Albinism is a condition in which pigmentation is lacking. In humans, the result is white hair, non-pigmented skin, and pink eyes. The trait in humans is caused by a recessive allele. Two normal parents have an albino child. What are the parents' genotypes? What is the probability that the next child will be albino?

Answer:

C) 6

Explanation:

The balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration is:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ ----> 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy (ATP)

For each glucose molecule that's oxidized, 6 oxygen molecules are used in order to produce ATP. Carbon dioxide and water are byproducts of aerobic respiration..

Each complete oxidation of a glucose molecule through aerobic respiration requires 6 molecules of oxygen (O2). The process, represented by the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP, shows this clearly.

In the process of aerobic respiration, glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized, while oxygen is reduced. The overall equation for this process can be represented as C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP. From this equation, we can see that each molecule of glucose requires 6 molecules of oxygen (O2) to be completely oxidized. Therefore, the correct answer to the question 'Each time a molecule of glucose is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen (O2) molecules are required?' is C) 6.

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Answer:

Muscle tissue and neural tissue

Explanation:

Excitability refers to the ability of muscle and nerve cells of the respective tissues to respond to a stimulus and generate an action potential. Both muscle cells and neurons respond to a stimulus and convert it into the action potential.

Action potential refers to the electrical signal. Propagation of action potential along the membranes of these cells results in muscle contraction and functioning of neurons.

The membrane potential of these cells changes in response to the stimulus and the changed potential is propagated to the other cells.

Answer:

HDL are most prevalent in the body when the person has high physical activity and a healthy diet.

Explanation:

Physical activity and a diet rich on fruits, fiber, omega 6 and esential fat acids increases the level of HDL, which responsible on drecreasing the levels of cholesterol in blood.

Genetic factors might also impact on the levels of HDL.

Answer:

b. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Explanation:

In this reaction, a molecule of double stranded DNA is denatured and the chains separated. Then, the single strands of DNA are hybridized with a small complementary fragment of DNA called a primer, which is then extended by an enzyme called DNA polymerase by adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand. The result will be two double stranded DNA molecules. If you repeat the process many times, you can amplify the original DNA material exponentially, and the final PCR product will be millions of DNA molecules that can be used for testing.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) would be the most useful technique for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing, as it allows rapid amplification of specific DNA sequences.

To increase the amount of dodo DNA available for testing when comparing a specific region of the DNA from a sample with DNA from living birds, the most useful technique would be polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This method allows for the rapid amplification of specific DNA sequences, thereby increasing the number of copies of the dodo DNA for further analysis. PCR is a highly effective tool in molecular biology for the amplification of DNA from limited samples, such as those obtained from extinct species like the dodo or other ancient remains.

Answer:

(B) The organism lives and replicates despite protease and DNase treatment, but the organism dies when treated with RNase.

Explanation:

DNA is the genetic material in present day organisms while some of the proteins serve as enzymes and catalyze the metabolic reactions.

An organism having RNA with the ability to serve as genetic material would not require DNA to survive. Likewise, if RNA molecules in these organisms also serve as the enzyme, proteins would not be required for survival.

Therefore, when treated with DNase and protease that digest the DNA and proteins respectively, these organisms would be able to survive. However, treatment with RNase enzymes that digest the RNA would kill them as RNA was their biocatalyst and genetic material.

Answer:

The correct answer is option c. "a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant".

Explanation:

One characteristic that makes plants readily manipulated organisms for genetic engineering studies is that a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant. This process is known as somatic embryogenesis, and is widely used with relative ease in biotechnology laboratories. Somatic embryogenesis helps to quickly test genetic manipulation tests in complete plants allowing to check for the final phenotype easily.

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than animals due to their ability to regenerate, the availability of vectors for gene transfer, and the direct insertion of synthetic genes into plant genomes.

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than animals because:

In contrast, animal cells do not have the same regeneration capacity, and the process of introducing new genes and traits is more complex.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-B.

Explanation:

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells or leukocytes which can be easily distinguished as they have a single round nucleus.

Lymphocytes act as immune cells in the body as they help in providing immunity. These lymphocytes upon maturation get differentiated into two types: B cell and T cell.

The B cell produces specific antibodies in response to the foreign bodies called antigen. They attach with the antigen and mark the antigen for destruction. This takes place in the blood thus provides the humoral immunity.

