Answer: The molarity of [tex]Pb(NO_3)-2[/tex] solution is 0.34 M.
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
For lead chloride:
Given mass of lead chloride = 18.86 g
Molar mass of lead chloride = 278.1 g/mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of lead chloride}=\frac{18.86g}{278.1g/mol}=0.068mol[/tex]
For the balanced chemical equation:[tex]Pb(NO_3)_2+2NaCl\rightarrow PbCl_2+2NaNO_3[/tex]
By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
1 mole of lead chloride is formed by 1 mole of lead nitrate
So, 0.068 moles of lead chloride will be formed from = [tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 0.068=0.068mol[/tex] of lead nitrate
To calculate the molarity of solution, we use the equation:[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution (in L)}}[/tex]
We are given:
Volume of solution = 200 mL = 0.200 L (Conversion factor: 1 L = 1000 mL)
Moles of lead nitrate = 0.068 moles
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]\text{Molarity of }Pb(NO_3)_2\text{ solution}=\frac{0.068mol}{0.065L}\\\\\text{Molarity of }Pb(NO_3)_2\text{ solution}=0.34M[/tex]
Hence, the molarity of [tex]Pb(NO_3)-2[/tex] solution is 0.34 M.
The molarity of the Pb(NO3)2(aq) solution can be calculated by first finding the number of moles of PbCl2 formed in the reaction and then dividing it by the original volume of Pb(NO3)2 solution. The calculated molarity of the Pb(NO3)2(aq) solution is 0.339 M.
Explanation:The calculation of molarity of the Pb(NO3)2(aq) solution is necessary in this case. In this precipitation reaction, lead nitrate reacts with sodium chloride to form lead chloride, which precipitates out, and sodium nitrate. The molar mass of lead chloride (PbCl2) is 278.1 g/mol.
Step 1: Find the number of moles of PbCl2. For this, you can divide the mass of the precipitate (PbCl2) obtained by the molar mass of PbCl2. So, the number of moles are 18.86 g / 278.1 g/mol = 0.0678 mol.
Step 2: Calculate the amount in liters of original solution of lead nitrate. Here, since the given volume is in milliliters, you need to convert it to liters. Therefore, 200.0 mL = 0.2000 L.
Step 3: Calculate the molarity. Molarity is the number of moles of solute divided by volume of the solution in liters. Hence, M = 0.0678 mol / 0.2000 L = 0.339 M. Therefore, the molarity of Pb(NO3)2(aq) solution is 0.339 M.
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Match the correct definition with the correct term from questions 10-13: A. Internal energy B. Latent heat C. Chemical (bond) energy D. Nuclear energy 10.The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule. 11. May be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules 12. The internal energy associated with the bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself 13. The internal energy associated with the phase of a system.
Answer: A. Internal energy : May be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules
B. Latent heat: The internal energy associated with the phase of a system.
C. Chemical (bond) energy : The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule
D. Nuclear energy : The internal energy associated with the bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself
Explanation:
Internal energy is defined as the total energy of a closed system. Internal energy is the sum of potential energy of the system and the kinetic energy of the system. It is represented by symbol U.
Latent heat is the thermal energy released or absorbed by a thermodynamic system when the temperature of the system does not change. It is thus also called as hidden heat.
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of molecules.
Nuclear energy is the energy which is stored in the nucleus of an atom called as binding energy within protons and neutrons.
The reaction 2NO(g)+Cl2(g)→2NOCl(g) is carried out in a closed vessel. If the partial pressure of NO is decreasing at the rate of 21 torr/min , what is the rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel
Answer : The rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel is, 10.5 torr/min.
Explanation : Given,
[tex]\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex] =21 torr/min
The balanced chemical reaction is,
[tex]2NO(g)+Cl_2(g)\rightarrow 2NOCl(g)[/tex]
The rate of disappearance of [tex]NO[/tex] = [tex]-\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex]
The rate of disappearance of [tex]Cl_2[/tex] = [tex]-\frac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}[/tex]
The rate of formation of [tex]NOCl[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NOCl]}{dt}[/tex]
As we know that,
[tex]\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex] =21 torr/min
So,
[tex]-\frac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}=\frac{1}{2}\times 21torr/min=10.5torr/min[/tex]
And,
[tex]\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NOCl]}{dt}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NO]}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{d[NOCl]}{dt}=\frac{d[NO]}=21torr/min[/tex]
Now we have to calculate the rate change.
Rate change = Reactant rate - Product rate
Rate change = (21 + 10.5) - 21 = 10.5 torr/min
Therefore, the rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel is, 10.5 torr/min.
The rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel is 10.5 torr/min
The given reaction is expressed as:
[tex]\mathbf {2O_{(g)} + Cl_{2(g)} \to 2NOCl_{(g)}}}[/tex]
From chemical kinetics, the average rate (r) can be expressed as:
[tex]\mathbf{r = -\dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}= -\dfrac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}=\dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt} }[/tex]
where;
the negative sign (-) indicates the rate of disappearance of the substances.∴
rate of disappearance of NO [tex]\mathbf{= -\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}}[/tex] rate of disappearance of Cl₂ = [tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{-d[Cl_2]}{dt}}[/tex] rate of appearance of NOCl = [tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt}}[/tex]We are being told that the partial pressure of NO is decreasing at 21 torr/min
i.e.
[tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}}[/tex] = 21 torr/minand we know that:
[tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{-d[Cl_2]}{dt}= -\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}}}[/tex]
∴
[tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{-d[Cl_2]}{dt}= -\dfrac{1}{2}(21 \ torr/min) }}[/tex] [tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}= 10.5 \ torr/min }}[/tex]Similarly;
[tex]\mathbf{-\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt} = \mathbf{-\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}}}[/tex] [tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt} = \mathbf{ \dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}}}[/tex] [tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt} =21 \ torr/min}}[/tex]Now, we need to determine the rate of change of the total pressure at which these substances are decreasing;
Rate change = rate of reactant - rate of product.
