A vaginal photometer and a penile plethysmograph can be used as measures of

Answer:

Universal DNA attribute: nucleotides A,C,G,T; triplet; code for amino acids.

DNA attribute unique to particular individual: DNA sequence; size of genome.

Explanation:

As all the organisms on the earth are evolved from a single organism or individual, therefore, all the organism on the earth share some universal attributes like nucleotide that are used to make DNA are same in all the individuals as all use A, T, G, C nucleotide to make DNA.

Triplet codon for a particular amino acid is also universal so a triplet codon UUU codes for phenylalanine in all the individual present on earth. Due to evolution organisms generated some difference in their genome like genome sequence in almost every individual is different and genome size also differ between organisms. So DNA sequence and size of the genome are unique to a particular individual.

Answer:

The correct answer is "Interference with viral replication".

Explanation:

The complement system is an essential part of the immune system that involves the activation of a series of proteins that act as a cascade and result in the development of inflammatory responses that help to fight infections. There are multiple effects of complement activation, however interference with viral replication is not one of them. The molecules that are able to interfere with viral replication are called interferons, and they synthesis and activation are not related with complement activation.

The processes involved in compliment activation include opsonization, increased phagocytic activity, increased blood vessel permeability, and bacterial cell lysis. However, interference with viral replication is not a result of this process.

The effect of complement activation includes several outcomes such as opsonization, inflammation, chemotaxis, and cytolysis. All these protective mechanisms are designed to support the immune system in combating pathogens. For the alternatives provided, interference with viral replication is not an effect of complement activation.

'Opsonization', refers to the coating of a pathogen to enhance its recognition and consumption by phagocytic cells. 'Increased phagocytic activity' and 'Increased blood vessel permeability' result from the complement fragments activities.

'Bacterial cell lysis' is another effect, where proteins bind to bacteria and create holes in gram-negative bacterial cell membranes, causing lysis. So, interference with viral replication, is not an immediate direct effect of complement activation.

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Answer: Promoter

Explanation:

Transcription is the first step in gene expression which consists of copying the DNA sequence of a gene to produce a RNA molecule. There are enzymes called RNA polymerases which perform this process of transcription. These enzymes bind nucleotides (the monomers which are part of the nucleic acids) to create a RNA strand using a DNA strand as a mold.

A promoter is a region of DNA that controls the initiation of transcription of a given portion of DNA to RNA. Therefore they promote the transcription of a gene. The promoter region is composed of a specific sequence of DNA located just where the starting point of the DNA transcription is and contains the information needed to activate or deactivate the gene it regulates. The promoter has a binding site for the RNA polymerase enzyme in charge of mRNA synthesis and when it recognizes this site, transcription begins.

Final answer:

The recognition sequence needed for transcription to start is known as a promoter. For the given DNA sequence, the complementary strand would be constructed based on pairing rules: adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine, resulting in the sequence 5'-TCATGTTTGATAGGTGGCAG-3'. This is important for understanding transcription and the subsequent synthesis of mRNA.

Explanation:

The student's inquiry relates to the transcription process of DNA into RNA, specifically involving the initiation of transcription. The specific recognition sequence mentioned in the question, typically found upstream (to the left considering the conventional 5' to 3' directionality) of the coding region of a DNA strand, is known as a promoter. Transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to this promoter sequence to initiate transcription.

For the given DNA sequence 3'-AGTACAAACTATCCACCGTC-5', the corresponding sequence on the opposite, or complementary, strand, oriented in the conventional 5'-3' direction, would pair adenine (A) with thymine (T), guanine (G) with cytosine (C), and vice versa to form the complementary strand. Therefore, the complementary strand would be 5'-TCATGTTTGATAGGTGGCAG-3'. However, it should be noted that for transcription purposes, the actual molecule synthesized is messenger RNA (mRNA), which uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

Answer:

Explanation:

Mutagen:

It's any agent that can cause changes to the a cell genetic makeup by altering the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

It can be a Physical mutagens (e.g X-rays), chemical mutagens e.g Nitrous acid or biological mutagens as in transposons

Examples of mutagens that cause genetic changes that can be "corrected" by re-exposing cells to the same mutagen are the ones that caused base substitutions (e.g nitrous acid) and Frameshift mutations (e.g proflavin)

A mutagen that do not cause genetic changes like deletion that can be "corrected" Such as by re-exposing cells to the same mutagen is the X rays.

