Boyle's law states that gas volume is
A) directly proportional to pressure.
B) inversely proportional to pressure.
C) inversely proportional to temperature.
D) directly proportional to temperature.
E) both A and B

Answer:

The correct answer is D

Explanation:

There are 2 types of diabetes insipidus (DI):

Central: is due to lack of vasopressin hormone, it can be related to injury in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland or genetics.

Nephrogenic: is due to lack of response of the kidneys to vasopressin.

DI main symptoms are excessive urination (the urine does not contain glucose, differential diagnose vs. untreated diabetes mellitus), thirst and increased fluid intake.  

Answer:

Is characteristic of Diabetes.

Explanation:

Diabetes is a disorder in which blood sugar increases due to the fact that there is mechanism by which sugar enters the cell is somehow affected.

There are different types of this disorder, the most common ones are the following,

1. Diabetes type 1, is an autoimmune disorder in which the cells that are in charge of producing insulin are destroyed, as a consequence there is not enough insulin (responsible for allowing the glucose channels to open and transport glucose into the cell). Therefore, sugar remains in blood circulation. When glucose levels are too high, it starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.

2. Diabetes type 2, is triggered by different factors, there are genetic and environmental factors that trigger this disease. In this case, cells are 'resistant' to the insulin effect, so the body reacts by secreting more insulin. As a consequence, cells in charge of secreting insulin are overworked and at the same time, the body cells keep on increasing the resistance to insulin. There is a point in which this compensation fails to work, and blood sugar rises. When the levels become high, glucose starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.

There are more types of diabetes, such as gestational diabetes or LADA. In this cases the cause of the disease varies, but the outcome is the same, increased blood glucose levels and presence of glucose in the urine.

Answer: b. premolar

Explanation:

The primary dentition consists of twenty teeth in total. Such teeth are also known as deciduous teeth. These teeth are lost when the permanent teeth erupt. In both up and down side of the mouth, the teeth are 2 middle incisors, 2 lateral incisors, 2 canines, and 4 molars. The premolars do not erupt in the primary dentition instead they appear in the permanent set of teeth.

Answer: They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence.

Explanation:

Clinical practice guidelines are the statements that involves the recommendations which are intended to ensure the care of patients. It is intended to provide information to the patients in a systematic manner of review of evidences which gives an in-site of the benefits and harms associated with the care options. These guidelines are measurable, feasible and achievable.

Answer:c. Respiratory cavity

Explanation:

The thoracic cavity is the chamber of vertebrate body. The center region of the thoracic cavity is called as mediastinum, whereas left and right pleural cavities are adjacent to the mediastinum. The thoracic cavity does not include the respiratory cavity.

The thoracic cavity includes the left pleural cavity, the right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum, but not the respiratory cavity.

The divisions of the thoracic cavity include the left pleural cavity, the right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum, but do not include the respiratory cavity. The term 'respiratory cavity' is not standardly used in human anatomy. Instead, we refer to the areas of the lungs individually (such as the pleural cavities) or in bulk (the thoracic cavity).

The left pleural cavity and right pleural cavity contain the lungs, while the mediastinum houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures of the chest.

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Answer:

The correct answer will be-true.

Explanation:

Tooth cavity is the breakdown of the teeth due to the prolonged accumulation of the bacteria in the plaque.

The metabolically active bacteria in plaque causes demineralization in the sub-surface of the enamel in the smooth surface of the teeth. This is known as white spot lesion.

If this white spot lesion is not corrected or treated may lead to cavitated caries lesion or cavity in the teeth. This cavity can cause pain in the teeth and associated problems.

Thus, the option true is the correct answer.

Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

Tooth decay is the damage to the surface of the tooth due to the production of acids by the bacteria present in the mouth. Tooth decay may lead to the formation of a yellow to black colored cavity.

The formation of a chalky white spot lesion is the earliest sign of the demineralization of the enamel. If this lesion is not treated, the enamel continues to demineralize and can lead to the formation of a cavity.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Pacemaker cells, unlike other neurons in the body, can depolarized themselves (and therefore can fire action potentials) without the need of an external innervation of the autonomic nervous system.  

Each class of pacemaker cells has its own intrinsic rate.

For example, sinoatrial node rate is 60-100 bpm (the normal heart frequency).  

The atrioventricular node is also part of the electrical conduction system of the heart. When the sinoatrial node fails, atrioventricular node takes the lead (40-60 bpm).

Answer: A) fats.

Explanation:

The fats are the biomolecules which are essential for the survival of the living beings. These are the energy reservoirs of the body. They store energy in the body more than the carbohydrates or proteins. These fats are stored in the form of triesters, which when hydrolyzed results in the formation of the tri-alcohol glycerol and three fatty acids. This process releases energy.