[tex]\mathbf{Rate \ change =} \mathbf{\mathbf{ \dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}} +\dfrac{d[Cl_2]}{dt} - \dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt} }[/tex]
[tex]\mathbf{Rate \ change =} \mathbf{(21 \ torr/min) +(10.5 \ torr/min) -( 21 \ torr/min})[/tex]
Rate change = 10.5 torr/min
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A chemist carefully measures the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 894.0g sample of a pure substance from −5.8°C to 17.5°C . The experiment shows that 4.90kJ of heat are needed. What can the chemist report for the specific heat capacity of the substance? Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
An 894.0 g sample with a specific heat capacity of 2.35 × 10⁻⁴ kJ/g.° C, increases its temperature from -5.8 °C to 17.5 °C when absorbing 4.90 kJ of heat.
A chemist has a sample with a mass of 894.0 g. When it absorbs 4.90 kJ of heat its temperature increases from -5.8 °C to 17.5 °C. The chemist can calculate the specific heat capacity of the substance using the following expression.
[tex]Q = c \times m \times \Delta T[/tex]
where,
c: specific heat capacity of the substancem: mass of the sampleΔT: change in the temperature of the sample[tex]Q = c \times m \times \Delta T\\\\c = \frac{Q}{m \times \Delta T} = \frac{4.90 kJ}{894.0 g \times (17.5 \° C - (-5.8 \° C))} = 2.35 \times 10^{-4} kJ/g\° C[/tex]
An 894.0 g sample with a specific heat capacity of 2.35 × 10⁻⁴ kJ/g.° C, increases its temperature from -5.8 °C to 17.5 °C when absorbing 4.90 kJ of heat.
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The specific heat capacity of the substance is approximately 0.234 J/g°C. This was found by applying the formula for specific heat capacity (q = mcΔT) and doing the necessary calculations with the given values.
Explanation:To determine the specific heat capacity of the substance, we can use the formula q = mcΔT, where q is the heat energy absorbed, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Given that q equals 4.90 kJ (or 4900 J to match the unit of specific heat capacity), m equals 894.0g and ΔT is 17.5°C - (-5.8°C) = 23.3°C, we can rearrange the formula to solve for c: c = q / (mΔT).
Substituting the given values, we find c = 4900 J / (894.0g * 23.3°C), yielding a specific heat capacity of approximately 0.234 J/g°C to three significant figures.
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If two protons and two neutrons are removed from the nucleus of an oxygen-16 atom, a nucleus of which element remains? Express your answer as an isotope (e.g., as 31H).
Answer:
[tex]_{6}^{12}\text{C}[/tex]
Explanation:
A particle with two protons and two neutrons is a helium nucleus.
Your unbalanced nuclear equation is:
[tex]_{8}^{16}\text{O} \longrightarrow \, _{x}^{y}\text{Z} + \, _{2}^{4}\text{He}[/tex]
The main point to remember in balancing nuclear equations is that the sums of the superscripts and of the subscripts must be the same on each side of the equation.
Then
8 = x + 2, so x = 8 - 2 = 6
16 = y + 4, so y = 16 - 4 =12
Element 6 is carbon, so the nuclear equation becomes
[tex]_{\ 8}^{16}\text{O} \longrightarrow \, _{\ 6}^{12}\text{C} + \, _{2}^{4}\text{He}[/tex]
The melting point of phenol is 40.5∘C and that of toluene is −95∘C. What is the best explanation for this difference? Select the correct answer below: a. The (−OH) group on phenol can form hydrogen bonds, and the −CH3 group on toluene cannot. b. Phenol has only one hydrogen on the −OH group available to form hydrogen bonds, so the hydrogen bond is stronger. c. In toluene, the hydrogen bond is spread over all three hydrogens on the methyl group, so the interaction is weaker overall. d. Phenol has a higher molecular mass than toluene. e. None of the above.
Answer:
None of the above
Explanation:
The (−OH) group on phenol can form hydrogen bonds, and the −CH3 group on toluene cannot.
Phenol has only one hydrogen on the −OH group available to form hydrogen bonds, so the hydrogen bond is stronger. In toluene, the hydrogen bond is spread over all three hydrogens on the methyl group, so the interaction is weaker overall.
Phenol has a higher molecular mass than toluene.
Answer:
a. The (−OH) group on phenol can form hydrogen bonds, and the −CH3 group on toluene cannot.
Explanation:
Hello,
We firs must consider that the hydroxyl functional group is present in phenol as a highly polar section into its structure. Thus, phenol molecules are strongly associated by the presence of hydrogen bonds which toluene does not have due to its apolarity.
Consequently, since associating interactions are present in the phenol but absent in the toluene, more energy must be supplied to the phenol to melt it down, that is why phenol's melting point is higher than toluene's that one.
Best energy
The combination of coke and steam produces a mixture called coal gas, which can be used as a fuel or as a starting material for other reactions. If we assume coke can be represented by graphite, the equation for the production of coal gas is
2C(s)+2H2O(g)--->CH4(g)+CO2(g)
Determine the standard enthalpy change for this reactionf rom the following standard enthalpies of reactions:
C(s)+H2O(g)--->CO(g)+H2(g) delta H=131.3 kJ
CO(g)+H2O(g)--->CO2(g)+H2(g) delta H=-41.2 kJ
CH4(g)+H2O(g)--->3H2(g)+CO(g) delta H=206.1 kJ
Answer: The [tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}[/tex] for the reaction is 15.3 kJ.
Explanation:
Hess’s law of constant heat summation states that the amount of heat absorbed or evolved in a given chemical equation remains the same whether the process occurs in one step or several steps.
According to this law, the chemical equation is treated as ordinary algebraic expressions and can be added or subtracted to yield the required equation. This means that the enthalpy change of the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of the intermediate reactions.
