Answer: The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires all reached their peaks between the 16th and 17th centuries. Combined, the empires spanned from Egypt, across the Middle East and Persia, all the way to India. Each empire controlled areas with distinct physical, ethnic, and religious environments, yet were similar in many ways. The leaders of each of the empires had Turkic ethnic backgrounds and Islamic roots, and all of the empires developed strong military forces (because of this, they are collectively referred to as the Gunpowder Empires). Each of the empires had to contend with religious divisions within their empires, and were able to overcome these differences and please the various groups within their empires. I will focus on the similar way that each of the empires dealt with religious divisions, as well as the status of women in each of the Gunpowder Empires.
The three Muslim Empires are similar in that they each ruled over subjects with diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds. Although each situation was different, the Empires separately came around to using very similar methods of dealing with religious differences.
In the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslims were incorporated as “millets” (communities), with their own leadership, legal systems, and education systems [1]. Both the subjects and the ruling class grew more and more diverse, and it was important that the Ottomans could maintain their legitimacy in the eyes of each of the various groups. Later Ottoman rulers followed Sunni Islam, and encouraged, but did not force, Jews and Christians to convert to Islam [2].
The Safavid Empire mainly united Persian speaking areas, but still faced religious clashes in multiple facets: Muslim vs. non-Muslim, Sunni vs. Shii, as well as various other mystical Muslim beliefs [3]. The Empire patronized Shii Islam, and, like the Ottomans, encouraged Jews, Christians, and Zorastrians to convert. Unlike the Ottomans, the Safavids went farther, persecuting non-Muslims. However, these persecutions, which were supported by the Safavid ulama, never lasted long [4].
The Mughals faced the largest religious divide, between the Muslims and the large number of Hindus within the Empire. Early Mughal rulers, such as Akbar, focused on promoting universal religious tolerance. Akbar did not wish to pick sides and incur the distrust of the large Hindu population, and thus chose to follow a new religion of his own creation. There was no religion-based hierarchy in the ruling class; people proved their loyalty to the ruler by serving him, not by following a certain religion [5]. Later Mughal rulers, most notably Aurangzeb, emphasized “the need to preserve and purify Islam and to establish a society in which Islam will flourish” [251]. Aurangzeb was a believer in Shari Sunni Islam, and recast the Mughal Empire in accordance with Shari restrictions. Aurangzeb did not force conversion to Islam, but nonetheless followed the pattern of confessionalization enacted by the Ottoman and Safavid Empires [7].
Although all three empires faced different religious divides, they ended up dealing with them in much the same way. All three empires ended up at least encouraging, if not enforcing, conversion to Islam (it took an extra century or so for the Mughals, but the outcome was the same). However, none of the empires went so far as to severely harm other religious groups.
Palace women were placed in essentially the same positions in all three of the Islamic Empires. From the beginning of the Ottoman Empire, sultans had children with concubines rather than with their wives. The reason for this was political: the wives of sultans were usually nobly born of other dynasties, and “to deny these women access to motherhood . . . was to diminish the status of the royal houses from which they came” [8]. The loss of power from the sultan’s wife made room for concubines who gave the sultan a son to gain power. After having a son, concubines would usually no longer be in contact with the sultan. A concubine would leave to raise her son, and when he was given land to govern as a prince, she would go with him and act as his main protector, advisor, and manager of his household [9]. And if her son became the ruler, she would have a large amount of influence over his decisions. Extensive study has not been done on the role of Safavid royal women, but it is evident that royal mothers had significant influence in the Safavid Empire as well. Streusand gives two examples of influential Safavid women: Pari Khan Khanum and Mahd-i Ulya. Mughal women played similar roles [10].
Explanation:
Final answer:
The Ottomans used the millet system to govern non-Muslim subjects who were given religious autonomy but had to pay the jizya tax. The Janissary system converted Christian boys into Muslim soldiers or administrators. The Mughals also granted religious autonomy to their subjects, with conversion to Islam being a mix of voluntary and strategic choices.
