Answer: Option B.
Carbohydrate loading involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event.
Explanation:
Carbohydrate loading is a method used by endurance athletes to increase their glycogen (energy level) storage in the muscles and livers by changing their diets and physical exercises. This is done a week before an endurance activity and it is my increasing the intake of Carbohydrates by 8 to 12 kilogram by weight of the body. This give you more energy to compete for physical activity with less fatigue for a long period of time as we know that physical activity requires energy.
It is very rare to observe adaptive genetic differences between human populations (as was demonstrated in this paper). Why might this be the case? Brainstorm as many reasons as you can think of.
Genetic human adaptations are specific according to the environments which make it rare.
Explanation:
The variations in humans that increases the selection process in a particular environment is considered as Adaptations. There are various biological adaptations that depend on the time length. The type of adaptation depends on the presence of ‘stressor’ in environment. In genetic adaptation, the stressor remains constant and can last for generations.
The example of such adaptation is the – sickle allele cell in the population of human. It might be kept in mind that genetic adaptation is specific environment dependent. In this case a specific gene can be advantageous and detrimental too in different environments. This make its variations very rare.
Pepsin is an antibacterial agent that kills some bacteria. Protease breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Lipase breaks down proteins in the small intestine. Mucus protects the stomach lining from digestive secretions.a) trueb) false
Answer:
False,False,False,True
Explanation:
Pepsin is an antibacterial agent that kills some bacteria False.
Protease breaks down lipids into fatty acid and glycerol False.
Lipase breaks down proteins in the small intestine False.
Mucus protects the stomach from digestive secretion True.
Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug that inhibits the pump responsible for active reabsorption of Na and Cl in the nephron loop. Which of the following is one of the common side effects of furosemide?
a. hypernatermia due to increased Na resorbtion
b. hypertension
c. excessive water resorption in the kidneys
d. uncreased natriuresis (Na loss)
Answer:
The correct answer is d unceased natriuresis.
Explanation:
Furosemide is used as drug for the treatment of diuresis. Furosemide helps to inhibit the protein pump that helps in the active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the loop of henle of nephron.
This ultimately result in the loss of excess sodium ions from the body which leads to natriuresis.
You cross a plant that makes smooth peas with a plant that makes wrinkled peas (rr). If half of the offspring from that cross are smooth and half are wrinkled, what is the genotype of the smooth pea producing parent plant?
Answer:
Rr
Explanation:
This cross is a typical example of a test cross. A test cross is a cross between a heterozygous F1 progeny (different alleles) and a homozygous recessive parent in order to determine the actual genotype of the dominant parent i.e. whether homozygous or heterozygous dominance. In a test cross, if any of the offsprings show a recessive phenotype, it means the dominant parent is heterozygous
In this case, the allele for smooth pea (R) is dominant over that of wrinked pea (r).
If a cross between a smooth pea plant and a wrinkled pea plant gave rise to 50% phenotypical wrinkled pea plants (rr genotype, because the wrinkled shape can only express itself if it is in a homozygous state), it means that the smooth pea parent plant is heterozygous for pea shape (Rr) i.e. the allele for smooth shape was masking that of wrinkled shape in the smooth pea parent plant.
If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?
A) A and D
B) B and D
C) B and C
D) D and E
Answer:
The right answer is D) D and E
Explanation:
All the organisms are classified into seven major groups or there are seven levels of classification in which organisms are divided. These are Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
So here kingdom is the highest level of classification and species is the lowest level of classification. So as we move from kingdom towards species the homology increase and if we move from lower to higher level the homology between organism decreases.
So as the order is at the lower level than class therefore organisms in class will show the greatest degree of structural homology therefore D and E would be expected to show higher structural homology.
If natural selection over the time period of Eukaryote evolution has favored a DNA architecture in Eukaryotes that keeps genes turned off except when needed, this structure would be _____.
Answer:
If natural selection over the time period of Eukaryote evolution has favored a DNA architecture in Eukaryotes that keeps genes turned off except when needed, this structure would be nucleosomes.