The chemical equation for the reaction of carbon and water follows:
[tex]2C(s)+2H_2O(g)\rightarrow CH_4(g)+CO_2(g)[/tex] [tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}=?[/tex]
The intermediate balanced chemical reaction are:
(1) [tex]C(s)+H_2O(g)\rightarrow CO(g)+H_2(g)[/tex] [tex]\Delta H_1=131.3kJ[/tex] ( × 2)
(2) [tex]CO(g)+H_2O(g)\rightarrow CO_2(g)+H_2(g)[/tex] [tex]\Delta H_2=-41.2kJ[/tex]
(3) [tex]CH_4(g)+H_2O(g)\rightarrow 3H_2(g)+CO(g)[/tex] [tex]\Delta H_3=206.1kJ[/tex]
The expression for enthalpy of the reaction follows:
[tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}=[2\times \Delta H_1]+[1\times \Delta H_2]+[1\times (-\Delta H_3)][/tex]
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}=[(2\times (131.3))+(1\times (-41.2))+(1\times (-206.1))]=15.3kJ[/tex]
Hence, the [tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}[/tex] for the reaction is 15.3 kJ.
Which statement describes the action of a buffer composed of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) ? Acetic acid neutralizes added base, and sodium acetate neutralizes added acid. Both components, acetic acid and sodium acetate, neutralize added acid. Sodium acetate neutralizes added base, and acetic acid neutralizes added acid. Both components, acetic acid and sodium acetate, neutralize added base.
Answer:
Acetic acid neutralizes added base, and sodium acetate neutralizes added acid.
Explanation:
Acetic acid is the acid that will dissociate to release H⁺ ion which will react and neutralize the added base.
CH₃COOH → H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻
H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
Sodium acetate will dissociate to release the acetate ion (CH₃COO⁻) which will react and neutralize the added acid.
CH₃COONa → Na⁺ + CH₃COO⁻
H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻ → CH₃COOH
Based on the information given, the correct option will be A. Acetic acid neutralizes added base, and sodium acetate neutralizes added acid.
An acetic acid simply means the acid that will dissociate to release H⁺ ion which will react and neutralize the added base. Acetic acid is used for manufacturing acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, acetic esters, plastics, dyes, etc.In conclusion, the correct option is A.
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Be sure to answer all parts. Propane (C3H8) is a minor component of natural gas and is used in domestic cooking and heating. (a) Balance the following equation representing the combustion of propane in air. Include states of matter in your answer. C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) (b) How many grams of carbon dioxide can be produced by burning 8.11 moles of propane? Assume that oxygen is the excess reactant in this reaction. × 10 g Enter your answer in scientific notation.
Answer:
For a: The balanced chemical equation is given below.
For b: The mass of carbon dioxide produced will be [tex]1.07\times 10^3g[/tex]
Explanation:
For a:Every balanced chemical equation follows law of conservation of mass.
This law states that mass can neither be created nor can be destroyed but it can only be transformed from one form to another form.
This law also states that the total number of individual atoms on the reactant side must be equal to the total number of individual atoms on the product side.
For the given reaction, the balance chemical equation follows:
[tex]C_3H_8(g)+5O_2(g)\rightarrow 3CO_2(g)+4H_2O(g)[/tex]
All the substances are present in gaseous state.
For b:By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
1 mole of propane gas produces 3 moles of carbon dioxide gas.
So, 8.11 moles of propane gas will produce = [tex]\frac{3}{1}\times 8.11=24.33mol[/tex] of carbon dioxide gas.
Now, calculating the mass of carbon dioxide using equation:
[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
Molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44 g/mol
Moles of carbon dioxide = 24.33 mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]24.33mol=\frac{\text{Mass of carbon dioxide}}{44g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of carbon dioxide}=1070.52g[/tex]
Hence, the amount of [tex]CO_2[/tex] produced in the given reaction and expressed in scientific notation is [tex]1.07\times 10^3g[/tex]
Compare suspension and emulsion polymerizations. Describe the microscopic environment of each process shows where the monomer, initiator and additives are located in the initial stages of the polymerization and after 25% conversion is achieved. (Draw clear pictures and label them) B. What are the advantages of producing polyethene using Ziegler Natta catalyst? C. Why is step-growth polymerization not applicable to ethene molecules?
Answer:
The main difference between suspension and emulsion polymerization is that suspension polymerization requires a dispersing medium, monomer(s), stabilizing agents and initiators whereas emulsion polymerization requires water, monomer and a surfactant.
Explanation:
The temperature versus time graph of a solid substance absorbing heat is shown. A graph is shown with Temperature followed by degree Celsius in parentheses labeled on the y axis and Time followed by minutes in parentheses labeled on the x axis. An upwards arrow is shown between y axis and the label and a right pointing arrow is shown between the x axis and the label. A slanting graph line starting at a point A near the intersection of the two axis is shown. The slanting graph after a point B starts running parallel to the x axis till point C. The line after point C slopes upwards till point D and then runs parallel to the x axis till point E after which it again slopes upwards to finally terminate at point F. What best describes the change taking place in section CD of the graph? The intermolecular bonds of the solid state are being broken as particles vibrate faster. The intermolecular bonds of the liquid state are being broken as particles flow faster. The particles of the solid vibrate faster as the kinetic energy of the particles increases. The particles of the liquid slide around faster as the kinetic energy of the particles increases.
Answer:
The particles of the liquid slide around faster as the kinetic energy of the particles increases.
Explanation:
After all the bonds in the solid state are broken in part CD, the more free particles in the liquid state gain more kinetic energy with increase in energy supplied.
The increase in kinetic energy is indicated by the temperature increase thus the positive gradient of the part CD.
Kinetic energy means more vibrations thus the particles slide more and more against each other.
2NH_3(g) \longleftrightarrow N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \hspace{30pt} K_p = 0.83 2 N H 3 ( g ) ⟷ N 2 ( g ) + 3 H 2 ( g ) K p = 0.83 Consider your answers above, if the initial pressures for all three species is 1 atm what is the equilibrium pressure of H2? (Hint: Your quadratic will have two solutions, which one is impossible?)
Answer:
g= n 8.47 and you'll choose the answer...