Some mutagens cause genetic changes that can be 'corrected' by re-exposing cells to the same mutagen, such as UV radiation and thymine dimers. Other mutagens, like chemicals inhaled while smoking, cause mutations that cannot be 'corrected' by re-exposure.

Mutagens are agents that cause mutations in DNA. Some mutagens cause genetic changes that can be 'corrected' by re-exposing cells to the same mutagen. An example of this type of mutagen is UV radiation, which can cause the formation of thymine dimers in DNA. If not repaired, the dimers can prevent the formation of the double helix. However, cells have DNA repair mechanisms that can recognize and repair thymine dimers.

On the other hand, some mutagens do not behave in this way. For example, chemicals like those inhaled while smoking can modify the bases in DNA, changing their base-pairing properties. These modifications can lead to mutations that cannot be 'corrected' by re-exposure to the same mutagen.

Answer:

Pleiotropy

Explanation:

Marfan syndrome has several signs and symptoms depending on the individual affected.

The main manifestations of the disease are related to the skeletal system, in which the affected individual presents with elongated limbs, elevated height, scoliosis and thoracic deformations; the cardiac system, characterized by mitral valve prolapse (closing of the upper and lower chambers of the left side of the heart) and dilation of the aorta; and the ocular system, characterized by a detachment in the lens of the eye, and myopia.

The ability of genetic defects such as Marfan syndrome to reach such distinct organs is called pleiotropy.

Answer:

Pleiotropy

Explanation:

Pleiotropy is a genetic situation in which a single gene influences or controls the expression of several phenotypes. Consequently, any change that happens to pleiotropic genes always affect multiple characters on the respective organisms.

From the information available, it is obvious that the gene for Marfan syndrome affects the limb, the cardiovascular system and the eye of subjects. Hence, Marfan syndrome gene is a pleiotropic gene.

The correct option is B.

Answer:

The correct answer will be- a microorganism can mutate or change with time and can become virulent.

Explanation:

If a bacteria is considered harmless or avirulent then the bacteria will not necessarily affect the animal species.

But when the species come into contact with other sick species caused by the microbe will make the bacteria virulent. This shows that bacteria can change with time depending on the environment it is living in.

Thus in the given question, bacteria can change and mutate with time and can become virulent from avirulent species.

Final answer:

A harmless microorganism in one species may become harmful if it adapts to a new species, suggesting the dynamic nature of microbial-host interactions.

Explanation:

From the quote by Louis Pasteur, a reasonable inference is that microorganisms which are harmless in humans or a specific animal species could potentially become harmful if they come into contact and adapt to other species. The process of adaptation and increasing virulence in a new host species can potentially lead to new diseases affecting humans or domesticated animals.

This highlights the dynamic nature of microbial-host interactions and the potential for previously innocuous microbes to evolve and pose threats to health.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Polymorphism is a phenomenon that arises when proteins, DNA and RNA can appear with different molecular forms. Polymorphism is characterized as single nucleotide polymorphism when molecular variation occurred in only one nitrogenous DNA base, thus causing genetic variation in a population. This type of polymorphism is very important to regulate the gene expression of individuals and to measure the progression of a disease. This requires that the unique nucleotide polymorphism be identified. This identification occurs through biochemical, evolutionary and genetic evidence.

Answer:

25% red flowered

25% white flowered

50% pink flowered

Explanation:

Let the red flower color be represented by RR, the white color by rr.