Explanation:
Treatment of Non-Muslims by the Ottomans and Mughals
The Ottomans and Mughals each had distinct approaches to governing their non-Muslim subjects. The Ottoman Empire implemented the milletsystem, which allowed non-Muslim communities, or dhimmis, such as Christians and Jews, to govern their own affairs and practice their religion freely in exchange for paying the jizya tax. Moreover, the Ottomans' utilization of the Janissary system involved taking Christian boys, converting them to Islam, and training them for military or administrative roles.
The Mughal treatment of non-Muslims was also characterized by a degree of tolerance, with the empire allowing autonomy in matters of religion and customs to its diverse subjects. Conversion to Islam occurred through various influences, but there were instances where conversions were discouraged to maintain the tax base from non-Muslims.
Islamic states like the Ottomans recognized 'people of the book' or ahl al-kitab, who were non-Muslim communities with recognized prophets and scriptures, allowing them to continue their religious practices and community functions within the greater Islamic context, with certain rights and obligations different from Muslims.
Congress gives redistricting powers to which level of government?
Answer:
States enjoy large powers to decide on re-drawing congressional districts. Each US Congress representative represents one district.
Explanation:
n 1979, Iranian religious scholar Ayatollah Khomeini _____. Select the best answer from the choices provided. A. forced his way into power with a military coup B. was democratically elected C. began a close alliance with the U.S.
In 1979, Iranian religious scholar Ayatollah Khomeini forced his way into power with a military coup
Explanation:
Massive Iranian protests and strikes since January 1978 forced Pahlavi to flee the country in January the following year, and a few days later Khomeini returned from exile to Tehran, where he was greeted by millions. The Pahlavi monarchy officially ended on February 11, 1979, when the Iranian army (formerly loyal to Pahlavi) declared neutrality, and the Iranian revolution itself ended on April 1, when the Islamic Republic of Iran was declared a 98.2% victory after the referendum. A new constitution was adopted in December of the same year when Khomeini became a supreme leader. His rule is marked by sharp political clashes with the United States, namely the Iraqi attack on Iran.Learn more on Ayatollah Khomeini on
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What is the purpose of this cartoon?
-to show the United States’ popularity in foreign territories
-to show that US intervention is needed in foreign territories
-to show the US perspective on imperialism and intervention in foreign territories
-to show how diplomacy can influence US interests in foreign territories
Answer:
C. to show the US perspective on imperialism and intervention in foreign territories
Explanation:
thank you
Which is a step in writing an argumentative speech?
O Select only the evidence that supports the claim.
O Address the cons against the claim in a single paragraph at the end.
Establish a position and focus solely on evidence that supports the claim.
O Make a list of pros and cons regarding the claim.
Answer:
The second option address the cons against the claim in a single paragraph at the end.
Explanation:
In a good argumentative speech you have to anticipate the oppositions arguments and refute them this is done best in a paragraph at the end but you can do this throughout the entire speech if you want to.
In writing an argumentative speech, it is important to establish a position, gather and present supporting evidence, and also address and refute counterarguments. The process includes listing the pros and cons, not just the evidence that supports the claim.
Explanation:Writing an argumentative speech involves a step-by-step process. Establishing a position and focusing solely on evidence that supports your claim is one such key step. However, a thorough argumentative speech not only should present and explain relevant supporting evidence, but also needs to acknowledge and refute counter-arguments. This means not only listing pros and cons regarding the claim but also providing explanations against the cons. Contrary to primarily selecting the evidence that supports your claim, consider all parts of the argument to create a strong, well-rounded presentation.
Learn more about argumentative speechWhat did Shelby Foote say was the cause of the Civil War?
The Civil War was fundamentally caused by slavery.
Slavery was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. Northern Abolitionists sought to abolish slavery as an inhumane system at odds with the ideals of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. People in the South sought to preserve slavery as an economic system and a way of life based on white supremacy and human bondage.
What was Benjamin Franklin trying to say with the “join or die” cartoon he published in 1754?
A. that all of the colonies should unify in order to fight the French and the Indians
B. that all of the colonies should declare their independence from Great Britain
C. that all of the colonies should agree to be ruled by a proxy monarch who lived in the colonies
D. that all of the colonies should realize they are more economically powerful than Great Britain
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Answer:
A
Explanation:
It was made by Franklin to convince the colonies to unite together to fight against the French right?