Explanation:
[tex] \sqrt[x]{2} |3| { \sqrt[ log_{\%g}(3) ]{2} }^{3} {.}^{.83} \geqslant g \times \frac{.83}{0.83} \sqrt[ \geqslant ]{.83} 0.83 \times \frac{32e}{3} \geqslant log_{ \cos(?) }(?) \cos(?) log_{?}(?) e[/tex]
[tex] \sqrt[ \geqslant \sqrt[ log_{ \geqslant log_{ \cot( | log_{ \geqslant love \sqrt[ \geqslant | \sqrt[ \geqslant \geqslant \sqrt[ \geqslant \sqrt[ \geqslant ]{2.10} ]{3.8} ]{love} | ]{2 = 3} }(2 = 6) | ) }(love) }(.) ]{.} ]{.} love\%[/tex]
Where can membrane proteins be located? a. entirely within the membrane b. on the surface of the membrane c. in either position d. The position of membrane proteins has never been determined
Answer:
C) in either position
Explanation:
There are two kinds of membrane protein:
a) Integral proteins: They have a fixed or permanent association with the membrane. They are majorly embedded in the middle layer of membrane. A kind of integral proteins are transmembrane proteins, they can cross the membrane and are path for transport of ions or molecule in and out cell.
b) Peripheral proteins: The are confined to the surface of membrane and are boned with ionic interactions. they are more in number as compared to integral proteins.
Tooth enamel ( Ca5(PO4)3(OH) ) reacts with acid according to the reaction below: Ca_5(PO_4)_3(OH) (s) + H^+(aq) \leftrightarrow 5Ca^{2+}(aq) + 3HPO_4^{2-}(aq) + OH^-(aq) C a 5 ( P O 4 ) 3 ( O H ) ( s ) + H + ( a q ) ↔ 5 C a 2 + ( a q ) + 3 H P O 4 2 − ( a q ) + O H − ( a q ) What happens if we add more acid?
Final answer:
Adding more acid to tooth enamel causes increased solubility of enamel and may lead to cavities. The added acid reacts with hydroxide ions in the enamel, driving the reaction forward. Fluoride in dental products can help protect enamel by reducing solubility in acid.
Explanation:
When more acid, which in chemical terms is a source of H+ ions, is added to the solution where tooth enamel, chemically known as calcium hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH), is present, it results in the reaction shifting to the right according to Le Chatelier's principle. This process increases the solubility of the tooth enamel in acid, leading to enamel dissolution and potentially to the formation of dental cavities. The reaction with acid produces 5Ca2+(aq), 3HPO42-(aq), and OH-(aq). Hydroxide ions (OH-) react with added H+ ions to form water (2H2O), driving the reaction forward and increasing enamel solubility. To mitigate this effect, toothpastes and mouth rinses may contain fluoride compounds, replacing the strong base hydroxide in the enamel with the weaker base fluoride. This renders the enamel more resistant to acid attack by reducing the extent to which the equilibrium shifts upon acid addition.
According to the following balanced reaction, how many moles of NO are formed from 12.66 moles of NO2 if there is plenty of water present? 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g
Answer:
[tex]\boxed{\text{4.220 mol}}[/tex]
Explanation:
3NO₂ + H₂O → 2HNO₃ + NO
n/mol: 12.66
You get 1 mol of NO from 3 mol of NO₂
[tex]\text{Moles of NO} = \text{12.66 mol NO}_{2}\times \dfrac{\text{1 mol NO}}{\text{3 mol NO}_{2}} = \textbf{4.220 mol NO}\\\\\text{The reaction forms } \boxed{\textbf{4.220 mol}} \text{ of NO}[/tex]
Answer: The moles of NO produces are 4.22 moles
Explanation:
We are given:
Moles of nitrogen dioxide = 12.66 moles
The given chemical equation follows:
[tex]3NO_2(g)+H_2O(l)\rightarrow 2HNO_3(aq.)+NO(g)[/tex]
By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
3 moles of nitrogen dioxide produces 1 mole of NO
So, 12.66 moles of nitrogen dioxide will produce = [tex]\frac{1}{3}\times 12.66=4.22mol[/tex] of NO
Hence, the moles of NO produces are 4.22 moles
For the aqueous solution containing 75 mg of compound C in 1.0 mL of water, what will be the total amount of the solute C that will be extracted after seven (7) extractions using a certain solvent D if 0.90 mL of a certain organic solvent D was used for each extraction. Given Ksolvent D/water = 1.8.
Answer:
75 mg
Explanation:
We can write the extraction formula as
x = m/[1 + (1/K)(Vaq/Vo)], where
x = mass extracted
m = total mass of solute
K = distribution coefficient
Vo = volume of organic layer
Vaq = volume of aqueous layer
Data:
m = 75 mg
K = 1.8
Vo = 0.90 mL
Vaq = 1.00 mL
Calculations:
For each extraction,
1 + (1/K)(Vaq/Vo) = 1 + (1/1.8)(1.00/0.90) = 1 + 0.62 = 1.62
x = m/1.62 = 0.618m
So, 61.8 % of the solute is extracted in each step.
In other words, 38.2 % of the solute remains.
Let r = the amount remaining after n extractions. Then
r = m(0.382)^n.
If n = 7,
r = 75(0.382)^7 = 75 × 0.001 18 = 0.088 mg
m = 75 - 0.088 = 75 mg
After seven extractions, 75 mg (99.999 %) of the solute will be extracted.
The half-life of krypton-91 (91Kr) is 10 s. At time t = 0 a heavy canister contains 7 g of this radioactive gas. (a) Find a function m(t) = m02−t/h that models the amount of 91Kr remaining in the canister after t seconds
Answer:
misteri Cell ini quest ia half-life of beauty of misteri best, of Cell can't answer =
Explanation:
[tex] \sqrt[ \geqslant { { | \geqslant | \geqslant \sqrt[ \gamma \% log_{ \tan( \sqrt[ < \pi \sqrt[ | \geqslant \sqrt[ < \leqslant |x| ]{y} | \times \frac{?}{?} ]{?} ]{?} ) }(?) ]{?} | | }^{2} }^{?} ]{ \sqrt[ < \gamma log_{ \frac{ | \geqslant y \sqrt[ |x \sqrt{ |?| } | ]{?} | }{?} }(?) ]{?} } [/tex]
A function m(t) = m02−t/h that models the amount of 91Kr remaining in the canister after t seconds is m (t) = 9 x 2⁻t/¹⁰.