Fats are the nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized, providing approximately 9 kilocalories per gram, which is more than double the energy density of carbohydrates and proteins.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are fats. Fats provide a more concentrated form of energy compared to other macronutrients, offering about 9 kilocalories per gram, which is more than twice the energy provided by both carbohydrates and proteins, which supply roughly 4 kilocalories per gram. While carbohydrates and proteins are essential for the body, fats are the most energy-dense macronutrients. This is supported by the body's ability to synthesize fat from carbohydrates, although there are three essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from the diet.

Answer:

After ovulation the secondary oocyte enters into the uterine tube. The oocyte is transported through the tube into the uterus mainly as a result of smooth muscular cells of the tubal wall rhythmic contraction.

An additional mechanism to transport the oocyte are the cilia of epithelial cells of the uterine tube, which become highly ciliated short before ovulation because of hormonal influence.

This transport through the tube usually takes 3-4 days.

Answer: True

Explanation:

At 40-60 beats per minute the cells of Artrioventicular node normally discharge and at this rate it is known as secondary pacemaker.

The electrical conducting system after this secondary pacemaker is known as Bundle of His. The right and left branches along with the Purkinje Fibres will produce action potential at the rate of 30 to 40 per minutes.

The failure of SA and AV node both fails then the cells becomes pacemaker.

Answer:

The correct option is 'E': Alveoli.

Explanation:

The respiratory system consists of following passages:

When we inhale air from our nose it the air flows into nasal cavity from the nose where the nasal mucous acts as a filter of air.Next the air moves into pharynx  where the air is passed into a tube called as trachea. The air is prevented to enter esophagus by a flap called epiglottis.

The air from trachea is then directed to primary bronchi into left and the right lung and then to  secondary bronchi and then to tertiary bronchi, each acting as a branch of the preceding section. The tertiary bronchi further divide into bronchioles at whose ends sacs of thin membrane surrounded by blood capillaries are present. These sacs are termed as alveoli and it is at this place the transfer of gases occurs between air and the blood.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the alveoli.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are alveoli. The alveoli are tiny air sacs that are found at the end of the respiratory bronchioles, and they are surrounded by a network of capillaries. It is in the alveoli that oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released.

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Answer:

The correct answer is a. True

Explanation:

The red blood cells in humans are originated in bone marrow and are called erythrocytes. It's main function is to carry oxygen to the tissue. It has biconcave shape. It contains a protein named hemoglobin which can bind to oxygen present in the lungs and carry to other organs of the body.

Red blood cells lack nucleus and is produced by a process called erythropoiesis in bone marrow. In this stem cells converts into erythrocytes with in 7 days and released into circulation where it lives about 80-120 days after that they are destroyed in spleen by spleenic macrophages.

Answer: I agree with the autor

Explanation:

When we use the metric system we have more security of everything that we are doing. For example: In health when you go to the doctor and he prescribes you some medicine you have to take the exact amount of each medicine so you can get better.  If you go to another country with the prescribtion they will know the exact amount of medicine that yo are taking because the metric system its known all over the world.

The metric system is used around the world to avoid mistakes, imagine that you are going into surgery and your doctor has to make a procedure on your skin and has to cut 3 inches from a tumor that you have, but the doctor gets sick and this day another doctor from other country has to make the surgery, he will probably make a mistake because inches its unit different that the one used in many countries.  

Answer:

The correct answer is B.

Explanation:

Cholesterol desmolase, also known as side-chain cleavage enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, which is the limiting step in steroid synthesis.

This enzyme is of the family cytochrome P450, the specific gene for this enzyme is CYP11A1.

Answer:

b

Explanation:

Desmolase

Answer:

A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

Explanation:

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and are lipids, therefore they cannot be transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. They are associated with transport proteins to travel in blood.

Because they are lipids, they can diffuse through cell membranes, and once inside the target cell they bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or the nucleus and alter gene expression.

Steroid hormones are lipids that can diffuse into cells and bind to receptors in the nucleus. They are not proteins, they are not dissolved in the plasma, and they tend to remain in the bloodstream for relatively longer time periods.

Steroid hormones are lipids synthesized from cholesterol. These hormones include sex hormones and stress hormones, among others. Some key points about them are:

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Answer:

The correct answer is option - C. digitalis.

Explanation:

Cardiac glycosides are the organic compounds that help in increasing the rate of contraction and output of force of the heart. The mechanism of these compounds acts on the sodium-potassium pump of cells.

Digitalis is the cardiac glycoside that is used in heart-related problems and regulates the rhythm of heart rate. These are advised to give to provide with ACEi for blood pressure regulation in the body.

Thus, the correct answer is option -  C. digitalis.