The New Deal in part started a debate in the United States about the
stability of the US government.
influence of foreign-owned companies.
social responsibility of industry.
role of the federal government.
Answer:
The New Deal in part started a debate in the United States about the role of the federal government.
Explanation:
The New Deal was a series of legislative reforms implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1937 to save the United States and its economy from the grip of the Great Depression of the late 1920s. The reforms were designed to alleviate the plight of the unemployed and the poor, to consolidate a depressed society and to reform the economy to avoid further economic downturns.
In practice, the New Deal meant Keynesian economic policy, in which the federal government sought to create economic growth by supporting employment through public investment. The investments were mainly financed by debt. The federal government provided $ 500 million (about $ 9.25 billion in current funding) for state and city employment programs. To avoid further depressions, the Roosevelt administration significantly increased economic regulation, especially for the banking sector. The most famous of these was the Glass-Steagall Act, which prohibited banks from risking customer deposits on the stock exchange.
With the New Deal, the US economy recovered and unemployment began to decline. For Roosevelt, the New Deal was a well-established popular affair, and he remained president until his death. Roosevelt was elected president a record four times.
There is a minority of economists who believe that stimulus measures exacerbated the recession. Poor and long-lasting economic recovery is seen as the result of government action. Some economists believe that without the New Deal government measures such as social security, unemployment insurance, compulsory minimum wages and special government privileges for trade unions, businesses would have been able to employ more workers.
Answer:
d. role of the federal government.
Explanation:
Most immigrants who arrived at Ellis island were
Most immigrants at Ellis Island were from southern and eastern Europe, arriving during the peak years of 1900 to 1910, and faced various challenges upon entry into the U.S. after undergoing inspection.
Most immigrants who arrived at Ellis Island were from southern and eastern Europe. They faced challenges such as adapting to a new language and customs and were often steered towards communities where their native language and cultural practices were maintained. European immigrants arriving in the United States peaked between 1900 and 1910, with Ellis Island as the backdrop to their arrival.
These immigrants, unlike the wealthier passengers who could avoid Ellis Island by traveling first or second class, often underwent medical inspections before being admitted into the country. While about 2 percent were rejected due to medical conditions or criminal history, the vast majority were admitted into the United States. Many of these immigrants were
Which Amendment allowed senators to be elected by the people, since previously senators were chosen by the state legislators of their own states? *
Answer:
That is the Seventeenth Amendment.
Explanation:
For 125 years, American didn´t vote directly for Senators. State legislatures chose them. The 17th Amendment allowed the direct election of senators by citizens in the states. Senators are elected for periods of 6 years. The reform was passed in 1913.
which act stated that parliament did have the right to tax colonists?
Answer: Declaratory Act,
Explanation:
please help me and give me a REAL answer
Answer:
They should interpret the 2nd Amendment in a different way with regards to the societal changes as there has been a significant increase in gun use in America. Gun use is rarely used for self-protection as it has been used for mass killing purposes as well as acts of vengeance. In the time of our Founding Fathers, violence was not as common or dangerous as it is in present day society.
Which would have been a common
life change in England during the
Industrial Revolution?
A farmer moves to an industrial area to work in a coal mine.
Explanation:
During the time of industrial revolution in England, the economy in that country moved from the primary to the secondary sector of the country. There were more people who were dependent on factories and industries for earning their livelihood as compared to be dependent on the agriculture for the same purpose. In this incident also, a farmer left his farm work and started to work in an industry and improved his standards of living.
Which of the following best defines technology?
O
A. Anything that improves results
B. Electronic devices
C. New methods
D. Information reorganization
Answer: A) Anything that improves results.
Explanation: .....a.p.e.x......
Technology is best defined as 'Anything that improves results', as it involves the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. This can refer to machines, equipment, methods, or processes that help improve results.
Explanation:Technology is a broad term that encompasses much more than just electronic devices or new methods. The best definition among the options you gave is 'Anything that improves results'. Technology involves the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, including the production of goods or services or achieving objectives, such as conducting scientific research. Therefore, it could be a machine, piece of equipment, method, or process that helps improve results. For instance, something as simple as a pencil is a technology because it improves the result of writing compared to using a stick and dirt.