What is half life?Half life is defined as the amount of time it takes for a radioactive substance (or half its atoms) to break down or change. The time it takes for roughly half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to transform into a more stable form is known as the half-life. The half-life of each radioactive element varies. Half-life is the length of time it takes for a radioactive element to decay to half of its initial value. This suggests that a source's activity has a half-life when it takes time for it to decrease to half its initial value.
The half-life of krypton-91 = 10 s
At time t = 0 a heavy canister contains 7 g of this radioactive gas.
h = 10
m_0 = 7
m(t) = m₀ x 2⁻t/h
m(t) = 7 x 2⁻t/10
Thus, a function m(t) = m02−t/h that models the amount of 91Kr remaining in the canister after t seconds is m (t) = 9 x 2⁻t/¹⁰.
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What is the conjugate acid in this reaction? HC2H3O2(aq)+H2O(l)⇌H3O++C2H3O−2(aq) View Available Hint(s) What is the conjugate acid in this reaction? HC2H3O2 H2O H3O+ C2H3O−2
Hey there!
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O⁺(aq) + C2H3O2⁻(aq)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
acid base acid base
If we consider the only forward reaction H3O⁺is the conjugate acid of the base H2O . For reversse reaction CH3COOH is the conjugate acid of the base CH3COO⁻.
Hope this helps!
In the given reaction, after water (H2O) accepts a proton (H+) from acetic acid (HC2H3O2), it forms H3O+ (hydronium ion), which is the conjugate acid.
Explanation:In this reaction, the conjugate acid is the species that forms after a base has accepted a proton. So, here, the base is H2O and it accepts a proton, H+, from HC2H3O2 to become H3O+. Thus, in the reaction HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+ + C2H3O−2(aq), the conjugate acid that forms is H3O+ (hydronium ion).
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True or False Aluminum does not perform well at elevated temperatures
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Which one of the following is not true concerning Diels-Alder reactions?
a.The reaction is stereospecific.
b.The reaction mechanism has only one step.
c.The reaction mechanism involves a resonance stabilized carbocation.
d.The diene must be a conjugated diene.
Answer:Option c is incorrect
Explanation:
Diels-Alder reaction is a 4+2 cycloaddition reaction .
The reaction occurs between a diene and a dieneophile .
Generally In the Diels-alder reaction HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile react with proper orbital symmetry. But vice-versa can also be used.
HOMO-Highest occupied molecular orbital
LUMO-Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
The primary driving force for the diels alder reaction is is the conversion of 2pi bonds into 2 sigma bonds. The sigma bonds are energetically more favorable than pi bonds.
The diels alder reaction happens through orbital interaction and hence the substituents on either the diene or dienophile do not change there stereochemistry in the product so it is a stereospecific reaction.Since predominantly only isomer would be produced. so a is correct.
The Diels alder reaction is a concerted( more bonds form at a time) reaction which means it is just a one step reaction. so statement b is correct.
The option c is incorrect as diels alder reaction occurs through orbital interaction in a pericyclic manner. Since Diels alder reactions are pericyclic in nature and occur through orbital symmetry they do not involve polar intermediates like carbocation or radicals.
The dienes must be conjugated as on account of conjugation stability of a diene also increases. Also since we know that due to conjugation the energy of LUMO decreases and that of HOMO increases and so HOMO is more reactive and generally we involve HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile. So conjugated dienes are important.
So for a bond formation to take place in a Diels-Alder reaction HOMO and LUMO with proper symmetry must overlap.
Calculate the boiling point of a solution of 500.0 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) dissolved in 500.0 g of water. Kf = 1.86°C/m and Kb = 0.512°C/m. Use 100°C as the boiling point of water.
Answer:
The boiling point of a solution of 500.0 g of ethylene glycol dissolved in 500.0 g of water is 108.258°C.
Explanation:
Elevation in boiling point : [tex]\Delta T_b[/tex]
[tex]\Delta T_b=T_b-T[/tex]
[tex]\Delta T_b=K_b\times m[/tex]
[tex]T_b[/tex] = Boiling point of the solution
T = Boiling point of pure solvent
[tex]K_b[/tex]= Molal elevation constant of solvent
m = molality of the solution
Molality of the ethylene glycol solution:
[tex]molality=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}}{\text{Mass of solvent in kg}}[/tex]
Moles of ethylene glycol = [tex]\frac{500.0 g}{62 g/mol}=8.0645 mol[/tex]
Mass of solvent that uis water = 500.0 g = 0.5000 kg
[tex]m=\frac{8.0645 mol}{0.5000 kg}=16.1290 m[/tex]
Molal elevation constant of water =[tex]K_b=0.512^oC/m[/tex]
[tex]\Delta T_b=0.512^oC/m\times 16.1290 m=8.258^oC[/tex]
Boiling point of the solution =[tex]T_b[/tex]
Boiling point of pure water = T = 100°C
[tex]T_b=T+\Delta T_b=100^oC+8.258^oC=108.258^oC[/tex]
The boiling point of a solution of 500.0 g of ethylene glycol dissolved in 500.0 g of water is 108.258°C.
Final answer:
To calculate the boiling point of the solution, use the equation ΔT = Kb * molality, where ΔT is the boiling point elevation, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant, and molality is the molal concentration of the solution. Calculate the molality by dividing the number of moles of ethylene glycol by the mass of water. Substitute the molality into the equation to calculate the boiling point elevation, and add this elevation to the boiling point of pure water (100°C) to find the boiling point of the solution.
Explanation:
To calculate the boiling point of the solution, we need to use the equation:
ΔT = Kb * molality
Where ΔT is the boiling point elevation, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant, and molality is the molal concentration of the solution.
First, we need to calculate the molality of the solution by dividing the number of moles of ethylene glycol by the mass of water. The number of moles of ethylene glycol can be found by dividing the mass of ethylene glycol by its molar mass, and the mass of water is given as 500.0 g.