Answer:

1. Trachea

2. Main bronchi

3. Lobar bronchi

4. Segmental bronchi

5. Smaller bronchi

6. Bronchioles

7. Respiratory bronchioles

8. Terminal bronchioles

9. Alveolar ducts

10. Alveoli

Explanation:

The bronchial tree begins with the trachea and branches into smaller ducts that eventually lead the air to the alveoli, where oxygen performs the gas exchange with carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood.

The trachea branches into the main bronchi, each one branches into the lobar bronchi (the bronchi that enters into the lungs) in the left lobe we found two lobar bronchi and in the right lobe three lobar bronchi, each lobar bronchi divides further into segmental bronchi, which branches into smaller bronchi, these branch more and more into small conducts named bronchioles until they reach the alveoli (tiny air bags at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are in contact with the capillaries for gas exchange)

Answer:

D.  Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Explanation:

During inspiration, incoming air travels through the following structures, in which order?

Bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, alveoli

Alveoli, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, trachea

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Answer:

Considering these as two questions with the same purpose of answering if they are true, or false, these would be the answers and explanations:

1. Steorid hormones are stored and then released in large quantities into the blood?, the answer would be: False. Steroid hormones, given their excitatory function, are usually not stored and simply released in large quantities into the blood steam. Rather, they will be produced as the different systems, especially the reproductive system, requires them, and will be released when nerve signals initiate the process of release of them, especially during puberty, when they are most needed, and later on, during reproductive life. But these are not released in great quantities, nor are they stored. They are produced as needed.

2. Sperm is stored and matures in the epididymis, this is True. Sperm is usually produced by the testis, the male reproductive organs per se. However, these sperm are still in need of maturation, and this they achieve in the epididymis, especially in the head and body of this organ that sits atop the testis. As the sperm matures, they move towards the tail of the epididymis, and are stored there for use.

Answer:

The correct answer is - efferent arterioles.

Explanation:

The afferent arterioles are the vessels that bring the blood to the glomerulus and their blood filtered and the substance that is not filtered into the renal corpuscles and tubules such as amino acids, RBC and other large molecules are directed to the efferent arterioles.

Efferent arterioles are the vessels that carry the blood and substances that are not filtered from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries to VESA-recta and ultimately to vena ceva.

Thus, the correct answer is option - efferent arterioles.

Answer:

The best answer for the question: Gonadal dysgenesis that results in XY females occurs because of which of the following?, would be, D: Duplication of SOX9 0n chromosome 17.

Explanation:

Sexual differentiation is a pretty complex balance between genetics that can be offset given the right circumstances. Essentially, human males should carry the chromosomal combination XY, while females should have the XX combination. And the reproductive organs that evolve from this chromosomal combination, should be accordingly (known as sexual phenotype). However, this is not always the case and there have been cases of males with XX combinations and females with XY. Essentially, what this means is that, given the mutations that are caused by these gene combinations, and the coding proteins that they produce, a person´s genetic sex may not be coherent with the phenotype. In women who present the abnormal combination of XY, and tus present with what is known as gonadal dysgenesis (organs do not express genetic sex), the reason for this comes from the presence of the SRY gene, typical in the XY combination. The presence of this gene will activate the sex-determinant SRY-box9, better known as SOX9, which has the capacity to, if present, cause sex reversal, even in XX females.

Answer:

The correct answer is - exogenous stain.

Explanation:

Exogenous stains are the intrinsic stains that affect teeth from inside as stain formed inside due to the external sources. In this type of stain, it formed after a tooth has erupted. These stains can occur when the very inner part known as dentin is turned dark or yellowish.

These stains can not be polished and removed. These can occur if an individual has plaque or calculus in the tooth.

Thus, the correct answer is - exogenous stain.

Answer:

The answer to the question: The "zona reticularis" of the adrenal cortex produces:___, would be, A: Androgens.

Explanation:

The adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal, are glands that sit atop the kidneys and are central to the production of several hormones that mediate on metabolism, sexual characteristics and reproduction activities, among many others. The two glands, one on each kidney, has a very particular shape, and both are divided into the following layers: adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex is further divided into three layers itself: glomerulosa, fasciculata and finally, the innermost is known as the zona reticularis. This particular layer produces androgens, most important of which is androstenedione (precursor for testosterone) and DHEA. These hormones will later move on to the gonads where they will be activated.

Answer:

The correct answer to the question: The secretion of most hormones is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism system:___, would be, B: false.

Explanation:

The production of hormones, and their activities, is a very strictly controlled one. Because of the functions they perform, which is to stimulate organ activities, in order to fulfill a duty, sometimes the release of them can become too much, and if this happened, problems could also arise. This is why, most hormonal mechanisms in the human body are kept on what is known as a negative-feedback loop, with a very few exceptions. As such, almost all hormonal production processes will stop once a certain level has been reached, and the organs themselves will send off messages to the producing ones to stop. This what is known as the negative mechanism loop, and it is why the assumption in this question is wrong.