Explanation:
The nucleosome is the fundamental unit of "packaging" of eukaryotic DNA. This structure contains chromatin, which is a fundamental substance of the cell nucleus and consists of the combination of DNA with proteins. In eukaryotic cells the structure of chromatin is the organization in which DNA is presented in the cell nucleus, and is responsible for masking (protecting) certain sequences, while allowing free access to identical ones. Local chromatin has effects on gene expression, forming special structures that actively bring amplifiers closer to promoters. The active or open chromatin may contain regulatory sequences, promoters, transcribed sequences and regions bound to insulating chromatin proteins. Heterochromatin is a chromatin that is usually located in the vicinity of the nuclear envelope, here genes that are not normally expressed are located, although there are portions of DNA in the constitutive heterochromatin that are transcribed.
This group of enzymes digests the majority of ingested fat.
a. pancreatic lipases.
b. pepsin and stomach acid.
c. bile salts.
d. lingual lipases.
Answer:
Option A
Explanation:
Undigested fats include all those fatty acid and lipids which do not have the ability to dissolve in water. This inability makes them difficult elements for digestion. All this undigested fat accumulates and reaches the intestine for digestion as globs. Globs are emulsified by the bile salts and are broken down into smaller fat droplets. The smaller fat droplets have large surface area and hence now they can be acted upon by the fat-digesting enzyme pancreatic lipase. Thus, the first set of enzymes that act upon the undigested fats in the intestine are pancreatic lipase
Hence, option A is correct
The enzymes that digest the majority of ingested fat are pancreatic lipases.
Explanation:The enzyme group that digests the majority of ingested fat is pancreatic lipases. These enzymes are produced and secreted by the pancreas and work primarily in the small intestine, where they break down dietary fats into simpler compounds like fatty acids and glycerol. This is an essential part of the digestion and absorption process for fats in our diet. The option pepsin and stomach acid refers to the digestion of proteins in the stomach, while bile salts are produced in the liver and help to emulsify fats, preparing them for digestion by lipases. The lingual lipases, meanwhile, are secreted by the salivary glands and start the digestion of fats in the mouth, but their contribution to overall fat digestion is relatively minor.
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While you are at the store you see a young child climb onto a motorcycle arcade game and the child eagerly begins to press the acceleration and attempts to steer the motorcycle. At first the child thinks they are in control but as the seconds pass and they realize that they are just watching the game demo. Which brain region helped the child detect the discrepancy between what they were doing and what the motorcycle on the screen was doing
Answer:
Inferior Parietal Cortex.
Explanation:
Inferior parietal cortex lies horizontally on intraparietal sulcus and lower part on the central sulcus. Inferior parietal lobule is also known as Geschwind’s territory.
This area of brain is mainly involved in the perception of emotion in the facial stimuli and the sensory information interpretation. Inferior Parietal Cortex is involved in the body image, language, mathematical operation and information sensing. This area of brain is also involved to distinguish between the discrepancy.
Thus, the correct answer is inferior parietal cortex.
Investigators interested in studying the activation of apoptosis inject cytochrome c into the cytosol of two types of mammalian cells: cells that are normal and cells in which Bak and Bax have been inactivated by mutation.
How would these cells be predicted to respond?
Answer: Both cell types will undergo apoptosis
Explanation:
cytochrome C functions in the mitochondria and plays an important role in the synthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). When a cell receives an apoptosis stimulus Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria into the cystol to activate caspase cascade thereby committing the cell to the death process. Cytochrome C triggers programmed cell death through apoptosis. Cytochrome C release is caused by swelling of the mitochondrial matrix.
How does the plasma membrane control what goes in and out of the cell
Answer: pumps, passive and active transport.
Explanation:
The plasma membrane separate the cell from external environmental, it is selectively permeable.
The plasma membrane is made of lipid bilayer. Only lipid soluble molecules can diffuse through the lipid layer. Water and ions are impermeable and require carrier mediated transport.The plasma membrane also contain integral protein that control the entry and exit of polar molecules and ions through transport mechanism.
