As opposed to pure science, which is concerned mainly with formulating and testing new hypotheses and theories, this type of science is more concerned with practical uses for scientific discoveries.

The right option is c. consumed in place of; consumed together with

A substitute is a good that is consumed in place of another good, and a complement is a good that is consumed together with another good. Substitutes serve in place of another and complements make something seem better.

Methamphetamine is neurotoxic to dopaminergic neurons in the human’s midbrain. It increases the amount of the dopamine in the brain and as a result, produces the euphoria feeling that many people experience. It is also indicated that high-dose methamphetamine use can be neurotoxic to serotonin neurons (with the potential of damaging neurons).

The structures that are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are:

The cells of multicellular organisms are different in their function, because they are structurally different, but they all agree with a common pattern.

Prokaryotic cells, like eukaryotic cells, have a plasma membrane, but lack internal membranes, which form organelles.

Main common characteristics between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:

Therefore, we can conclude that the structures that are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm.

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In a Punnett square representing a cross between two heterozygous parents for one gene, the ratio of heterozygous offspring to total offspring is 1:2, or alternatively 50%. In other words, for every four offspring produced in such a cross, two are expected to be heterozygous.

When two heterozygous parents are crossed (Bb x Bb), the possible genotypes of the offspring are BB, Bb, bB, and bb. Here, we notice that Bb and bB are actually the same genotype as the letters represent alleles from different parents but do not designate the order of alleles on the chromosome. Therefore, if we consider Bb and bB as identical, and sum the heterozygous genotypes (Bb + bB), we get two out of four possible offspring that are heterozygous. Since a Punnett square has four boxes, and each box represents an equally likely outcome, the ratio is 2 heterozygotes out of 4 total offspring, which simplifies to a 1:2 ratio (50% of the offspring). This is consistent with the Mendelian inheritance predictions for a monohybrid cross.

Saliva

Rabies virus is an infectious virus which causes rabies in human and animals. Rabies is transmitted mostly through the saliva of infected animals such as birds and bats. Transmission of the virus through the human saliva is rare. Signs and symptoms of rabies virus include fever, headache, partial paralysis, and vomiting.

The gravity of the sun affects the speed of a planet's revolution.

Revolution refers to the orbital movement of a celestial body, such as a planet, around another object, typically a star. It is the path or trajectory followed by the celestial body as it completes a full orbit around its central object.

During revolution, the celestial body maintains a relatively constant distance and orientation with respect to the central object due to the gravitational attraction between them. This orbital motion defines the planet's year or orbital period, which is the time it takes for the planet to complete one revolution. The revolution of a planet is a fundamental aspect of its motion within a solar system or galaxy.

The speed at which a planet revolves around its star, such as the sun, is primarily determined by the gravitational pull between the planet and its star. The strength of the gravitational force depends on the mass of the star and the distance between the planet and the star. According to Kepler's laws of planetary motion, planets that are closer to their star experience a stronger gravitational force, leading to higher orbital speeds.

Conversely, planets that are farther away experience a weaker gravitational force, resulting in slower orbital speeds. Therefore, the gravity of the sun directly influences the speed of a planet's revolution around it.

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Final answer:

The independent variable in Dr. Proctor's experiment is the color of the flowers, specifically whether they are red or yellow.

Explanation:

In Dr. Proctor's experiment, the independent variable is the color of the flowers, specifically whether they are red or yellow. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in order to observe its effect on the dependent variable, which is the variable being measured or observed. In this experiment, Dr. Proctor is testing whether hummingbirds will visit red flowers more or less often than yellow flowers, so the color of the flowers is the independent variable.

Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP, acting as the cell's energy producers. Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

The mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). ATP is the main energy source for the majority of cellular functions. However, it is not a long-term energy storage molecule. That's where the food we consume comes into play. When we consume food, our bodies break down the organic molecules within, releasing energy that is then converted into ATP.

Chloroplasts, on the other hand, are responsible for taking in energy from light and converting it into chemical energy via the process of photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, which drives the synthesis of glucose and other nutrients. These glucose molecules can then be used by the mitochondria to produce ATP.