When RR was crossed with rr, the offspring had pink flowers;

RR   x   rr = Rr, Rr, Rr, Rr (Pink color)

Crossing Rr with another Rr

Rr   x   Rr  = RR, Rr, Rr, rr

RR = red

Rr = pink

rr = white

Hence, if a pink flowered plant is crossed with another pink flowered plant, 25% of their offspring will be red, 25% will be white and 50% will be pink.

When two pink-flowered snapdragons are crossed, the possible outcomes could be red, pink, or white flowers in a 1:2:1 ratio.

In biological terms, this question is about the concept of incomplete dominance, which is evidenced in the flower color of snapdragons. When we cross a pink snapdragon (CRCW) with another pink snapdragon (CRCW), the expected result can be calculated using a Punnett square. There will be three possible outcomes, represented as a 1:2:1 ratio. The plants may either be red-flowered (CRCR), pink-flowered (CRCW), or white-flowered (CWCW). Thus, if you cross two pink-flowered snapdragons, you might see three different colors as offspring: 25% red flowers, 50% pink flowers, and 25% white flowers.

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Answer:

The correct answer will be option-C

Explanation:

The pancreas is a small pear-shaped gland present in the abdomen and surrounded by the stomach.  The pancreas acts as both endocrine (secretes glucagon and insulin hormones) and exocrine (secretes digestive enzymes).

In the given question, the pancreatic part removed from the rat results in the loss of appetite as when insulin is not produced in the body results in uncontrolled sugar levels in the body. This leads to the loss of water from the body to the urine and as a result, the loss of appetite is observed.

Since the endocrine portion controls the insulin production therefore, option-endocrine is the correct answer.

Answer:

A. destruction of the beta-lactam ring of the penicillin

Explanation:

Penicillins and other antibiotics in the beta-lactan family usually contain a characteristic four-membered ring of beta-lactam.

A penicillin is capable of killing bacteria by binding β-lactam to DD-transpeptidase (a bacterial enzyme that binds peptidoglycan chains to form rigid moving cell walls), inhibiting its activity and preventing the formation of a new cell wall.

Without a cell wall, bacterial cells become vulnerable to external water and molecular pressures, and thus die quickly.

Bacteria can generate resistance to penicillin by producing beta-lactamase, a bacterial enzyme that destroys the penicillin beta-lactan ring, rendering it ineffective.

An example of penicillin-resistant bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus, which produces high amounts of β-lactamase. This bacterium can cause skin, blood or lung infections.

Penicillinase causes bacterial resistant by hydrolyzing and breaking the beta-lactam ring of penicillin, which inactivates the antibiotic and prevents it from inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

The action of penicillinase, which causes bacterial resistance, is best described as the destruction of the beta-lactam ring of the penicillin. Penicillinase is a type of beta-lactamase enzyme that bacteria produce to defend against penicillin-class antibiotics. This enzyme targets the crucial beta-lactam ring structure within the penicillin molecule, breaking it open and thus inactivating the antibiotic. Inactivation of the drug occurs through hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring, which is essential for the drug's bactericidal activity, as it prevents the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.

Answer:

The answer is the turns are formed from complementary base pairing and cause separation of the RNA transcript and RNA polymerase.

Explanation:

The turns are formed from complementary base pairing and cause separation of the RNA transcript and RNA polymerase.

Answer:

C. Positive feedback results in increases in some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas negative feedback results only in decreases to the paramenter

Explanation:

Positive and negative feedback are essential to the body's homeostasis, or to maintain balance and regulate the internal environment of organisms; that is to say, they are important for the organisms to self-regulate themselves. Positive feedback is in the same direction as the initiating stimulus as they amplify the original stimulus. Positive feedback leads to an increase in a reaction, thus amplifying the effects of a reaction. However, negative feedback decreases a reaction; negative feedback stabilizes the system.