Transport mechanism are
1. Passive transport
2. Active transport
3. Pumps
The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell through selective permeability and processes like passive and active transport. Additionally, it contains protein channels and carrier proteins that assist in the transfer of specific molecules.
Explanation:The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, controls what enters and leaves the cell through its selective permeability. This means it only allows certain substances to cross it. This is achieved through various processes including passive transport (like diffusion and osmosis), where substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration; and active transport, where the cell uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. Moreover, the plasma membrane also has protein channels and carrier proteins that assist in the tranportation of specific molecules.
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Place the organizational levels of the ecosystem in order from most basic to most complex (base to entire system). The simplest will be on the left and the most complex on the right. Organism, Community, Population, Ecosystem Organism, Population, Ecosystem, Community Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem
Answer: The organizational levels of the ecosystem from the basic on the left to complex;
Organism, population, community, ecosystem.
Explanation:
Organizational levels of the ecosystem show the order of level from basic to complex. It start from;
1. Organism refers to singular specie.
2. population is the total number of species occupying a geological area.
3. Community refers to group of populations of different species interacting and living together in an area.
4. Ecosystem is a community of different living species interacting with their abiotic environment.
Dispersion patterns tend to be highly dependent on the spatial scale of the observer. For example, football players lined up on the scrimmage line are clumped at the scale of 100 yards but uniformly dispersed at the scale of a meter. An example of animals that are likely to be clumped at a large scale but uniformly distributed at a small scale is:____________
Answer:
Explanation: red squirrels, who actively defend territories
Ant nests in an abandoned field
Buffalo grazing on a prairie
Bluegills swimming in a northern lake
In sexual selection, individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to obtain mates than other individuals. This often results in ____ _____, differences between the sexes in size, appearance and behavior
Answer:
Sexual dimorphism.
Explanation:
Sexual selection may be defined as the mode of natural selection in which the species choose its mate and prevent the other's individual mating. This provide better reproductive success in nature.
The sexual selection depends upon the attractive colors, size and behavior of other partner. The sexual selection results in sexual dimorphism as the male and female of the species can be easily distinguished. Their mating organ, behavior are different in opposite sexes.
Thus, the correct answer is sexual dimorphism.
The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil has birdlike features such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx?a. teeth in the jawsb. claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands"c. long, bony tail
Answer:
-teeth in the jaws
-claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands"
-long, bony tail
Explanation:
Most of the reptiles have teeth on the jaw bone or broad teeth that make up their jaw.
A claw can be described as a curved appendage which can either be found at the end of fingers. This feature is common in reptiles.
The animals present in the reptiles group have known to possess tails. Usually, the tails are long in size
Hence, all these characteristics can be considered as reptilian characteristics.
Explain how twin studies were used to note the differences in the brain between people who have this diagnoses and the co-twins who do not. (What looks different about the brains of the twins where only one had the disease?
Answer:
The studies of monozygotic or identical twins are used to analyze the degree of genetic influence versus the environmental contribution on a specific pathology, this is because monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, meanwhile the dizygotic twins share only the 50% of their genes, approximately.
The studies conducted on twins are a special type of epidemiological study because this relation allows the researchers to evaluate and compare the influence of genetic and environmental variables.
Explanation:
Researchers have conducted twin’s studies to discuss the “nature and nurture” question, it is well known that genetics are associated with the environmental factors to produce the human individualities.
However, the twin studies are a perfect model to evaluate the shared genetic and environmental factors for the trait of interest; in addition, it can help to estimate the proportion of variance in a particular genetic variation versus the amount of influence of shared or unshared environment. It also can reduce the amount of genetic and/or environmental variability in a genetic study.
Sahu, M., & Prasuna, J. G. (2016). Twin studies: A unique epidemiological tool. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 41(3), 177.
Dna damage signaling processes are essential for regulating the ________ transition within the cell cycle.