T cell recognize and respond to the antigen directly by killing the cell with antigen or indirectly by producing lymphokines to kill the cell. This provides immunity tat with the cellular level.

Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.

Lymphocytes are the primary leukocytes responsible for specific immune responses such as cellular and humoral immunity.

The leukocytes (white blood cells) primarily responsible for specific immune responses such as cellular and humoral immunity are lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They are responsible for recognizing and targeting specific antigens or pathogens. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.

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Answer:

The female (XcX) is carrier for color blindness while the male (XY) is normal. The carrier female transmits its one X chromosome with gene for color blindness to one of her sons making him color blind.

Explanation:

Color blindness is X linked recessive disorder and followed the criss-cross inheritance wherein the color blind sons get the gene from their carrier/affected mother while the color blind father would transmit the gene to his daughters along with X chromosome.

Since both the parents are normal, the mother (XcX) should be carrier for the disease to get the color blind son. A cross between carrier mother (XcX) and normal father (XY) would make 50% of their sons color blind.

Answer:

d. cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

Explanation:

Cytochalasin B is a cell permeable toxin produced by fungi. It inhibits actin polymerization and interaction of actin filaments. Cytokinesis is the process in which the cell undergoes cytoplasmic division to form two new cells. It begins in late anaphase and is completed by the end of telophase. It begins by the production of cleavage furrow on the cell surface. This furrow is formed by the contractile ring which in turn is composed of actin and myosin filaments along with other regulatory proteins.

When actin polymerization is inhibited by cytochalasin B, the contractile ring is not able to form so the cleavage furrow does not appear which ultimately inhibits cytokinesis.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

The DNA in all the cells of an organism are the same. The reason there are different types of cells in the organism even through their DNA is the same is because genes are deferentially expressed in the cell types. The genes that are expressed in the brain cells are different from those expressed in the liver.  The rest of the genes that are not being expressed are silenced through folding by histones – so they are not exposed to DNA polymerase.

Final answer:

The correct statement is c. It is the same as the DNA in one of your liver cells, since all cells contain the same DNA but only express a subset of genes necessary for their specific function.

Explanation:

The statement about the DNA in one of your brain cells that is true is: c. It is the same as the DNA in one of your liver cells. All the cells in your body pretty much have the same DNA, but not all of it is used or 'expressed' in every cell. Instead, each type of cell expresses only a subset of genes, which are necessary for the specific functions that cell performs. Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to construct a functional product, commonly a protein.

The majority of DNA does not code for proteins, and the genes required for a cell's function are selectively transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins as needed. Therefore, options a, b, and d are incorrect. Each gene does not lie immediately adjacent to an enhancer, and not all genes are transcribed in a given cell at any specific time.

Answer: The correct answer is option b.

Explanation:

RNA viruses have RNA as genetic material whereas the host cells usually have DNA as genetic material.

So, in order to integrate its genome with host DNA, the virus must form DNA from RNA, that is, reverse transcription.

It is the process by which DNA is formed using RNA as a template strand.

However, reverse transcriptase (enzyme which catalyzes reverse transcription) is usually not present in host cells.

Thus, RNA viruses carry their own set of enzymes which help in the replication of viral genome and its recombination with host DNA as host cells lack these enzymes.

RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because

RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because host cells do not possess the specific enzymes necessary for replicating the viral genome. Unlike DNA viruses, RNA viruses typically rely on viral enzymes, such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, to replicate their RNA genome within the host cell.

These viral enzymes are not present in the host cell and must be brought in by the virus itself. Without these enzymes, the host cell's replication machinery would not be able to synthesize new copies of the viral RNA genome, hindering viral replication and propagation.

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Answer:

False.

Explanation:

DNA is present as genetic material in all the organism except some viruses. RNA is present as genetic material in some viruses only. The DNA strands are complimentary with each other.

DNA is made of the polymers of nucleotides. The nucleotides consists of the nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine), deoxyribose pentose sugar and phosphate group. The DNA molecule doesnot contain sugar..lipid in its structure.

Thus, the answer is false.

Answer:

Sex determination may be defined as the phenomena of determining the sex whether the organism is male, female or hermaphrodite. Different methods of sex determination are present in different organism.

In case of humans, the sex chromosome of an individual with XY is male whereas XX is female. Humans male are heterogametic. In case of birds the chromosome with ZZ are males (homogametic) whereas ZW is female. In case of Drosophila XY and XO flies are males , while XX, XXY, and XXYY flies are females.