Once we have the molality, we can substitute it into the equation to calculate the boiling point elevation. Finally, we add this elevation to the boiling point of pure water (100°C) to find the boiling point of the solution.
Determine the molar solubility ( ???? ) of Zn(CN)2 in a solution with a pH=1.33 . Ignore activities. The ????sp for Zn(CN)2 is 3.0×10−16 . The ????a for HCN is 6.2×10−10 .
The molar solubility of Zn(CN)2 in a solution with a given pH and Ksp can be calculated using principles of acid-base equilibria and solubility. However, without exact initial concentrations, a complete calculation can't be provided. Similar applications of these principles are seen in the examples of Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) or mercury chloride mentioned previously.
Explanation:The question involves the determination of the molar solubility of Zinc Cyanide (Zn(CN)2) in a solution with a given pH. The main principle involved is the understanding of acid-base equilibria and solubility. The pH value provided implies an [H3O+] = 10^-1.33. The Ka for Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) is given which can be used to calculate [CN-]. After these concentrations are calculated, they can be utilized to find the molar solubility of Zn(CN)2 using the given Ksp.
Based on the information provided, some calculations similar to those mentioned but applied to Zn(CN)2 will have to be performed. However, we do not have certain required values like the exact initial concentration of the solution. Therefore, a complete solution can't be provided
However, similar stoichiometry-based calculations are applied to other salts' equilibria for determining molar solubility like Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and Dissolution stoichiometry of mercury chloride in the provided data. These applications demonstrate how such problems are typically approached and solved.
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An experiment shows that a 111 mL gas sample has a mass of 0.168 g at a pressure of 734 mmHg and a temperature of 34 ∘C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
hey there!:
Volume in liters ( V ) = 111 mL / 1000 => 0.111 L
Pressure in atm ( P ) = 734 / 760 => 0.965789 atm
temperature in Kelvin ( K ) = 34+273.15 => 307.15 K
Molar gas constant ( R ) = 0.0826 atm*L/mol*K
ideal gas equation :
p*V = n*R*T
moles of gas:
n = p*v / R*T
n = 0.965789 * 0.111 / 0.0826 * 307.15
n = 0.107202 / 25.37059
n = 0.004225 moles
Therefore:
Molar mass = mass / moles of gas
molar mass = 0.168 / 0.004225
molar mass = 39.76 g/mol
Hope this helps!
The molar mass of the gas was calculated by applying the ideal gas law, rearranging it for molar mass, and using the given quantities in the problem. Conversions to appropriate units were made, and the molar mass was found to be 31.1 g/mol.
Explanation:
The molar mass of a gas can be calculated by applying the ideal gas law, PV = nRT. By rearranging this to solve for the molar mass, using known quantities from the problem, and converting units appropriately, we find:
First, you need to convert the given volume from mL to L by dividing by 1000. So, 111 mL = 0.111 L.The pressure should also be in atmospheres, so we convert 734 mmHg to atm by dividing by 760, getting approximately 0.965 atm.The temperature must be converted to Kelvin, the SI unit of temperature. The formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin is K = C + 273.15, which gives us 307.15 K.From the definition of molar mass (mass/moles), we can express the number of moles as mass/molar mass. Substituting P, V, and T into the ideal gas law then allows us to solve for the molar mass.Applying these steps, we find that the molar mass of the gas is approximately 31.1 g/mol.
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Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation, or distance above sea level. The elevation of Old Faithful is 2,240 meters. The El Tatio geyser field in the Andes Mountains of Chile is located 4,320 m above sea level. Would the geysers there erupt at a higher or lower temperature than Old Faithful?
hey there!:
As El Tation is located at higher altitude than Old Faithful, the atmospheric pressure would be less at Ei Tatio.
Due to low pressure, the boiling point of water will be reduced at El Tatio. Hence, at lower temperature than Old Faithful, geysers will erupt at El Tatio due to depression of boiling point at reduced atmospheric pressure.
Hope this helps!
Geysers at El Tatio would erupt at a lower temperature than Old Faithful due to the significantly higher elevation and consequent lower atmospheric pressure.
Explanation:The geysers at the El Tatio geyser field, which is located at an elevation of 4,320 meters above sea level, would erupt at a lower temperature compared to Old Faithful, which is at 2,240 meters. This is due to the decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude. As atmospheric pressure decreases, the boiling point of water also decreases. For example, at sea level with an atmospheric pressure of standard 760 mm Hg, water boils at 100°C, but at higher altitudes such as in Denver, Colorado (1,600 meters), water boils at approximately 95°C. Therefore, with El Tatio being significantly higher in altitude compared to Old Faithful, its geysers would erupt at a lower temperature, which also impacts activities such as cooking.
Which of the following is true according to the kinetic theory of gases? A) Molecules move randomly. B) Molecules have elastic collisions. C) Molecules occupy negligible volume. D) all of the above E) none of the above
Answer: Option (D) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
According to Kinetic theory of gases, molecules of a gas move in rapid and random motion. That is, particles are constantly in linear motion.
When these molecules colloid with each other then no energy is gained or lost by them. Also, these molecules occupy negligible amount of volume as compared to the volume of the container in which they are placed.
Moreover, as there is no energy loss taking place so, these molecules of gas undergo perfect elastic motion.
Therefore, we can conclude that all of the above given options are true according to the kinetic theory of gases.
The density of a 3.37M MgCl2 (FW = 95.21) is 1.25 g/mL. Calulate the molality, mass/mass percent, and mass/volume percent. So far this is what I have, but I cannot get the correct values for the mass of the solution to even begin to figure out the volume.
Answer : The molality, mass/mass percent, and mass/volume percent are, 0.0381 mole/Kg, 25.67 % and 32.086 % respectively.
Solution : Given,
Density of solution = 1.25 g/ml
Molar mass of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] (solute) = 95.21 g/mole
3.37 M magnesium chloride means that 3.37 gram of magnesium chloride is present in 1 liter of solution.
The volume of solution = 1 L = 1000 ml
Mass of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] (solute) = 3.37 g
First we have to calculate the mass of solute.