Answer:
DNA damage signaling processes are essential foe regulating the G0 transition within the cell cycle.
Explanation:
Cell cycle is a process which prepares a cell for division.Cell cycle has various phases G0 phase,G1 phase,S phase,G2 phase and M phase.Each phase is specialized for its particular function.
Every phases of a cell cycle is under tight regulation of various proteins and this regulation is very much important to maintain the normal level of principle constituents of a cell.
DNA damage is detected by G1 cyclin CDK protein which transit the cell containing the damaged DNA into the G0 phase or quiescent phase for repair and if the damage cannot be repaired then the cell containing damaged DNA is targeted for destruction by ubiquitin pathway.
The reclamation of a sanitary landfill occurs _______. A. after the cells have been compacted B. before the clay liner is installed C. after the landfill is capped D. before the landfill is capped E. after the clay liner is installed
Answer: option D
Reclamation of sanitary landfills occurs before the land fills is capped.
Explanation:
Reclamation of sanitary landfills is a method use to expand the municipal solid wastes sanitary landfill capacity so as to avoid high cost of purchasing another land.
Sanitary landfills is an area of land where wastes is allow to decompose or degraded chemically, physically and biologically until it is safe.
This reclamation is done before the landfills is capped so as to avoid high cost of getting another land.
Suppose a woman with a continuous hairline and short fingers and a man with a widow’s peak and long fingers have three children. One child has short fingers and a widow’s peak, one has long fingers and a widow’s peak, and one has long fingers and a continuous hairline. What are the genotypes of the parents
Answer:
The women has a genotype of hhff and the man has a genotype of HhFf
Explanation:
From the results of the children we can see that widows peak and long fingers are dominant because it has the majority in the family. The question is are the parents homozygous dominant. The are not. They are heterozygous because if they were homozygous they wouldn’t be able to have any recessive genes transfer to the children
Relate restriction enzymes to recombinant DNA
Answer:
Read the explanation section.
Explanation:
Restriction enzymes basically used in genetic engineering. Particularly in recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes have two properties, which are very much useful in recombinant DNA technology.
First, they cut DNA into fragments or small pieces. This cutting is done to make the size of the DNA into a suitable one for cloning purposes.
Second, many restriction enzymes make staggered cuts that create single-stranded glutinous ends. These ends are favorable to the formation of recombinant DNA.
Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific recognition sites, allowing fragments of DNA to be spliced into another DNA molecule to create recombinant DNA. DNA ligase is used to join the cut DNA fragments together and create the final recombinant DNA molecule.
Explanation:Restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, play a crucial role in the field of recombinant DNA technology. They are naturally occurring bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites, which are usually palindromic sequences. These enzymes create fragments of DNA that can be spliced into another DNA molecule to form recombinant DNA. DNA ligase, on the other hand, is an enzyme that joins the cut DNA fragments together to create the recombinant DNA molecule.
An experiment is designed to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted alone or with clover. The design calls for 3 pans of each treatment. Pans A, B, and C contain only wheat. Pans D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted in alternating rows. Each pan contains a total of 100 seeds. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Use the passage in red to complete the following statement: The treatments planted with only wheat are the A. sample sizeB. The controlC. environmental variableD. null hypothesis
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Usually in scientific experiments, at least one parameter is checked; here, the growth rate of wheat in two different conditions is being evaluated.
Hence, growth rate of wheat alone in pans A, B and C becomes the standard or referential control against which the experimental control (Wheat + clover) in pans D, E and F is evaluated, since both treatments are exposed to the same external conditions.
I hope this helps
How would being able to detect damaged members of a prey species be beneficial to individual prey?
Predators often target damaged or weaker individuals in a prey species, leading to higher survival rates for the fittest members. Batesian mimicry—where harmless species mimic the warning colors of harmful ones—is an example of how species evade predation.
Explanation:Being able to detect damaged members of a prey species would be beneficial to individual prey as it would decrease loss through predation. Predators often target weaker or injured individuals as they are easier to catch. This could lead to an increase in survival rates of those who are healthy and fit.
