Anthropologists studying female circumcision might personally be horrified by the practice, but must also be able to suspend their own personal judgment in order to understand the beliefs and practices of others within their cultural context. what is this known as

pull the hand break and drift.

Final answer:

Theories of child growth and development differ in the developmental perspective of continuous vs. discontinuous growth and the behavioral perspective focusing on observable behaviors.

Explanation:

Theories of child growth and development can be grouped into different viewpoints, particularly developmental versus behavioral perspectives. The developmental perspective includes several approaches where one can argue whether development is continuous or discontinuous.

Continuous development views growth as constant and cumulative, unfolding steadily over time like the gradual increase in a child's height. Discontinuous development suggests that growth occurs in distinct stages or leaps, exemplified by sudden cognitive advances such as the development of object permanence in infants.

Within developmental psychology, theorists have proposed various models explaining how children and adults grow and adapt. Psychosocial development, as suggested by Erikson, revolves around the successful completion of social tasks throughout different life stages, shaping our self-identity.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development categorizes the growth of thinking skills into specific stages that children navigate as they mature. Kohlberg proposed levels of moral development based on cognitive growth, encompassing our judgments about right and wrong.

Behavioral theories, on the other hand, focus on the external behaviors and actions rather than inner changes in cognitive or moral reasoning.

These theories emphasize observable behaviors and the ways in which they are learned through interaction with the environment, often glossing over the internal processes that developmental theories detail.

Both perspectives provide valuable insights but also have their limitations.

Developmental theories often lack empirical support for the stage-like progression of growth and may not account for cultural and individual variations.

Behavioral theories, while robust in experimental research, can overlook the complexity of internal processes that cannot be directly observed but significantly influence development.

An infant's grimace of disgust is a developmental signal used to regulate social interaction, indicating withdrawal from certain stimuli and affecting how infants react to their environment.

According to developmentalists, an infant's grimace of disgust is an example of facial expressions acting as regulators of social interaction. Research shows that infants respond differently to facial expressions from adults; for example, a study by Bradshaw in 1986 found that expressions of disgust can inhibit a child's desire to touch an object. Later studies, such as one by Hertenstein & Campos in 2004, confirmed these findings and further demonstrated that facial expressions convey emotion, which in turn affects infants' behaviors towards elements of the environment.

The grimace of disgust in infants can function as a withdrawal response to certain stimuli, which is a natural part of their developmental process. As infants interact with their surroundings, they learn to interpret and respond to various emotional cues. These expressions and reactions are critical for their development and help in establishing successful interactions with others as they grow.

The people living in the Brazilian hinterland are most accurately represented by multiethnic African and Native American people due to historical settlement patterns and the legacy of the slave trade.

The question is asking about the demographics of people living in the Brazilian hinterland. The hinterland, a term often used to describe areas far from the coastal urban centers, is traditionally more rural and less developed. When looking at the options provided, historical and modern demographic patterns suggest that the most accurate answer would be multiethnic African and Native American people (Option C). This is because, throughout history, the indigenous peoples of Brazil have lived in various parts of the country, including the hinterlands. Additionally, the African influence in Brazil is significant due to the era of the slave trade, leading to a mix of cultures and ethnicities, especially in rural areas. While there have been numerous waves of immigration from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, these groups have more commonly settled in urban areas or specific agricultural colonies, rather than the hinterlands.

The correct answer is C. multiethnic African and Native American people.

The hinterland of Brazil, often referred to as the interior or backlands, is characterized by a diverse population that has developed through a complex history of migration and cultural integration. While indigenous peoples (A) have historically inhabited these regions, the hinterland has also been shaped by the presence of multiethnic populations, including those of African and Native American descent (C). These groups have intermixed over centuries, particularly in rural areas where African slaves and indigenous populations were brought together during the colonial period.

Portuguese immigrants (B) are more commonly associated with the coastal cities and regions where they first settled and established colonial administrative centers. German and Italian immigrants (D) also settled in Brazil, but they tended to form more distinct communities, often in the southern states of Brazil, such as Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, rather than in the hinterland.

Therefore, the multiethnic African and Native American people are the group most representative of the population in the Brazilian hinterland.

Sociologists employ the scientific method as a structured approach to conduct research studies and answer questions about societal patterns and problems.