[tex]\text{Mass of }MgCl_2=\text{Moles of }MgCl_2\times \text{Molar mass of }MgCl_2[/tex]
[tex]\text{Mass of }MgCl_2=3.37mole\times 95.21g/mole=320.86g[/tex]
Now we have to calculate the mass of solution.
[tex]\text{Mass of solution}=\text{Density of solution}\times \text{Volume of solution}=1.25g/ml\times 1000ml=1250g[/tex]
Mass of solvent = Mass of solution - Mass of solute = 1250 - 320.86 = 929.14 g
Now we have to calculate the molality of the solution.
[tex]Molality=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}\times 1000}{\text{Molar mass of solute}\times \text{Mass of solvent}}=\frac{3.37g\times 1000}{95.21g/mole\times 929.14g}=0.0381mole/Kg[/tex]
The molality of the solution is, 0.0381 mole/Kg.
Now we have to calculate the mass/mass percent.
[tex]\text{Mass by mass percent}=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}}\times 100=\frac{320.86}{1250}\times 100=25.67\%[/tex]
The mass/mass percent is, 25.67 %
Now we have to calculate the mass/volume percent.
[tex]\text{Mass by volume percent}=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}}\times 100=\frac{320.86}{1000}\times 100=32.086\%[/tex]
The mass/volume percent is, 32.086 %
Therefore, the molality, mass/mass percent, and mass/volume percent are, 0.0381 mole/Kg, 25.67 % and 32.086 % respectively.
At 20°C, an aqueous solution that is 24.0% by mass in ammonium chloride has a density of 1.0674 g/mL. What is the molarity of ammonium chloride in the solution? The formula weight of NH4Cl is 53.50 g/mol.
Answer:
Molarity = 4.79 M
Explanation:
Mass percentage -
Mass percentage of A is given as , the mass of the substance A by mass of the total solution multiplied by 100.
i.e.
mass % A = mass of A / mass of solution * 100
Given,
24% by mass of ammonium chloride,
so,
100 g solution contains , 24 g of ammonium chloride,
mass of solution = 100g
and mass of the solute , i.e. , ammonium chloride = 24 g .
Hence,
Moles -
Moles are calculated as the given mass divided by the molecular mass.
i.e. ,
moles = ( mass / molecular mass )
Given,
The molecular mass of ammonium chloride is 53.50 g /mol
moles of ammonium chloride = 24 g / 53.50 g /mol
moles of ammonium chloride = 0.449 mol
Density -
Density of a substance is given as the mass divided by the volume ,
Density = mass / volume ,
Volume = mass / density
Given ,
Density of ammonium chloride = 1.0764 g /mL
Calculated above , mass of solution = 100 g
volume of solution = 100 g / 1.0764 g/ mL
volume of solution = 93.69 mL
Since , 1 ml = 1/1000 L
volume of solution = 93.69 /1000 L
volume of solution = 0.09369 L
Molarity -
Molarity of a solution is given by the moles of solute per liter of the solution
Hence,
M = moles of solute / volume of solution (in L)
As calculated above,
moles of ammonium chloride = 0.449 mol
volume of solution = 0.09368 L
Putting in the above formula
Molarity = 0.449 mol / 0/09368 L
Molarity = 4.79 M
The molarity of ammonium chloride in the solution is 4.79 M
What is the molarity of a solution?The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution is the molarity (M) of the solution.
Calculation of molarity:
Given,
The mass of the solution is 24.0%
Density is 1.0674 g/ml
The weight of NH4Cl is 53.50 g/mol
Step 1: Convert Mass % into gram
Considering the mass of solution = 100g
24% of 100g
Mass is 24 gram
Step 2: Calculate the mole compound
Moles = mass divided from molecular mass
The molecular mass of ammonium chloride is 53.50 g /mol
Thus,
[tex]\bold{Moles = \dfrac{24}{53.50} = 0.449 mol}[/tex]
Step 3: Calculating the volume
[tex]\bold{Volume = \dfrac{mass}{density} }[/tex]
[tex]\bold{Volume = \dfrac{ 100}{1.0674 g/m} = 93.69 ml}[/tex]
[tex]\bold{Volume\; of \;solution= \dfrac{ 93.69}{1000 L} = 0.09369 L}[/tex]
Step 4: Now, Molarity of the compound is
[tex]\bold{Molarity = \dfrac{moles\; of\; solute}{volume\; of \;solution (in L)}}[/tex]
Mole of ammonium chloride = 0.449 mol
Volume of solution = 0.09368 L
By formula,
[tex]\bold{Molarity = \dfrac{0.449 mol}{0.09368 L} = 4.79 m}[/tex]
Thus, the Molarity of ammonium chloride is = 4.79 m.
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Methanol can be synthesized from monoxide and hydrogen gas at 525 K. A reaction mixture consisting initially of 1.8 moles of CO and 2.2 moles of H2 in 5.0-L container was found to contain 0.6 moles of CH3OH after reaching equilibrium (a) Calculate equilibrium concentration (in molarity) of CO and H2 (B) Calculate equilibrium constants kc and kp for this reaction
Answer:
For a: The equilibrium concentration of CO and [tex]H_2[/tex] are 0.24 M and 0.32 M.
