electrical impulses sent by neurons, take both of the hemispheres and can cause a complete collpase of the brain functions, as the brain is incapable of communicating. There is a list of various seizure types within the category of generalized seizures. These are: absence (known as petit mal), tonic-clonic, or convulsive seizures, atonic seizures, clonic seizures, clonic, tonic and myoclonic seizures. Their category depends on how the body reacts to the disorganized firing of the neurons, the region of the brain that is affected and the connected organs and tissue that responds to the disorganized stimulus sent by the neurons.

Answer:

Prime movers.

Explanation:

Antagonist muscles are the muscles that oppose the action of other muscles. Biceps and triceps muscles acts as antagonist muscles.

Antagonist muscles mainly resist or oppose the action of prime movers of the muscle. These muscles produce the opposite action of the agonist muscles. Agonist muscle is also known as prime movers.

Thus, the answer is prime movers.

Antagonists are muscles that relax and resist the contraction of the Agonist muscles, thus enabling a movement to occur in the opposite direction. The Biceps (Agonist) and Triceps (Antagonist) relationship in the human arm is a practical example of this.

In the field of Biology, particularly human anatomy, Antagonists are muscles that resist the action of Agonists and cause movement in the opposite direction. To explain this concept better, an Agonist muscle is one that contracts and causes a particular movement. Concurrently, the Antagonist muscle will relax to allow this movement. However, when the Agonist muscle relaxes, the Antagonist muscle can then contract, moving the body part back to its original position. A practical example of this relationship can be found in the function of the Biceps (Agonist) and Triceps (Antagonist) muscles in the human arm while flexing and extending the elbow.

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Answer:

A. CD4

Explanation:

that's all i could find

Answer:

The correct option is D. Nitroglycerol

Explanation:

The drugs which are used to suppress the abnormal rhythms of the heart are called anti-arrhythmic agents or cardiac dysrhythmia medications.

Many anti-arrhythmic agents have multiple modes of action. Some examples of the anti-arrhythmia agents are- Amiodarone, Digoxin and Lidocaine.

Therefore, Nitroglycerol is not an anti-arrhythmic agent. It is used for the treatment of heart attack, angina, high blood pressure, coronary artery spasms.

Among the options provided, Nitroglycerol is not an anti-arrhythmia agent. While Amiodarone, Digoxin, and Lidocaine are used to treat different types of heart arrhythmias, Nitroglycerol is used for chest pain and heart failure, not for moderating the rhythm of the heart.

In the context of anti-arrhythmia agents, the medicine that does not fit the category among the provided options is Nitroglycerol.

Let's explore each option for better understanding:

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Answer:

Intramembranous ossification:

Intramembranous ossification, the development of osseous tissue occurs without the cartliage formation. The bone forms on the mesenchyme tissue. No intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of flat bones.

Endochondral ossification:

Endochondral ossification, the development occurs from the center and true bone tissue is replaced in this type of ossification. The cartilage formation occur in this process. An intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of long bones.

Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly, while endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone in long bones.

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are two distinct processes by which bone is formed in the body, each having unique characteristics and functions. Intramembranous ossification occurs directly from mesenchymal tissue, where flat bones like the skull and clavicle develop.

In this process, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix and form ossification centers. The bone develops as a result of the mineralization of the matrix and the subsequent formation of trabecular bone.

In contrast, endochondral ossification involves a cartilage model that gradually transforms into bone. This process is typical for long bones, such as the femur and humerus.

Initially, mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, forming a cartilage template that is replaced by bone through a series of stages, including the calcification of cartilage, invasion by blood vessels, and the formation of bone marrow.

Both processes play critical roles in skeletal development but differ in their mechanisms, timelines, and the types of bones they form.

Answer:

The water and electrolyte balances in the human body are vital for survival. Through a series of activities, either facilitated by energy, the use of certain carrier proteins and gateways in cells, or simply by the size and charge of an ion, this is the way that living cells are able to perform their activities every single second.

In a normal tissue, a cell has an outer an inner environment, that, aside from water, which is the medium that sustains all tissues, also counts with certain molecules and ions that ensure activity and survival. Thus, the human body counts with: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium and phosphate. These all play a central role. However, none as important as sodium, potassium, calcium and water.

In order for a cell to perform certain activities, like for example, a mucle to move, there is the need for something called the action potential, and this is regulated by the influx and exit of sodium and potassium, as well as calcium. When a signal for depolarization arrives at a cell, like a muscle, then, the channels that are on a cell´s membrane will open up, allowing sodium to enter and potassium to leave (usually the are stable, Sodium outside on the extracellular environment, and potassium in the cytoplasm). The influx of positive sodium, changes the membranes electrical charge. Calcium, especially in muscle cells, will follow sodium, but mostly, it will be released from its storage inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum. While Sodium and potassium will ensure that the cell is electrically charged to fire, calcium will ensure that in a muscle cell, and in other types of cells, activities like muscle fiber contraction, and excitation, happens.

Water plays an important role as it is the medium on which both electrolytes and cells are suspended. It will always be equalized, but it tends to move to where there is a higher concentration of particles like sodium. Water does not play a role in action potential, but it will leak in and out of the cells during this process as the gateways open and close for its passage. It will later on help to take out unnecessary waste, and excess ion particles from the cell and into the bloodstream.

Answer:

b). False.

Explanation:

Synergistic effect represents interaction between two or more substances or factors to generate a combined effect higher than the sum of their effects when they function separately.

Cortisol is a hyperglycemic hormone that increases level of glucose in blood. It is secreted by adrenal gland during stress conditions, which increases level of blood sugar by producing of glucose from liver.