Answer:c. Separated DNA is attached to the cell membrane before the cell divides.

Explanation:

The prokaryotes are single celled organisms. These are simple organisms which reproduce through asexual mode of reproduction that is cell division. They do not posses well define nucleus. Thus the genetic material remain in the cytoplasm of the cell. On cell division the genetic material (DNA) is distributed into halves for development of two daughter cells. Due to lack of nucleus and it's associated membrane the separated DNA get attach to the membrane before the cell actually divides.

Answer: a. Wolf

Explanation:

A phylogenetic tree is a diagrammatic representation in which the premitive living species are compared with the modern organisms on the basis of morphological as well as genetic similarities and differences. Hence, they are separated into distinct groups.

All the given organisms in the options (wolf, domestic cat, lion, and leopard) belong to the vertebrata phyllum. Among the options given all the organisms, except wolf, the other organisms are morphologically close to one other. Thus for constructing a phylogenetic tree for these organisms, wolfs will be an out-group. The other organisms will be the descendent belonging to the same group.

When using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, then a WOLF would be the BEST outgroup (Option a).

In conclusion, when using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, then a WOLF would be the BEST outgroup (Option a).

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Answer:

Explanation:

i) Allosteric control

-Allosteric modulation is a mechanism whereby the activity of  an enzyme is either stimulated or inhibited by a compound  that binds to a site, called the allosteric site, that is dimensionaly different from the enzyme’s active site

ii) Covalent modification

-Covalent modification of enzymes, as illustrated by the addition (or removal) of phosphates, is a general mechanism for changing the activity  of enzymes.

-Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups to other  proteins are called protein kinases and regulate such diverse  activities as hormone action, cell division, and gene expression.

Cellular enzyme activity is regulated through allosteric control and covalent modification. Allosteric control involves effector molecules binding to a site other than the enzyme's active site to modulate its activity, while covalent modification changes an enzyme's activity through the reversible addition or removal of chemical groups.

Cells regulate enzymes through various mechanisms, significant among which are allosteric control and covalent modification. Understanding these methods is crucial for comprehending how cells control biochemical pathways and respond to changes in the environment.

Allosteric control involves the regulation of an enzyme's activity through the binding of an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site, known as the allosteric site. This interaction can either enhance (activator) or reduce (inhibitor) the enzyme's activity. Allosteric enzymes exhibit a change in their conformation upon effector binding, which alters the enzyme's affinity for its substrate. Feedback inhibition, a form of negative regulation where the end product of a biochemical pathway inhibits an enzyme involved earlier in the pathway, often works through allosteric control.

Covalent modification involves the reversible addition or removal of chemical groups (such as phosphate, methyl, or acetyl groups) to an enzyme, altering its activity. This modification can either activate or deactivate the enzyme and is often mediated by other enzymes. For example, the addition of a phosphate group (phosphorylation) by a kinase can activate an enzyme, while removal of this group by a phosphatase can inactivate it. Covalent modification allows for rapid changes in enzyme activity in response to cellular signals.

Answer: Dominant allele codes for a functional protein. Recessive allele codes for a less functional or nonfunctional protein, or it does not code for any protein.

Explanation:

Alleles are different forms of a gene. There are two types, dominant and recessive allele. Heterozygous organisms have one of each, and the dominant allele is expressed. Homozygous organisms have either two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles.

A dominant allele produces a functional protein, even in the presence of a recessive allele, because only one copy of the allele is enough and it masks the effects of the recessive allele. This dominant trait is shown in individuals who are homozygous dominant or heterozygous,

A recessive allele produces a less functional or nonfunctional protein, or it does not code for any protein at all. A recessive allele does not become a trait unless both copies of the gene are present.

Answer: Deoxyribose

Explanation:

The Deoxyribonucleic acid is the  genetic material found in all the living organism.

The genetic information is transferred in the form of codes from one generation to another in the from of DNA.

The DNA consists of sugar, nitrogenous bases and phosphate group. The sugar part is ribose sugar which is a type of pentose sugar.

Hence, the correct answer is option C

Answer:

Linkage chromosomes may be defined as the chromosome present at the same chromosomes and has the ability to undergo the process of recombination. The linkage results in the production of recombinant gametes that differ from their parents.

Map distance may be defined as the distance between the two gene on a chromosome.  The recombination frequency is equal to the map distance. For example: Gene A and B has the recombination frequency of 10%, this means there map distance is 10 mu.