Positive feedback enhances or amplifies the initial stimulus, while negative feedback seeks to bring the system back to its normal state after a change. This thus differentiates the two in terms of system response, rather than benefits to the organism.

The major difference between positive feedback and negative feedback is the way they respond to changes in the system. Option B is correct.

In Positive feedback, the response enhances or amplifies the initial stimulus. For instance, during childbirth, the release of oxytocin enhances contractions, which is an example of a positive feedback loop.

In contrast, negative feedback aims to maintain homeostasis by bringing the system back to its normal state after a change. For example, when body temperature rises, sweat is produced to cool the body, bringing the temperature back to normal.

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Answer:

c. ligand-gated ion channel

Explanation:

As soon as a signaling molecule binds a ligand-gated ion channel it leads to the opening of these ion channels which in turn causes ions to either rush inside or outside of the cell on which they are located leading to the disruption of distribution of initial ion concentration.  

As the name suggests, these kind of receptors are also known as ionotropic receptors.

For example: Binding of acetylcholine hormone to it's receptor which is a ligand gated cation channel located at post synaptic muscle cells leads to the opening of Na⁺ ion channels. As a result of this, Na⁺ rushes into muscle cell leading to the change in the concentration of Na⁺ inside the muscle cells. This is known as depolarisation.

Explanation:

This would be an example of secondary homeostasis

During wound healing, which happens after bleeding from a cut, the homeostatic response is clotting; primary homeostasis involves the formation of a platelet plug at the site, from platelets within the blood

Fibrinogen and platelets form a clot, in order to prevent blood loss and infection.  Fibrin is formed through the activation of coagulation factors which stabilise the plug.

Further Explanation:

The nervous system is subdivided into; the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, within the vertebral column; and the peripheral nervous system, which includes nerves that branch into the rest of the body from the brain and spinal cord. Nervous tissue responds to electrical impulses, allowing for communication between different regions of the body.

The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system responsible for carrying out sensory and motor information between the peripheral nervous system- including sensory organs like the eyes; and central nervous system; and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which regulates involuntary bodily functions like heartbeat, breathing and blood flow. The ANS is mainly acts unconsciously and affects smooth muscle and internal organs. It is related to homeostasis- where the body maintains a constant internal balance in pH, temperature, blood pressure etc.

During homeostasis the body maintains a constant internal balance in pH, temperature, blood pressure etc. Cells in a multicellular organism become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another in order to maintain homeostasis. Within the human body these are known as hormone cascades, where several complex steps occur- the tissues signal to one another with the use of hormones released by the endocrine system. The regulation (increase and decrease) of these secretions is achieved by negative feedback loops, where the release of certain substances during a cascade in turn halts the secretion of hormones at earlier stages.

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Answer:

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers .

Explanation:

When the first messengers join the receptor, in the external membrane of the cell, it produces a change in the shape of the receptor that causes the join of the G protein to this structure. The G protein joined to the receptor and the first messenger modulates the activity of the second messengers inside the cell.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option- A

Explanation:

The protostomes and deuterostomes are the classification of the animal kingdom based on the stages of embryological development.

In protostomes, the mouth develops from the opening called blastopore side whereas anus develops secondarily whereas, in the deuterostomes, the anus develops from the blastopore while the mouth develops secondarily.

This difference begins as a result of the cleavage pattern formed during the initial stages of the embryo that is in protostomes the cleavage pattern is spiral whereas in the deuterostomes the cleavage pattern is radial.  In the given question, one should look at their cleavage pattern and can classify the egg

Therefore, option-A is the correct answer.

To determine if the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome, you can observe the type of early cleavage that occurs. Protostomes exhibit spiral cleavage, while deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage.

The test you could use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome is to observe the type of early cleavage that occurs. Protostomes typically exhibit spiral cleavage, where the cells of one pole of the embryo are rotated and misaligned with respect to the cells of the opposite pole. On the other hand, deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage, where the cleavage axes are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, resulting in the alignment of the cells between the two poles.