On the other hand, insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone that reduces level of glucose in blood. It is secreted by pancreas when blood sugar level becomes too high and decreases blood sugar level by promoting storage of glucose for future use.

As cortisol and insulin show opposite effects, they cannot be considered as synergistic in their actions.

Thus, the given statement is false.

Answer:

Arteries:

Arteries have thick layer of elastic fibers. The lumen is narrow in the arteries. The semilunar valves are absent and the outer wall is thick. They are inserted deep to the body surface.

Capillaries:

Capillaries do not have any elastic fibers. The lumen is very small. The semilunar valve are not present and the outer wall is one cell layer thick. They are present inside all the tissues.

Vein:

Vein has thin layer of elastic fibers. The lumen is wide in the veins. The semilunar valves is present and outer wall is thin. They are present near the body surface.

Answer:

Option (a).

Explanation:

Minute respiratory volume or minute ventilation may be defined as the amount of gas exhaled or inhaled in a minute. Wright respirometer can be used to calculate the minute ventilation.

Minute ventilation can be calculated by the formula:

MRV = TV × Breaths per minute.

Here, MRV is minute respiratory volume and TV is tidal volume.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Answer:

The correct answer is option D. renal pyramid.

Explanation:

Kidney has different parts that help together for urine formation and filtration. The renal papilla is the site where renal pyramids flush urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. It is the part of the cone-shaped tissue of the kidney called a renal pyramid.

The broad base of every and each pyramid faces the papilla, points internally towards the pelvis in the kidney. The apex terminates at the papilla of the renal pyramid.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. renal pyramid.

Answer:

Option (b).

Explanation:

Pulmonary ventilation is the mechanism of respiration in which the oxygen is inhaled in the body and carbon dioxide is exhaled out due to the pressure difference in the lungs and the environment.

The surface tension in the alveoli is decreased by the presence of surfactant. The increase in the surface tension of the alveoli increase the force that will require the additional muscles to work properly.

Thus, the correct answer is option (b).

The correct option is (b) as increasing alveolar surface tension requires greater muscle effort for ventilation. This is because increased alveolar surface tension makes it harder for the lungs to expand.

The correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation is (b) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. The reasoning behind this is that surface tension in the alveoli challenges the expansion of the lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gases occur. Therefore, if the surface tension in these alveoli increases, the lungs will find it more difficult to expand necessitating extra muscle effort for adequate ventilation. (a) is incorrect because surfactant actually reduces alveolar surface tension, not increase it. (c) and (d) are incorrect because a decrease in lung elasticity and lung compliance both lead to an increased effort for ventilation, not a decrease.

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Answer:

External respiration depends on:

- amount of oxygen that reaches the pulmonary alveoli.

- integrity of lung tissue, ie alveoli and capillaries.

- of the functionality of the thoracic box.

- of the permeability of the airway.

External respiration is dependent on partial pressure differences, which allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. It is also affected by the pressures within the atmosphere and lungs, and depends on efficient ventilation and perfusion.

External respiration depends on several factors. Firstly, it occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Fundamentally, the ability to breathe--to have air enter the lungs during inspiration and air leave the lungs during expiration--is dependent on the air pressure of the atmosphere and the air pressure within the lungs.

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveolus to the capillary, whereas carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillary into the alveolus. This process is crucial for all aerobic organisms which require oxygen to carry out their metabolic functions. Lastly, ventilation and perfusion are important factors that affect external respiration. Ventilation moves air into and out of the alveoli and must be sufficient to create a high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.

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Answer:

The famous tennis elbow, best known medically as Lateral Epicondilytis, is basically a condition that arises in people who tend to use the joint of the arm and forearm, called the elbow joint, most likely tennis players and all racket players. This condition happens as the ligaments and tendons that support the joint, become overused and abused in such sports activities, although there are other such activities that can cause it.

The exact location where lateral epicondilytis happens, is known as the lateral epicondyle, and it is the exact spot where the humerus and the olecraneon of the forearm come together and form the elbow joint. To support and give this joint mobility, the arm and forearm count with several tendons, called the extensor tendons, and also the ECRB (Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis), both muscle end and tendon. These are the ones that become irritated with the constant up-and-down movement used by tennis players and they become inflamed, causin severe pain, and sometimes, incapacity of movement to the joint.

Tennis elbow refers to the pain or discomfort felt in the elbow caused by overuse and repetitive motion of the arm and wrist. The pain is typically located in the lateral epicondyle, the outside bony part of the elbow. Proper sport techniques and equipment can help prevent this condition.

Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis, as it is medically known, refers to a condition of pain or discomfort in the elbow. This is usually caused by overuse and repetitive motion of the arm and wrist, particularly during activities like tennis. The pain typically arises from inflammation or small tears in the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outer side of the elbow.

Individuals with jobs or hobbies that require repetitive movements — like playing tennis — are at higher risk for developing this condition. Consequently, it's recommended to use correct techniques when playing sports, to minimize the chance of injury. Proper racquet selection, hitting the balls at the 'sweet spot', and avoiding over extension of the elbow can help reduce undue pressure on the elbow tendons.

Pain location for tennis elbow sufferers is usually felt in the region of the lateral epicondyle, the outside bony part of the elbow. In severe cases, the pain can spread into the forearm and wrist. In such cases, immediate medical attention should be sought to prevent potential long-term damage. Treatment measures for tennis elbow typically include rest, physical therapy, using ice packs, and in some severe cases, surgical repair under medical supervision.

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