Answer:

The correct option is: A) Complementation test

Explanation:

Complementation test is used for determining that the mutations in the two strains, associated with a particular phenotype, are present in different genes.

The mutations are said to be complementary, if present in different genes.

Therefore, the complementation test is the process for determining the function of the gene in recessive allelism.

Answer:

Embedded in a lipid bilayer. (Ans. C)

Explanation:

Fluid mosaic model explains different observations such as the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this model, there is a thin polar membrane composed of a two-layer of lipid molecules called lipid bi-layer or phospholipid bi-layer in which proteins molecules are embedded. This layer provides fluidity and elasticity to the membrane structure.

These membranes form a continuous barrier around all cells and they are a flat sheet in structure. The lipid bilayer is working as a barrier that keeps proteins, ions and other molecules where they are needed to be and preventing diffusing them to other areas. They are impermeable to most hydrophilic molecules. They are particularly impermeable to ions, which allow cells to regulate pH and salt concentration in membrane through the transport ions across their membranes using proteins knows as ion pumps.

According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly embedded in a lipid bilayer and have a specific inside-outside polarity.

According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly embedded in a lipid bilayer. They can be found throughout the membrane, both on the inner and outer surfaces, as well as in the hydrophobic interior. However, they are not randomly oriented in the membrane, but have a specific inside-outside polarity.

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Answer: The correct answer is option C

Explanation:

Bombay phenotype refers to a rare genetic trait in which a person appears as blood group O even in presence of functional A, B, or AB alleles.

It is because of recessive mutation that occurs in other locus, that is, FUT1 gene. Normal gene produces H antigen or protein in the cell. This antigen is essential for the final expression of the ABO alleles.

If a person is homozygous recessive then he or she is not able to produce H antigen due to which the blood group appears as O.

However, if a person carries even a single functional copy of FUT1 gene, that is, heterozygous or homozygous then he or she can efficiently produce H antigen and then ABO alleles are expressed accordingly.

Thus, option C contains incorrect statement.

Answer:

Explanation:

a. How many chromosomes does a child receive from its father?

Every person receives half of their chromosomes from their father and half from their mother. For that reason, if humans have 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell, 23 of them come from the father.

b. How many autosomes and how many sex chromosomes are present in each somatic cell?

Each somatic cell has 46 chromosomes in total; of which 22 pairs are autosomes and 1 pair are sex chromosomes. Therefore, 44 chromosomes are autosomes and 2 chromosomes are sex chromosomes (the X and/or Y chromosomes).

c. How many chromosomes are present in a human ovum?

The human gametes (ovum in women and sperm cell in men) have half of a somatic cell's genetic material, so that when they combine in a zygote to create their child, they form an initial cell with 46 chromosomes in total. The ovum therefore has 23 chromosomes: 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.

d. How many sex chromosomes are present in a human ovum?

As I mentioned in the previous question, a human ovum has 1 sex chromosome. That way, when it combines with a sperm cell, which also has 1 sex chromosome, they form a zygote with a pair of sex chromosomes (one that comes from the mother and one from the father).

a. A child receives 23 chromosomes from its father. b. Each somatic cell has 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. c. A human ovum contains 23 chromosomes. d. A human ovum has 1 sex chromosome.

a. A child receives 23 chromosomes from its father.

b. Each somatic cell has 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

c. A human ovum contains 23 chromosomes.

d. A human ovum has 1 sex chromosome.

Answer:

Explanation:

The two categories of the behavior includes the operant behavior and respondent behavior.

Operant behavior: The operant behavior can be define as the behavior that is under the control of the consequences. These consequences are likely to control the future frequency of behavior. For example, A child who is allowed to hit other children and take their toy, is likely to be aggressive to other people in the future.  

Respondent Behavior: The behavior which is under the influence of a specific stimuli is a respondent behavior. For example, Snapping of hand away from a hot pan, and Salivation of the mouth due to food.

Answer:

b. Immnofluorescence

Explanation:

Immunofluorescence involves the reaction of a fluorescently labelled antibody to an expressed gene or protein making it specific. A microscope is used to locate the expressed gene via the fluorescent dye activated by light of a certain wavelength. It is usually done to analyze intact cells or tissue therefore it is easier to localize the gene expression.