For b: The value of [tex]K_c\text{ and }K_p[/tex] are 1.5625 and [tex]8.41\times 10^{-4}[/tex]
Explanation:
We are given:
Volume of container = 5 L
Initial moles of CO = 1.8 moles
Initial concentration of CO = [tex]\frac{1.8mol}{5L}[/tex]
Initial moles of [tex]H_2[/tex] = 2.2 moles
Initial concentration of [tex]H_2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{2.2mol}{5L}[/tex]
Equilibrium moles of [tex]CH_3OH[/tex] = 0.6
Equilibrium concentration of [tex]CH_3OH[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.6mol}{5L}=0.12M[/tex]
For a:The chemical equation for the formation of methanol follows:
[tex]CO(g)+H_2(g)\rightleftharpoons CH_3OH(l)[/tex]
t = 0 [tex]\frac{1.8}{5}[/tex] [tex]\frac{2.2}{5}[/tex] 0
[tex]t=t_{eq}[/tex] [tex]\frac{1.2}{5}[/tex] [tex]\frac{1.6}{5}[/tex] [tex]\frac{0.6}{5}[/tex]
So, the equilibrium concentration of CO = [tex]\frac{1.2}{5}=0.24M[/tex]
The equilibrium concentration of [tex]H_2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1.6}{5}=0.32M[/tex]
For b:The expression of [tex]K_c[/tex] for the given chemical reaction follows:
[tex]K_c=\frac{[CH_3OH]}{[CO][H_2]}[/tex]
We are given:
[tex][CH_3OH]=0.12mol/L[/tex]
[tex][CO]=0.24mol/L[/tex]
[tex][H_2]=0.32mol/L[/tex]
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]K_c=\frac{0.12}{0.24\times 0.32}=1.5625[/tex]
Relation of [tex]K_p[/tex] with [tex]K_c[/tex] is given by the formula:
[tex]K_p=K_c(RT)^{\Delta ng}[/tex]
Where,
[tex]K_p[/tex] = equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure = ?
[tex]K_c[/tex] = equilibrium constant in terms of concentration = 1.5625
R = Gas constant = [tex]0.0821\text{ L atm }mol^{-1}K^{-1}[/tex]
T = temperature = 525 K
[tex]\Delta ng[/tex] = change in number of moles of gas particles = [tex]n_{products}-n_{reactants}=0-2=-2[/tex]
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]K_p=1.5625\times (0.0821\times 525)^{-2}\\\\K_p=8.41\times 10^{-4}[/tex]
Hence, the value of [tex]K_c\text{ and }K_p[/tex] are 1.5625 and [tex]8.41\times 10^{-4}[/tex]
A 0.1375-g sample of solid magnesium is burned in a constant-volume bomb calorimeter that has a heat capacity of 3024 J/°C. The temperature increases by 1.126°C. Calculate the heat given off by the burning Mg, in kJ/g and in kJ/mol.
A 0.1375-g sample of solid magnesium is burned in a constant-volume bomb calorimeter (heat capacity of 3024 J/°C), causing a temperature increase of 1.126°C. The heat given off by the burning Mg is -24.76 kJ/g and -601.9 kJ/mol.
When a sample of magnesium is burned in a constant-volume bomb calorimeter that has a heat capacity (C) of 3024 J/°C, the temperature increases by 1.126°C (ΔT). We can calculate the heat absorbed by the calorimeter (Qc) using the following expression.
[tex]Qc = C \times \Delta T = \frac{3024J}{\° C} \times 1.126 \° C \times \frac{1kJ}{1000J} = 3.405 kJ[/tex]
According to the law of conservation of energy, the sum of the heat absorbed by the calorimeter and the heat released by the reaction (Qr) is zero.
[tex]Qc + Qr = 0\\\\Qr = -Qc = -3.405 kJ[/tex]
3.405 kJ are released by the combustion of 0.1375 g of Mg. The heat released per gram of Mg is:
[tex]\frac{-3.405kJ}{0.1375g} = -24.76 kJ/g[/tex]
Finally, we will convert -24.67 kJ/g to kJ/mol using the molar mass of Mg (24.31 g/mol).
[tex]\frac{-24.76kJ}{g} \times \frac{24.31g}{mol} = -601.9 kJ/mol[/tex]
A 0.1375-g sample of solid magnesium is burned in a constant-volume bomb calorimeter (heat capacity of 3024 J/°C), causing a temperature increase of 1.126°C. The heat given off by the burning Mg is -24.76 kJ/g and -601.9 kJ/mol.
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A certain heat engine operates between 800 K and 300 K. (a) What is the maximum efficiency of the engine? (b) Calculate the maximum work that can be done by for each 1.0 k) of hea a reversible process for each 1.0 kJ supplied by the hot source? t supplied by the hot source. (c) How much heat is discharged into the cold sink in
Answer :
(a) The maximum efficiency of the engine is, 62.5 %
(b) The maximum work done is, 0.625 KJ.
(c) The heat discharge into the cold sink is, 0.375 KJ.
Explanation : Given,
Temperature of hot body [tex]T_h[/tex] = 800 K
Temperature of cold body [tex]T_c[/tex] = 300 K
(a) First we have to calculate the maximum efficiency of the engine.
Formula used for efficiency of the engine.
[tex]\eta =1-\frac{T_c}{T_h}[/tex]
Now put all the given values in this formula, we get :
[tex]\eta =1-\frac{300K}{800K}[/tex]
[tex]\eta =0.625\times 100=62.5\%[/tex]
(b) Now we have to calculate the maximum work done.
Formula used :
[tex]\eta =\frac{Q_h-Q_c}{Q_h}=\frac{w}{Q_h}[/tex]
where,
[tex]Q_h[/tex] = heat supplied by hot source = 1 KJ
[tex]Q_c[/tex] = heat supplied by hot source
w = work done = ?
Now put all the given values in this formula, we get :
[tex]\eta =\frac{w}{Q_h}[/tex]
[tex]0.625=\frac{w}{1KJ}[/tex]
[tex]w=0.625KJ[/tex]
(c) Now we have to calculate the heat discharge into the cold sink.
Formula used :
[tex]w=Q_h-Q_c[/tex]
[tex]Q_c=Q_h-w[/tex]
[tex]Q_c=1-0.625[/tex]
[tex]Q_c=0.375KJ[/tex]
Therefore, (a) The maximum efficiency of the engine is, 62.5 %
(b) The maximum work done is, 0.625 KJ.
(c) The heat discharge into the cold sink is, 0.375 KJ.
Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter for some metal, M, at 773°C. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.97 eV/atom, while the density and atomic weight for this metal are 7.81 g/cm3 (at 773°C) and 67.81 g/mol, respectively.
Answer:
0.112eV/atom
Explanation:
since
p=m/v
then
pv=pv
7.81*0.97=67.81*V
V=7.58/67.81
V= 0.112eV/atom