Answer: yellow

Explanation:

Phenotype refers to the observable physical properties of an organism. phenotype is determined by its genotype. Phenotype is a description of your ones physical characteristics.

From the question, the first locus which is a white squash (W) is dominant to colored squash (w) and the second locus yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y).

ww(that is; the coloured squash) are not dominant while y (that is the green) is also not dominant but only the Y(that is ; the YELLOW squash) is DOMINANT.

Therefore, the phenotype of the squash will be Yellow.

Answer:

The three processes that increase the genetic variation during the process of meiosis are independent assortment, crossing over, and random fusion of gamete.  

During independent assortment, each gene pair assort independently from the other gene pairs in the gametes which brings the different combinations of gene pairs in gamete that cause genetic variation.

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes makes the exchange of genes possible between chromosomes and random fertilization between gametes of two different parents helps in the production of a genetically different offspring. Therefore independent assortment, crossing over and random gamete fusion increase genetic variation during fertilization.

In sexual reproduction there is combination of two different gametes from two different parents which helps in producing an offspring which is genetically different from parents and in asexual reproduction there is no fusion of gamete of different parents and the offsprings are genetically similar to parent therefore in sexual reproduction chances of variation is plenty.

Answer:

The answer is bronchitis. There is two types  acute and chronic.

Explanation:

It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, low fever, chest tightness.

Answer:

Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell.

Explanation:

Answer:Cool thanks

Explanation:djdhbd

Wilona continually encourages her team to work independently from her, the group leader. She does this by encouraging group cohesion. Wilona is an example of a transformational leader, which is option A.

Wilona, who encourages her team to work independently of her, is an example of a transformational leader. Transformational leaders are those who inspire and motivate their followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes and surpass their personal goals. They focus on building relationships, team cohesion, and a vision that resonates with their followers. In this case, Wilona is promoting group cohesion and empowering her team to work independently, which is a characteristic of a transformational leader.

Hence, Wilona continually encourages her team to work independently from her, the group leader. She does this by encouraging group cohesion. Wilona is an example of a transformational leader, which is option A.

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Answer: Your innate internal defenses have been activated.

Explanation:

The ant bite the feet of the child and the ants released some chemicals(venom)  in the body of the child.

This is recognized by the immune system of the body and the innate defense in the body starts.

Serious reactions takes place in the body in response to the ant bite. It is more common in the children as compared to that of adults.

Answer:

Smooth and green seeds

Smooth and yellow seeds

Wrinkled and green seeds

Wrinkled and yellow seeds

Explanation:

This is a typical dihybrid cross involving two linked genes; one gene coding for seed texture and the other for seed colour. The allele for Smooth seed (S) is dominant over the allele for Wrinkled seed (s) in the first gene while the allele for green seed (G) is dominant over the allele for yellow seed (g) in the second gene.

The cross is between a heterozygous smooth, green plant and a homozygous recessive wrinkled, yellow plant

According to the law of independent assortment, each parent will undergo meiosis to produce the following gamtes with genotypes:

SsGg: SG, Sg, sG, sg

ssgg: sg, sg, sg, sg

Using a punnet square to perform a cross between these gametes ( check attached image), a total of 16 offsprings with four different phenotypes will be expected. The phenotypes are as follows:

SsGg: Smooth and green offsprings (4)

Ssgg: Smooth and yellow offsprings (4)

ssGg: Wrinkled and green offsprings (4)

ssgg: wrinkled and yellow offsprings (4)

Final answer:

In a genetic cross involving complete linkage between genes for seed texture and color in pea plants, crossing a heterozygous (SsGg) with a homozygous recessive (ssgg) parent will result in a 1:1 phenotypic ratio of smooth green to wrinkled yellow seeds among the offspring due to the inheritance of genes as a linked unit.