For instance, some predators learn to avoid consuming particular prey due to their coloration. Other species have adapted to mimic this coloration to evade being consumed, even though they might not taste unpleasant or carry harmful toxins. This phenomenon is known as Batesian mimicry, where a benign species imitates the warning coloration of a dangerous one. As long as they share the same predators, this strategy serves to safeguard the harmless species. Many insect species mimic the coloration of wasps or bees, which are stinging, venomous insects, thereby discouraging predation.
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Before Muller's discovery that radiation induces mutation, scientists had to work on mutations that were found solely by phenotype differences in natural populations. Which of the features of Drosophila made it a fortuitous choice for Morgan and his colleagues?
A) having a long life cycle
B) especially high rate of mutation
C) large number of easily visible phenotypes
D) well-known biochemical pathways
E) the number of genes with only two alleles
Answer:
C) Large number of easily visible phenotypes
Explanation:
Drosophilia have large number of phenotypes, for instance have a look on different phenotypes for eye colour :
brown cinnabar garnet-2 purple rose rosy scarlet sepia vermilion white white-apricot white-eosinMany mutations can be harmful. A mutation that causes a protein not to fold correctly or a specific protein not be produced can cause a cell's growth cycle to spin out of control causing cancer. However, some mutations can be beneficial. Give a specific example of a mutation that is beneficial, and a general explanation of how it is so.
Answer: Apolipoprotein Al-milano( Apo Aim)
Explanation: Apo Aim is a mutant version of the protein Apolipoprotein Al or Apo al, this mutant protein Apo Aim is more effective than Apo Al at removing cholesterol from cell and desolving arterial plaque and also functions as anti oxidants.
In order to determine if individuals from separate populations are indeed distinct species, Drosophila biologists often test to see if individuals from different populations will mate with each other. This is an application of the ________ species concept.
Answer:
Biological species contest.
Explanation:
Different species concept are introduced to describe the exact definition and classification of species. Some species concept are biological species contest, morphological species concept and ecological species contest.
According to biological species contest, the group of individual that can breed among themselves and not with the other group. Here, the Drosophila species has been classified by the biologist depending on their mating ability to their group of individual only.
Thus, the answer is biological species contest.
Centrifuge is usually used to separate the various components in a whole blood. One intends to separate the red blood cells from the plasma in a sample of whole blood in a centrifuge of radius 0.350 m. If the mass of the red blood cell is 3.00 X 10-16 kg and the necessary force to separate the red blood cell from the plasma is 4.12 X 10-11 N, what is the angular speed the centrifuge should be operated?
Answer:
1084.94 rad/s
Explanation:
The force exerted in any circular motion is given by
[tex]F = \frac{mv^2}{r}[/tex]
Where m is the mass of the mass of the body
v is the speed of the body and
r is the radius of the circular path
F is the centrifugal force
Substituting the given values in above equation, we get
[tex]4.12 * 10^{-11} = \frac{3 * 10^{-16}^ v^2}{0.350}\\v = \sqrt{\frac{4.12 * 10^{-11} * 0.350}{3 * 10^{-16}} } \\v = 379.73[/tex] m/s
For calculating angular velocity, "v" is to be divided by "r"
Angular velocity is equal to
[tex]\frac{379.73}{0.35} \\1084.94[/tex] rad/s
The Hawaiian Islands are riding on the Pacific Plate as it moves northwest. They are being formed as the plate moves over a hot spot in the mantle. Where is the next volcano likely to form?
Answer:
I believe it would form at point D, because the volcanoes are already formed on the oldest islands so, if new ones are forming, it would lead me to believe that it would form towards the youngest mountains. I hope this helps.
Explanation:
The next volcano is likely to form at point D since it's the youngest island.
A volcano simply means a rupture in the crust of the Earth which allows hot lava, gases, and volcanic ash to escape below the surface.