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Which constitutional principle is identified with the concept of "consent of the governed?"
Which constitutional principle is identified with the concept of "consent of the governed?
A. rule of law
B. popular sovereignty
C. checks and balances
D. separation of powers
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Consent of the governed means that the power and the authority of the government are justified and agreed upon only when the consent of the people are given to the government to act in a particular direction. The government can not take steps without the consent of the people.
The government of the United States of America should focus on increasing and improving the condition of the people by giving them more rights and securing their rights. The principle regarding this is declaration of the principle.
How has U.S, participation in international economic development efforts
affected other countries?
A. It has made some countries decide they no longer want close ties
with the United States,
O
B. It has caused the United States to intervene militarily to stop
human rights abuses
C
C. It has raised money to help poor nations grow their economies
O
D. It has ended diplomatic ties with countries that refuse to
participate
U.S has raised money to help poor nations grow their economies.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The United States of America has developed an agency which is known as the United States agency for international development. The major aim of this agency is to foster international development.
It wants to provide assistance to other countries of the world to develop economically and foster their economic growth. Foreign aid is provided by this agency to other countries. This agency has more than hundred countries in which this mission is going on which includes Africa, Latin America, Middle east.
Final answer:
The U.S. has historically sought to raise money to help poor nations grow their economies, with mixed outcomes influenced by geopolitical and corporate interests.
Explanation:
The question of how U.S. participation in international economic development efforts has affected other countries involves assessing the multifaceted impacts of American foreign policy and aid contributions throughout history. The United States' involvement through military intervention, corporate economic dominance, and financial aid initiatives aimed at fostering development, in theory, raises money to help poor nations grow their economies, aligning with option C.
However, it is important to understand that while the promotion of economic development and modernization of infrastructure in developing countries can contribute to the improvement of quality of life and political stability, the underlying motive may also include securing influence and fostering dependence on the U.S. Hence, the correct answer is C. It has raised money to help poor nations grow their economies.
This person was assassinated on June 5, 1968, while campaigning for the Democratic presidential nomination
A)
Harry S Truman
John F. Kennedy
Robert F. Kennedy
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Answer:
ROBERT F KENNEDYExplanation:
On June 5, 1968, presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded shortly after midnight at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Earlier that evening, the 42-year-old junior senator from New York was declared the winner in the South Dakota and California presidential primaries in the 1968 election.
Answer:
C) Robert F. Kennedy
Explanation:
what is the figurative language "" The ocean of trees and lakes ""
Answer:
The phrase "The ocean of trees and lakes" suggests a vast, dense area of forests with many lakes in it. The area is so large that it seems to extend in all directions. That´s the impression you may get.
Explanation:
How did the Age of Exploration contribute to European involvement in the
African slave trade?
O
A. Europeans established trade routes to Asian kingdoms, which had
a huge demand for slaves.
B. Europeans came into contact with African slave traders while
exploring the coast of Africa.
C. Europeans discovered the African slaves made excellent quides
and servants on merchant ships.
D. Europeans determined that African slaves actually produced finer
goods than Asian craftspeople.
Europeans came into contact with African slave traders while exploring the coast of Africa.
The Age of Exploration contribute to European involvement in the African slave trade by Option(B) Europeans came into contact with African slave traders while exploring the coast of Africa.
What was the contribution of Age of Exploration in European-African trade ?During the period we know as the Age of Exploration, Europeans created trade routes which brought them immense wealth. This was due in part to the goods which were traded, but also to the development of a system which would wreak havoc on Africa and its descendants.
Europeans intensified the slave trade by dramatically increasing the demand of slaves and by bringing guns and other such weapons to Africa.
This was all done when The Europeans first visited Africa during the Age of Exploration and thus they came into contact with the African slave traders while exploring the continent. Thus, many slave were taken from Africa to European countries which benefitted in the trade and commerce of the Europe.
Therefore, the Age of Exploration contribute to European involvement in the African slave trade by Option(B) Europeans came into contact with African slave traders while exploring the coast of Africa.