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Mitochondria convert chemical energy from food into ATP, while chloroplasts convert light energy into ATP's chemical energy.

Mitochondria are responsible for the process of cellular respiration, where they use the chemical energy stored in food molecules to produce ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell.

Chloroplasts, found in plant cells, convert light energy into chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis, particularly in the light-dependent reactions where ATP is produced alongside NADPH

 A. Pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia also known as pregnancy induced hypersion or toxemia. It is a pathological condition in pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, edema and proteinuria. However, pre-eclampsia is a symptom that is associated with late pregnancy that encompasses both convulsive and non-convulsive stage.

the answer is 10 feet in total

Explanation:

For anyone who believes that the answer is "regeneration," that's incorrect.

The answer is generalized anxiety. The symptoms of this disorder is that the person tend to always expect that there is a disaster that will going to happen and also they can’t stop worrying about health, money, work, family and everything under the sun. Generalized anxiety disorder is defined by exaggerated anxiety, excessive worrying about everyday life events with no basis and obvious reasons.

The open ocean contributes greatly to the biosphere's productivity due to the massive scale of ocean ecosystems and the vital role of phytoplankton in oxygen production through photosynthesis. The ocean upwelling also redistributes nutrients, enhancing productivity.

Although the open ocean is among the least productive ecosystems, it plays a significant role in global productivity, largely due to the extent of ocean ecosystems which encompass over 70% of the Earth's surface. The ocean's vastness houses numerous species, ranging from large marine mammals to the tiniest of organisms, such as phytoplankton.

Phytoplankton are crucial for the biosphere as they release over 50% of the oxygen produced on Earth through photosynthesis. This process not only contributes to the oxygen we breathe but also forms the foundation of the marine food web. The neritic zone, with its high biodiversity and productivity, plays a significant role in supporting marine life and fisheries. However, it's the sheer scale of the open ocean that allows its contribution to overall biosphere productivity.

Moreover, phenomena such as ocean upwelling help redistribute nutrients from the ocean floor back to surface waters, aiding in the productivity of these ecosystems. Therefore, the open ocean's significant contribution to Earth's productivity can be explained by the large area it covers, the oxygen production by phytoplankton, and the mechanisms that redistribute nutrients within these aquatic systems.

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a vital role in innate immunity by identifying and destroying cells that appear abnormal or are infected, primarily through changes in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I expression. They induce apoptosis in these cells without the need for prior antigen sensitization, making them a swift response against infections and cancers.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of the innate immune response, functioning as cytotoxic lymphocytes. These NK cells patrol the body, seeking out cells that exhibit 'non-self' proteins on their membranes or that have foreign or abnormal markers indicative of infection or cellular transformation, such as that which occurs in cancer. Unlike T cells of the adaptive immune response, NK cells do not require prior sensitization to specific antigens and thus provide a rapid response to invasions or cellular abnormalities.

One way NK cells are able to discern unhealthy cells from healthy ones involves the detection of changes in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules on the surface of nucleated cells. Healthy cells present normal 'self' peptides via MHC I to the immune system, signaling their healthy state. Conversely, cells that are infected or becoming cancerous often have altered MHC I expression, which is recognized by NK cells, triggering a targeted response.

Once an NK cell identifies a potential target, they can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, within the aberrant cell. Through the release of cytotoxic granules, NK cells deliver potent molecules like perforin and granzymes, which penetrate the target cell's membrane and initiate the apoptosis cascade, leading to cell death and the removal of the threat they posed.

1. Boron has a smaller radius and the protons in carbon exert a greater pull.

2. H2O

1. Boron and carbon have the same number of electron shells, but boron has one less proton in its nucleus than carbon. This means that boron has a smaller radius than carbon due to a weaker nuclear charge, but carbon has a greater pull exerted by its protons due to a stronger nuclear charge.

2. A compound is a substance that consists of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio.

Cl2 and H2 are both molecules, but they are not compounds because they consist of only one element (chlorine and hydrogen, respectively).

He is a noble gas and exists as individual atoms, not as a compound.