When conducting a research study, sociologists follow the scientific method, which refers to a structured way to find answers to questions about the social world. This method involves a systematic, organized series of steps that ensure objectivity and consistency in exploring social problems. These steps include asking a research question, researching existing sources, formulating a hypothesis, designing the research study, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Additionally, some sociologists may adopt an interpretive framework rather than the scientific method, further reflecting the diversity of approaches within sociological research.

Answer:

Self esteem

Explanation:

Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the self esteem of their adopted children.

The reason is that a child who is being adopted tends to have a hurtful history terms of being loved and taken care of. They go through a series of hardships and rejection processes through other parents which causes them to lose their self esteem and can easily slide into depression and sorts.

Therefore it becomes harder for an adoptive parent to rehabilitate the child's self esteem and make him feel loved and one of their own.

Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the genetic predisposition of their adopted children. This includes physical characteristics and predisposition to certain health conditions. However, adoptive parents can have significant impact on social, behavioral, and cognitive development.

Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the genetic predisposition of their adopted children. While adoptive parents can greatly influence the social, behavioral, and cognitive development of children, they cannot alter their genetic makeup which shapes their physical characteristics and predisposes them to certain health conditions. For example, studies on pairs of adoptees found higher rates of schizophrenia when the biological mothers had the condition, regardless of the mental health condition of the adoptive parents, emphasizing the role of genetic factors.

This is not to say adoptive parents have no influence on health outcomes - environmental factors and nurturing can play a substantial role in overall health and mental well-being. However, the genetic tendencies a child inherits from their biological parents remain completely unaffected by the adoptive parents.

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The mother is modeling behavior for her toddler, teaching by demonstration in a way that meets her child's developmental ability to learn how to tie shoes.

A mother who is tying her own shoes in front of her toddler using exaggerated, slow movements is likely engaging in an instructional or modeling behavior. She is demonstrating to her toddler, who is at a developmental stage where they are able to put on simple clothes without help, how to perform a task by breaking it down into more observable and manageable parts. This method of teaching allows the child to grasp the concept of the task more easily and is a common practice in early childhood development. The mother might be cognizant of false self-training, which involves holding a child to adult standards while denying their developmental needs, and instead is meeting her child at their current level of understanding.

A coach can aid in the social development of athletes by promoting cooperation within the competitive nature of sports, aligning with educational goals that emphasize teamwork and community.

A coach has the opportunity to help athletes develop socially by encouraging them to learn cooperation in a competitive context. This approach aligns with the broader educational objective to socialize children and young individuals by exposing them to situations that require teamwork, preparing them for cooperative scenarios in adult life. Moreover, fostering social skills such as cooperation helps build a sense of community and emphasizes the importance of working together to achieve common goals, which is a valuable life lesson.

According to Erik Erikson's theory, Sara, with her responsive and reliable caregiver, Marlys, is likely to develop a sense of trust in her caregivers and her environment, making her feel safe and secure.

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Sara is likely to develop a sense of trust versus mistrust. This is the first stage in Erikson's model and occurs from birth to about one year of age. In this stage, if a child, like Sara, has a responsive caregiver like Marlys who consistently satisfies her needs, she is likely to develop a strong sense of trust in her caregivers and her environment. This sense of trust will lead to feelings of safety and security. If instead, caregiving is inconsistent, unpredictable, or neglectful, the child would develop mistrust and would view the world as unpredictable and unsupportive.

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Final answer:

The preference for Congress members to act as delegates affects senators and representatives differently due to their distinct roles. Representatives tend to closely follow the delegate model, employing public opinion polling to enact constituents' wishes. Senators, representing entire states, may adopt a more deliberate approach, considering nationwide impacts.

Explanation:

A poll showed voters prefer that members of Congress act as delegates. Considering this preference, we can expect the effect to differ between senators and representatives due to their respective roles and how they perceive their duty to their constituents. Representatives, who are elected to represent limited, geographically defined districts, might adhere more closely to the delegate model of representation. They are expected to directly enact the wishes of their constituents, employing public opinion polling and other means to gauge the views of the people in their districts before voting on legislation. In contrast, senators, who represent the entire state, are more inclined to consider the impact of legislation on the nation as a whole, potentially adopting a more deliberate approach in their decision-making process. Despite the tendency of representatives to more closely follow the delegate model, the reality of political representation is complex, with both senators and representatives at times navigating between acting as delegates or trustees, as well as balancing the often contradictory demands of their constituents, the party, interest groups, and their personal beliefs.