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Who benefited from the reconstruction finance corporation
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (1932) provided railroads, banks, and other financial institutions with money for loans.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), a United States government body founded on January 22, 1932, by Congress to offer financial assistance to railways, financial institutions, and business enterprises.
By lending money, the RFC used trickle-down economic theory to benefit people at the top of the economy, such as banks, railroads, and company owners. This assisted them in surviving the Great Depression.
It was the federal government's first attempt to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression.
Therefore, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation aided corporate owners and bankers, the people at the pinnacle of the American economy.
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Which statement about Lady Macbeth is true?
OA) She guards the door while Macbeth kills the king.
OB) She kills Duncan when her husband loses his nerve.
OC)
She kills, the guards to make it appear as if they are the king's
murderers.
OD)
She returns the bloody daggers to the murdered guards as cover for
her husband's act.
Answer:
The statement " She kills Duncan when her husband loses his nerve" is true about Lady Macbeth.
Option: (B)
Explanation:
Lady Macbeth is one of the most evil and most famous character in William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth. Lady Macbeth planned an assassination with Macbeth.She goads her husband and Macbeth did all the killings, he killed the king, the guards and Duncan so that no one would ever know who did it and later Lady Macbeth became the queen and also passed the orders to kill "Banquo and Banquo's son" and "Mac duff's son and wife".Final answer:
The correct statement about Lady Macbeth is that she returns the bloody daggers to the murdered guards to cover for Macbeth's act of regicide. She does not kill anyone herself but helps conceal the evidence of her husband's crime.
Explanation:
The truth about Lady Macbeth's involvement in King Duncan's murder can be found in Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The correct statement regarding her actions is that she does not physically murder anyone; rather, she provides emotional support to her husband and goes to lengths to cover up his act. When Macbeth loses his nerve after killing Duncan, Lady Macbeth takes charge of the situation. She chastises him for bringing the murder weapons with him and insists that he go wash his hands while she plants the daggers on the sleeping guards, making it appear as though they committed the regicide.
Thus, the true statement about Lady Macbeth as presented in the question is:
She returns the bloody daggers to the murdered guards as cover for her husband's act.Lady Macbeth's ambition for her husband and desire to see him succeed are clear motivators for her actions throughout the play, as evidenced in her aggressive persuasiveness and in the lengths she goes to ensure they are not caught.
who was the 35th president of brazil
Answer:
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Answer:
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Explanation:
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈiz iˈnasju ˈlulɐ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ] ( listen); born 27 October 1945), popularly known simply as Lula, is a Brazilian politician and former union leader who served as the 35th President of Brazil from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010.
Terrorism can have global effect because it
Answer:
B. Negatively impacts trade and tourism
Explanation:
I took the cumulative exam and this was right.
Trade and tourism suffer as a result. Terrorism seeks to instill fear, insecurity, and the notion that leaders can no longer protect those they lead.
How does terrorism affect tourism?Terrorism have negative impact on the travel and tourism industry as people has fear of terror attack anytime, so they avoid to travel to that place.
Terrorism also impact the many things with the tourism industry like airline, economy of the country, hotels, restaurants, and shops.
Thus, Trade and tourism suffer as a result.
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Which of the following suggests that the second great awakening caused American Southerners to defend slavery more strongly during the 19th century?
A. Many Southern Baptists were poor white famrers who could not afford slaves of their own.
B. Many southern methodist preachers promoted biblical defenses for racial hierarchies.
C. Many supporters of the Underground railroad were initially inspired by the second great awakening
D. The second great awakening led many Christians to oppose traditional social institutions
Answer:
The answer is B, Many southern methodist preachers promoted biblical defenses for racial hierarchies.
Explanation:
APEX
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
During the day, plants produce ___________
by splitting water molecules in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. At the
same time, plants use cellular respiration to produce some of the __________
needed by the light-Independent reactions to make
sugars. During the night, plants produce __________
because _______takes
place.
Answer:
During the day, plants produce (oxygen) by splitting water molecules in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
At the same time, plants use cellular respiration to produce some of the (carbon dioxide) needed by the light-independent reactions to make sugars.