Based on the diagram, the next volcano is likely to form at point D since it's the youngest island. Also, the volcanoes are already formed on the oldest islands. Therefore, the next volcano will form on the youngest island.
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What organisms usually cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) in older men in conjunction with prostatic hypertrophy?
Answer: Escherichia coli bacteria cause urinary tract infection in older men
Explanation:
A urinary tracts infection is an infection around the urinary systems like bladder, kidneys and urethra. It is majorly caused by Escherichia coli bacteria in older men. It can be treated by medical professional when diagonised. This infection is common in men of 50 years upward.
Prostrate hypertrophy is an infection of the prostrate gland that cause enlargement of prostrate gland making urine difficult. The disease is age associated, it is found in older men of 50years upward. It is caused by bacteria.
Which of the following statements is a correct explanation for the observation that all offspring exhibit a phenotype for a particular trait that appears to be a blend of the two parental varieties?
A) The genes for the trait are recessive in both of the parents.B) The genes for the trait are dominant in both of the parents.C) The genes are linked and do not separate during meiosis.D) Neither of the parental genes is dominate over the other.
Answer:
D) Neither of the parental genes is dominate over the other.
Explanation:
Since the trait on the offspring is a mixture from both parent, it means that neither of the alleles from both parents is completely dominant over the other. Instead, each of the alleles contributes equally to the trait of the offspring.
This effectively explains the fact that each trait exhibited by offspring is a blend of the traits from the two parents.
The correct option is D.
Bread production involves the production of carbon dioxide bubbles to make the bread dough rise. These carbon dioxide bubbles occur as a result of yeast cells undergoing ___.
A. alcoholic fermentation
B. cellular respiration
C. anaerobic respiration
D. lactic acid fermentation
Answer:
The correct answer will be- Alcoholic fermentation.
Explanation:
Alcoholic fermentation is one of the complex set of anaerobic reactions which takes place in certain micro-organisms.
The process of alcoholic fermentation converts the glucose into ethanol which is performed in two steps.
Glycolysis converts the glucose to the form two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP. The pyruvic acid is then converted to ethanol and two molecules of carbon dioxide. The formation of carbon dioxide allows the dough to rise and thus the selected option is the correct answer.
Certain mutations in the regulator gene of the lac system in E. coli result in maximal synthesis of the lac proteins (β-galactosidase, etc.) even in the absence of the inducer (lactose). Provide an explanation for this observation.
Answer:
Certain mutations in the repressor gene or operator sequence make the operon constitutive.
Explanation:
Lac operon is not expressed in the absence of lactose sugar. The repressor gene codes for the repressor protein which in turn binds to the operator region. The operator region of lac operon serves as a binding site for the repressor protein. Binding of repressor to the operator region of lac operon does not allow the RNA polymerase to transcribe the genes and the expression of operon is prevented.
Certain mutations in the repressor gene or operator sequence make the operon transcriptionally active even in the absence of lactose. A mutation in the repressor gene that results in the synthesis of non-functional repressor protein or no repressor protein would make the operon constitute. Similarly, a mutation in the operator sequence that does not allow an otherwise functional repressor protein to bind it would also result in the expression of the operon in the absence of lactose.
In E. coli, mutations in the lacI gene can lead to a faulty repressor or the absence of repressor production, causing constitutive expression of lac operon genes, thus allowing the synthesis of lac proteins without the inducer lactose.
Certain mutations in the regulator gene of the lac operon can lead to the maximal synthesis of lac proteins in E. coli even without lactose, the usual inducer. The regulator gene, or lacI, normally produces an active repressor protein that binds to the operator region and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the lac operon genes when lactose is absent. When lactose is present, it is converted to allolactose, which binds to the repressor, altering its shape and preventing it from binding to the operator.
Mutations in the lacI gene can create a repressor protein that does not bind effectively to the operator, or none at all, leading to constitutive expression of the lac operon. Therefore, the usual regulatory control is lost, and the genes for lactose metabolism (eta-galactosidase, permease, and transacetylase) are expressed at high levels regardless of lactose presence.