The correct answer is B. Blunt dissection

Explanation:

The word dissection refers to the process of separating tissues or different anatomical structures to analyze them or as part of medical processes such as surgeries. Although there are multiple techniques in dissection the two main ones are sharp dissection that uses sharp objects to cut through tissues and blunt dissection in which blunt-ended object such as special scissors or fingers are used to separate tissue without cutting through them. For doing this, fingers or scissors are placed between tissues and then open gently. According to this, the technique described is blunt dissection not only because a blunt-ended object is used but because this is used to separate tissue layer rather than to cut through them.

The correct answer is b. blunt dissection.

Blunt dissection is a technique used in surgical and laboratory settings to separate tissues or layers within tissues without cutting them. This method involves the use of blunt instruments, such as the closed tips of blunt-ended scissors, to gently pry apart the layers. The process minimizes damage to the tissues and preserves their integrity, which is particularly important when the tissues need to remain viable for further study or when preserving the function of the tissues is crucial, as in surgery.

In contrast, sharp dissection involves cutting through tissues with a scalpel or sharp scissors, which can cause more damage and is typically used when a precise incision is needed or when the tissue being cut will not be used for further study or function. Normal dissection and tissue dissection are not specific terms used to describe a particular technique like blunt dissection. Therefore, the correct term for the technique described in the question is blunt dissection.

Bioinformatics involves using computer programs to align DNA sequences, developing computer-based tools for genome analysis, and using math tools to interpret biological systems. It does not directly involve using DNA technology to combine DNA from different sources.

The question at hand is asking which of the given options is not included in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is a multidisciplinary field involving biology, computer science, and statistics. It utilizes computer programming for aligning DNA sequences, developing computer-based tools for genome analysis, and mathematical tools to interpret biological systems. So, options a, c, and d are within its scope. However, option b describes a process known as recombinant DNA technology, not directly related to bioinformatics. Thus, the answer must be option b: Using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube.

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Option b, which refers to the use of DNA technology to combine DNA from different sources, is not a part of bioinformatics. This task is more closely associated with the field of molecular biology.

Bioinformatics is a rapidly developing branch of biology that is mainly involved in the development and application of computational tools to analyze, integrate, and interpret large sets of biological data. Among the four options presented, the only task that doesn't fall under bioinformatics is b. using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. This is more closely related to the field of molecular biology, specifically recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. The tasks described in a, c, and d are all common in bioinformatics. They involve the use of computer programs, development of computational tools for genome analysis, and the application of mathematical tools to interpret complex biological systems.

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Answer:

a. True

Explanation:

Energy pyramids are a simple representation of the flow of energy at each trophic level in an ecosystem, based on the well known fact that a lot of energy gets lost between consumers (approximately only around 10% is made into tissues, while 90% is used up and is lost as heat).

While the biomass and abundance of the organisms at a trophic level, even the identity of that organisms (species), is highly dependent on the characteristic of the environment. So very different environments (for example, a dessert and a rain forest) will have also very different species with different biomass and abundance fulfilling the same trophic role.

Answer:

The correct answer is option d. "Structures/characteristics among most plants are very similar".

Explanation:

There are extensive evidence to support the evolutionary relationship among all plant taxa, however, similarity of structures and characteristics among most plants is not one of them. Plants are one of the most diverse kingdoms having   very different species such as flowering plants, conifers, lichens, cycads, algae, among others. The structures and characteristics of these plants are very different among them, and this diversity makes difficult to classify and clarify the evolutionary relationship that they share.

The correct answer is B. Ribosome

Explanation:

In biology, cells are mainly classified as eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Each of these types of cells has different features, to begin with, eukaryotic cells are those that contain a defined nucleus and are part of both unicellular and multicellular organisms. On the opposite, prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus or a nuclear envelope and are mainly present in unicellular organisms, besides this, they lack mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus or chloroplasts that are present in eukaryotic cells. However, prokaryotic cells still contain DNA, ribosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles. According to this, the one that is present in a prokaryotic cell is ribosome.

The only option from the list present in a prokaryotic cell is a ribosome. Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria, nuclear envelopes or chloroplasts which are associated only with eukaryotic cells.

The correct answer to the question 'Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?' is (b) ribosome. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, do not contain mitochondria, nuclear envelopes, or chloroplasts as these are structures associated only with eukaryotic cells. However, they do contain ribosomes which play a crucial role in protein synthesis.

It's important to note that eukaryotic cells also contain ribosomes, the primary difference being that the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than those found in prokaryotic cells.

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