Describe how mitochondria and atp are related to cellular respiration.

Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids, and 9 of them are essential.

Essential amino acids are those that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained from the diet. Non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body.

The 9 essential amino acids are:

The other 11 amino acids are non-essential.

The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function. Proteins are essential for many biological processes, including growth, repair, and metabolism.

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The units that can be used to express electrical energy is :

Volt, ampere and seconds ( i.e. volt*ampere*seconds )

Electrical energy is power contained in a charged particle that results in an action been carried out. it is generated by the movement of electrons between atoms.

The S.I unit of electrical energy is Joule and 1 Joule is can be calculated as:

1 Joule = 1 voltage * 1 current * time ( in seconds )

            = 1 Volt * 1 ampere * 1 second

hence the combination of units that can be used to express electrical energy aside its' S I unit ( Joule ) is ;  volt*ampere*seconds

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The Milky Way will collide with Andromeda in 3 billion years forming an elliptical galaxy

The major circulating form of vitamin D that has a half-life of about 3 weeks is 25(OH)D or calcidiol. It is created when vitamin D is transformed in the liver and is primarily used by the body to maintain healthy bones and a strong immune system.

The major circulating form of vitamin D with a half-life of approximately 3 weeks is 25(OH)D, also known as calcidiol. This form of vitamin D is created in the liver when vitamin D, which can be acquired through skin exposure to sunlight or ingested through food and supplements, is transformed. It is primarily carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys where it's transformed into 1,25(OH)D₂ (calcitriol), a biologically active form of vitamin D.

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in several physiological processes including the absorption of calcium in the intestines, maintaining healthy bones, and immune system function. Low levels of vitamin D can lead to illnesses like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, both caused by bone deterioration.

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Final answer:

The smell of the Axe body spray, which caused Laura's heart to race after being associated with Luke's kiss (an unconditioned stimulus that naturally increased her heart rate), is identified as c. conditioned stimulus.

Explanation:

When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Axe body spray. Whenever Laura smelled Axe body spray, her heart raced. The smell of the body spray was the conditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus is something that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the kiss, which naturally increases heart rate), comes to trigger a conditioned response (increased heart rate). Therefore, the correct answer is c. conditioned stimulus.

Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It's key to understand that the unconditioned stimulus elicits a natural reaction without prior conditioning, whereas a conditioned stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. This concept has been pivotal in understanding how organisms learn from their environment.

Enterotoxin is an exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus which settles in the small intestine and causes inflammation, Inflammation then can cause abdominal pain, dehydration, diarrhoea and fever. Important properties of enterotoxin are that it is a heat stable toxin and resistant to digestive protease. Diseases caused by exotoxins include food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

The atmosphere

Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that floats over the surface of the planet. The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 0.93% argon. The remaining 0.07% consists of water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and noble gases. The reason for the abundance of nitrogen in the atmosphere is because it does not react or bond with other elements.

Correct Answer:

Atmosphere

Photosynthesis is a term used to describe a process that combines two other words. This is the method that plants employ to harness solar energy. The words "photo" and "synthesis" both refer to the use of light.

The process by which plants, algae, and some microorganisms convert sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water into food (sugars), oxygen, and other compounds is known as photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts, a type of plastid (an organelle with a membrane) that is typically found in plant leaves and which performs photosynthesis, are an organelle that contain chlorophyll.

Oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis are the two different types of photosynthetic processes. They both adhere to very similar principles, although oxygenic photosynthesis, which is found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, is more prevalent.

Light energy is used in oxygenic photosynthesis to convert water (H₂O) absorbed by plant roots in the form of CO₂ and generate carbohydrates. In this process, the water is "oxidised," or loses electrons, while the CO₂ is "reduced," or gains electrons. Carbohydrates are generated along with oxygen.

By absorbing the CO₂ that is created during respiration and delivering oxygen back into the air, oxygenic photosynthesis acts as a counterweight to respiration.

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Osteoarthritis is a form of arthritis that occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of the bones wears down over time leading to pain, stiffness and swelling. This arthritis can damage any joint in the body, and it mostly affects joints in the hands, knees and spine. From the question given above, Wendell probably has osteoarthritis.

Pesticides such as DDT can have harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems. They can accumulate in animals and disrupt the food chain, leading to toxic concentrations. Pesticides can also eliminate algae and plants, causing animals to starve.

Pesticides, such as DDT, can have harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems. One common harmful effect is the accumulation of pesticides in animals as they pass through the food chain. Pesticides can be taken up by smaller organisms, such as algae and plankton, and then accumulate in larger organisms, like fish, in toxic concentrations. This can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and harm the organisms in it.

Another effect of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems is their ability to eliminate most of the algae and plants in the food chain. Algae and plants are the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, and their reduction can lead to a decline in food availability for animals at higher levels of the food chain. This can ultimately cause animals to starve and disrupt the entire ecosystem.

Therefore, the correct answer to the question is (C) accumulate in animals and build up in toxic concentrations as they pass through the food chain.

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Tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is a biotechnological process in which plant cells are grown with growth hormones to produce genetically identical plants.

The process described in the question is known as tissue culture or micropropagation. It is a technique used in biotechnology to produce a large number of genetically identical plants from a single plant cell or tissue. Plant cells are isolated and grown in a sterile environment with a special mixture of growth hormones, under controlled conditions. The hormones, typically auxins and cytokinins, stimulate the plant cells to divide and differentiate, eventually forming a whole plant. Each of these plants will have the exact genetic makeup of the original specimen, which makes this process especially useful in agriculture and horticulture for reproducing high-quality plants.

Answer:

middle ear

Explanation:

I tried it and it was correct.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

I just answered that question.

Gene duplication is crucial to evolution as it allows organisms to evolve new functionality without losing the original, essential function. It can result in the creation of new proteins and open avenues for adaptation and evolution. Therefore, gene duplication is at the heart of how new species evolve and diversify.

Gene duplication plays a critical role in evolution by providing material for the evolution of new functions. This process occurs when an entire gene is duplicated in the genome. This duplication allows one copy of the gene to be altered by mutation, selection, or drift, while the other copy continues to produce a functional protein. This means the organism can retain the original function of the protein while the duplicate gene evolves to take on a new function. This capacity for functional evolution while maintaining vital genetic information has been fundamental in diversifying life on earth.

In the same way, gene duplication allows for the potential evolution of new variant proteins without eliminating the original, functional protein. This provides an avenue for adaptation and evolution without the harmful effects of losing essential proteins.

Overall, gene duplication is a fundamental process in the mechanisms of evolution and drives the diversity and unity of life.

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Discovery

The operon model (Lac operon) of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by Jacob and Monod and hey got noble prize in 1965 in Physiology and Medicine for this discovery.

 Definition

                 “Operons are cluster of coregulated bacterial genes which regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis”

Explanation

                     Operons were first studied in the bacterium E.coli, and they involve the enzyme of lactose metabolism and tryptophan biosynthesis.

Structure of Operon

                     Operon is generally composed of three basic DNA components:

1. Promotor:

                     It is a nucleotide sequence which is recognized by RNA polymerase and initiate transcription.

2. Operator:

                     It is a segment of DNA that is present between the promotor and other genes to be transcribed. In presence of repressor, RNA polymerase is physically obstructed and cannot transcribe the genes. In the absence of repressor, operator is active and start transcription of other proteins.

3. Structural genes:

                                   These genes are responsible for synthesis of targeted proteins under the influence of operator. 

Example of operon model:

                                                In bacteria two operon model have been extensively studied, these are:

                  a. Lac Operon, and

                  b. Tryptophan operon

The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. They discovered that related genes in bacteria are organized into blocks called operons, which are controlled by a single promoter. An example of this is the lac operon in E. coli, which controls the expression of genes related to lactose metabolism.

The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by the French scientists François Jacob and Jacques Monod. These scientists demonstrated the organization of bacterial genes into operons, through their studies on the lac operon of E. coli. They proposed that structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon, and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter, resulting in the formation of a polycistronic transcript.

For example, in E. coli, all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac) operon. This operon contains a promoter sequence to which the RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription. Between the promoter and the three genes is a region called the operator; the presence or absence of lactose determines whether a protein, known as a repressor, binds to this operator and prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter. As such, the lac operon is a model for gene regulation in prokaryotic cells.

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According to Mendelian inheritance laws, one trait is usually dominant over others in a first generation hybrid which is evident in the crossbreed by Gregor Mendel. Yet, the observed variation of flower colors including red, yellow, white, pink, and purple in the meadow might suggest a pattern of co-dominance or incomplete dominance, where offspring display a mix or 'blend' of parental traits.

The inheritance pattern in the population of plants you observed in the meadow could potentially be an example of Mendelian inheritance, which is a primary principle of genetics based on the findings of Gregor Mendel. In his experiments, Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered plants (the dominant trait), with white-flowered plants (the recessive trait). The first generation (F₁) all had purple flowers showing the dominance of the purple flower gene. In the second generation (F₂), created by allowing the F₁ generation to self-pollinate, the ratio was 3:1 for purple:white flowers showing that the white trait had not disappeared but was merely masked in the first generation.

However, considering the range of colors you observed: red, yellow, white, pink, or purple, it's also possible that the inheritance pattern could be co-dominance or incomplete dominance). In these patterns, offspring get a mix of traits or a 'blended' phenotype from their parents, which might explain the spectrum of flower colors.

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When insecticides interfere with the removal of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft, it can lead to prolonged muscle contraction. This occurs because the insecticides inhibit the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, resulting in an accumulation of acetylcholine and continuous muscle stimulation.

When some insecticides interfere with the removal of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft, it can lead to prolonged muscle contraction. Normally, after acetylcholine transmits the nerve impulse across the synapse, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks it down to prevent continuous stimulation of the muscle. However, these insecticides inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, resulting in an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, which then continues to stimulate the muscle. This can cause muscle spasms, twitching, and even paralysis.