During the night, plants produce (carbon dioxide, but not oxygen) because (only cellular respiration) takes place.
list and explain the sociological and psychological factors that go into voting.explain who votes and who doesn't. explain why people don't vote
Answer:
The sociological factors that go into voting are: income, occupation, education, age etc.
The psychological factors that affect voting are: political party identification, and key issues.
Explanation:
The voting population is influenced by certain sociological and psychological factors which makes them go and vote for their preferred candidate.
The sociological factors that affect voting are: the income of the voter, their occupation, educational qualifications, gender, age, religion, background.
The psychological factors affecting voting are: the political party identification, some specific candidates and other key issues. Many people cannot vote legally due to certain conditions like their age: a minor cannot vote, people with mental conditions and people in prison.
Then again there are certain people who choose not to vote because of different reasons including religious beliefs, or they may be disabled, or maybe due to discrimination aimed at them. The people who do not vote despite being given their right are called nonvoting voters.
Should Americans approve the new constitution?
Answer:
This is your opinion not someone else's
Explanation:
Example1- I believe Americans should approve the new constitution because... your reasoning
Example2- I believe Americans should not aprove the new constitution because... your reasoning
If your teacher allows you too you can write you do and you don't it all depends on what you think and if your teacher aproves.
Instead of I believe you can also use I think etc.
Hope this helps :)
Answer:
Here is a summary of my points. The Constitution was not good at its inception because it lacked the bill of rights. Which are responsible for most all of the best things in the constitution in my opinion. If I was you I would speak on how horrible the government would operate if it had the constitution which allowed for at that time unprecedented government power.
Presidential powers in foreign affairs are generally recognized as taking priority over Congressional authority in those
matters because...
A)The president is one person and can act quickly and decisively
B)The president and the executive branch generally may operate with secrecy and discretion
C)Both a and b
D)None of the above
Was there slavery in Missouri before The Missouri Compromise?
Answer:
Yes, slavery existed before the Missouri Compromise took place.
Explanation:
The main purpose of the Congress back then was orchestrated as differentiating which states would be free of slavery and which states would not be. Missouri in the year 1891 had opted to be slave state unanimously, which lead to a great unbalance in the union as there would be existence of slave states more than that of the states free from slavery. After the Compromise, Maine was declared a slave free state and thus union gained its balance again.
Answer:
legal
Explanation:
yea
hich best describes the advantage Aryan invaders had over the native people of India? The Aryans had an established military and the other groups did not. The Aryans had a much larger population than the native Indians. The Aryans were stronger fighters because they had access to horses. The Aryans knew how to grow crops and could provide food for their people.
The Aryan invaders of northern India around 1500 BCE had a significant advantage in the form of their military capabilities, notably their access to horses and use of chariots, which provided superior mobility and might have been instrumental in combat against the native peoples. Hence option C is correct.
The advantage that Aryan invaders had over the native people of India can best be described by their military tactics and resources, notably their use of horses and chariots. During their invasion of northern India around 1500 BCE, the Aryans were noted for being well-versed in pastoralism, bringing with them a pastoral and farming way of life. They had access to horses, which they harnessed to chariots, giving them a significant advantage in mobility and warfare over the indigenous peoples they encountered. The horses and chariots not only facilitated their migration and settlement along the plains surrounding the Ganges River but also likely aided them in any military engagements that occurred during this expansion.
The Aryans spoke Sanskrit and brought with them their culture, social order, and distinct language to the South Asian realm. Their impact led to the emergence of Hinduism and the caste system. The Aryans were also experienced in agriculture, however, their principal advantage came from their military capabilities, including the use of horses for fighting and chariots for transportation and probably in combat. Thus option C is correct.
Which factor most influenced the southern way of life.
A) most white southerners were recent immigrants
B) most crops were tended with slave labor
C) most of the population lived in cities
D) most white southerners worked in factories
Answer:
B)Most crops were tended with slave labor.
Explanation:
Most of these plantations had fifty or fewer slaves, although the largest plantations have several hundred. Cotton was by far the leading cash crop, but slaves also raised rice, corn, sugarcane, and tobacco. Many plantations raised several different kinds of crops.