Answer:

The answer to the question: The nephron uses counter-current exchange between the Loop of Henle and peritubular capillaries to reabsorb glucose back into the blood as this is why glucose should not be found in the urine:___, is, false.

Explanation:

The process of urine processing as filtrate goes through a nephron´s different portions, is pretty complex, but fascinating. Initially, water, certain substances as glucose, sodium, and others, pass through the glomerulus intoo the PCT (Proximal convoluted tubule) where the initial filtrate is formed. This filtrate will then move through other portions to be added to, and substracted from, on different elements, until finally, at the very end, urine is produced. However, one molecule that is reabsorbed early in this process of filtrate production, is glucose. Glucose should not be usually present in urine, unless there has been a huge consumption of it and transporters in the PCT cannot deal with the amount being filtered, or there is a condition like diabetes mellitus. It is in the PCT that glucose reabsorption is done, together with sodium ions. This is why the answer to the statement is false.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. 12.5

Explanation:

Human pharynx is about 12.5 cm long and is divided into three parts nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. It starts from behind the nose joins to the food pipe(oesophagus). It provide passage for food and air.

Nasopharynx: It makes the upper part of pharynx which connects nose to mouth. Nasopharynx is separated from oropharynx by a soft palate present behind the nose. Nasopharynx helps in breathing.

Oropharynx: The middle part of pharynx is called oropharynx. Our oral cavity descends into it and tonsils are present either side of it. It helps in movement of food from mouth to oesophagus.

Laryngopharynx: It is the lower part of pharynx and opens into the food pipe and it also guide air into the larynx.

The pharynx is divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The middle section, the oropharynx, is the part that is located behind the mouth and serves as a passageway for both food and air.

The oropharynx is the anatomical division of the pharynx lying behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below. The pharynx is divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. The central section is the oropharynx, which acts as a route for both air and food. It starts from the end of the nasopharynx, extends to the hyoid bone level, and is continuous below the laryngopharynx. When we swallow, the food moves from the mouth into the oropharynx and then into the esophagus.

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Answer: b. False

Explanation:

The one repetition maximum or (1RM) test is a test which is used to measure the strength capacity of the individuals typically in a non-laboratory environment. It is define as the maximum weight that an individual can lift only with one repetition and with the use of the correct technique. This is basically done to check the strength capacities, strength imbalances and also to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular training programmes.  

It can be tested on large varieties of populations that actually range from children aged 6 years and more, middle aged patients those are suffering from coronary heart disease.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. IgM

Explanation:

IgM is the first class of antibody which is produced by the body during primary response to antigen. IgM is the largest antibody and is present on the surface of B lymphocytes.

It controls the activation of B-cell and is released by B cell in the circulation to provide first line of defense to the body against any infection. It is a pentameric antibody found in the blood and due to pentameric in nature it has high avidity for antigen binding and processing.

It is responsible for agglutination reaction and protect us from viral and bacterial infection. It consists about 5-10% of total antibodies present in the body.

Answer:

The human body requires a pretty unique balance, a very strict balance at that, between acidity and alkalinity. This means that the body has a series of mechanisms that will ensure that our entire system is constantly kept between the ranges of 7.35 and 7.45 of acidity and alkalinity. If ever the scale should tip either below 7.35, or above, 7.45, then we would be talking about an imbalance in the acid-base system and we would be facing serious problems. Given this explanation, the answers would be thus:

1. The normal acid-base balance is when the ratio of carbonic acid (represented in presence of CO2 molecules in blood) to bicarbonate ions, is 20:1. This means that the body´s pH is precisely between the range of 7.35 and 7.45. However, when the ratio above changes, and the number of molecules of CO2 rise, tiping the scale, and the pH goes below 7.35, we are talking about a respiratory acidosis. When we are talking that either bicarbonate is not being produced in enough quantities, or not produced at all to lower the pH of the blood, and other acidic metabolites are being added to the bloodstream further lowering pH, then we are talking about a metabolic acidosis. On the other end, if the levels of CO2 are too low because they are being released by a rapid breathing, and oxygen levels are too high, the blood becomes too alkaline and we will be talking about respiratory alkalosis. Also, when bicarbonate ions are produced in massive quantities, upsetting the scale of 20:1 with respect to CO2 levels, and furthermore, the urine starts excreting both H+ ions and bicarbonate, we are talking about metabolic alkalosis.

2. As said, the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid must remain within 20:1, otherwise a person´s alkaline-acid balace will be upset. If either the bicarbonate to carbonic acid, or the pH, in the body are altered in any way, the body will activate both respiratory and metabolic mechanisms to restore the balance. If this is not achieved, then outside help will be required and the person will show the symptoms that will allow professionals to know what is going on, and how to turn it back to its normal balance.