Explanation:

The question concerns a genetic cross involving complete linkage between two genes: one responsible for seed texture (Ss) and the other for seed color (Gg), in pea plants. In this scenario, we have one parent that is heterozygous for both traits (SsGg), capable of producing smooth green seeds, and another parent that is homozygous recessive for both traits (ssgg), capable of producing wrinkled yellow seeds. Because of the assumption of complete linkage, these genes are inherited together as a unit without any recombination between them. Therefore, the gametes produced by the heterozygous parent will be SG and sg, and the gametes from the homozygous recessive parent will always be sg.

The offspring, resulting from these gametes, will exhibit two phenotypes associated with the two types of gametes they receive: smooth green and wrinkled yellow seeds. This is because the heterozygous parent can only pass on either the linked dominant alleles (SG for smooth green seeds) or the linked recessive alleles (sg for wrinkled yellow seeds), and the homozygous recessive parent can only pass on recessive alleles (sg). Therefore, the cross will result in a 1:1 phenotypic ratio of smooth green to wrinkled yellow seeds among the offspring.

Answer:

transitional forms

Explanation:

the form of organism  that exhibit the shape which is intermediate between the  their ancestors and the   descendants  (just like a father between grandfather and grandson) is known to be the transitional form of respective organism.

The transitional form organisms or fossils have some traits and similarities which are common to both ancestors and the   descendants.

Answer:

Explanation:

Blood group is controlled by 3 allele (Ia, Ib and i). So the following results are possible

So if non-disjunction had occurred in father then his gametes would contain both Ia and Ib, which when fertilized with ovum having i allele would result in IaIbi which will have blood type AB.

Non-disjunction in female would produce ovum having 2 copies of allele i (or ovum having ii). And gametes of normal male will have Ia and Ib. So if this abnormal ovum (having ii) fertilized with male gamete having allele Ia then zygote will have genotype of Iaii which will be blood type A.

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Answer

b) the number of phases

Explanation:

Answer:

Letter C

Explanation:

Action potentials are certainly a key to understand neuronal signaling, and to this day, neuroscientists are still developing specific models to try decipher how much information a bunch of neuronal spikes has to inform in distinct neurons.

Interestingly, throughout evolution action potentials have proven to be a very efficient mechanism of communication, and their most studied and most important attribute has been proved to be frequency, which is a property that depends on the source only, ie it does not change until you reach your destination. So, the right answer is Letter C.

Answer:

Tetanic spasms/ tetanic contractions

Explanation:

Tetanic spasms occurs when a muscle has a sustained contraction because of an increase in action potential in skeletal muscles

Incomplete tetanus occurs when muscle fibers are stimulated at a rate that does not allow for complete relaxation between stimuli.

In biology, the phenomenon described in the question is known as incomplete tetanus. Incomplete tetanus occurs when muscle fibers are stimulated at a rate that does not allow for complete relaxation between stimuli. This leads to sustained, but not maximal, muscle contractions.

For example, if muscle fibers are stimulated at a rate of 30 stimuli per second, there is not enough time for the muscle to fully relax between each stimulus. As a result, the muscle remains partially contracted, leading to incomplete tetanus.

This phenomenon can be observed in the body during activities that require sustained muscle contractions, such as gripping objects tightly or maintaining a constant posture for a long period of time.

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(a) Reason for the heart beating fast:

(b) Organs involved along with the heart to help Ravi complete his race:

Answer:

The correct answer would be - "we will be able to enjoy more structure in our house".

Explanation:

Neurodevelopmental disorder case of a children need structure, short tasks to be more functional. It is tough and not able to do well as the children with neurodevelopment disorder can not be sit still for longer period of time and are not easily adapt any  type of change in routine. So going out in crowded places or bus rides may be tough to accomplish.

Noises places are also be tough with such children so the nurses teaches the parents to perform instructed tasks and structures to keep them functional as such kids have disruptive behaviors and lack of focus.

Thus, the correct answer is - "we will be able to enjoy more structure in our house".

Answer:

Explanation: