Discuss the meaning and significance of the fact that the
genetic code is degenerate.

Answer:

c. contributes in immunity

Explanation:

The mass of the lymphatic tissues that lack any capsule is known as lymphatic nodules. The lymphatic nodules are scattered in mucous membranes that line the various tracts.

The appendix has an aggregation of lymphatic nodules. The lymphatic nodules of the appendix contain immune cells to protect against diseases or infection. It prevents any possible entry of pathogen and subsequent infection through digestive system.

Answer:

No, there's no reason at all. mitosis can occur in any type of cell. The fundamental purpose of mitosis is to create identical cells. So, depending on the organism like plants or protist mitosis could even be involved in the production of gametes. In animals mitosis is a cell division that is mostly used for growth or tissue repair.

Answer:

viviparous animals like birds have a disadvantage compare to viviparous animals like mammals (humans) because the mammal embryo will have a steady supply of nutrients throughout its development through the umbilical cord. The egg needs to have all the necessary nutrients to shape the organism.

The egg yolk along with the egg white supply the "raw materials" necessary for the embryo development.

Protein is used to make structural component like muscles and bones also enzymes are a type of protein.

Fats and cholesterol provide energy. Cell membranes are phospholipid bi-layers. Lipids are fats hence the need for them. Some hormones also contain protein and lipids.

Egg yolks are high in fat, protein, and cholesterol because they provide the necessary calories, building blocks, and hormonal precursors needed for the development of the chick. Unlike mammals, birds and reptiles rely on yolk rather than parental support for embryonic development, requiring a high concentration of nutrients in the yolk. Albumen also plays a supportive role but is not the primary nourishment source.

The function of egg yolk is to nourish and support the developing chick, and this is why egg yolks are high in fat, protein, and cholesterol. The high fat content is crucial as it provides the necessary calories for growth, functioning similarly to how shortening improves the tenderness of a baked cake. Proteins are essential for the construction of new tissues and serve as the building blocks of the developmental processes for the chick. The presence of cholesterol, despite being a concern for some due to its association with heart disease in humans, is essential for the production of hormones and the development of cell membranes.

Mammalian embryos develop inside the mother and receive their nutrients through the placenta, which is why mammalian eggs are low in yolk. In contrast, bird and reptile embryos develop outside the mother's body and rely on a larger yolk supply for sustenance during their growth, thus requiring a higher concentration of yolk.

The albumen, or egg white, serves additional roles such as providing water and protein to the embryo and protecting the egg through its ability to congeal at certain temperatures. Yet, it is the yolk that serves as the primary resource for the nourishment of the growing embryo, with the high nutrient content being essential for the development of the chick until it hatches.

The combined probability that a pea will be both yellow and round is 9/16. When considering all 7 peas, this probability is raised to the power of 7, which produces a probability of approximately 0.008 that all 7 peas are yellow and round.

The question is about Mendelian genetics, specifically focused on the probability of obtaining a specific phenotype in the F2 generation from a dihybrid cross involving two traits: seed color (yellow or green) and seed texture (round or wrinkled).

For each trait, yellow and round are the dominant phenotypes. According to Mendel, the probability of obtaining a yellow (Y) or round (R) seed in the F2 generation is 3/4. Because the assorting of alleles for color and texture are independent events, the combined probability that a seed will be both yellow and round is calculated by multiplying these probabilities (3/4) x (3/4) = 9/16.

If we want to find the probability of all 7 peas being yellow and round, we raise this probability to the power of 7 ('n' number of peas we are considering in this case). So, (9/16)^7 ≈ 0.008 is the probability that all seven peas in the pod are yellow and round.

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Answer:

Meiosis is the process of cell division in which a single parent cell divides into four daughter cells. This type of division generally occurs in the gametic cells. This division is also known as reduction division.

The chromosome number is reduced to half in daughter cells in case of meiosis. The meiosis division does not occur in haploid cells because if the meiosis occur in haploid cell (X)there chromosome number reduces upto half (X/2). The half chromosome number in the haploid cell will be fatal for the organism and the organism will die.

Final answer:

Organisms with haploid-dominant life cycles, like fungi and certain algae, ensure genetic diversity without meiosis through mitosis and fertilization, as they are already haploid.

Explanation:

Organisms with a haploid-dominant life cycle, such as fungi and certain algae, do not use meiosis to produce gametes because their bodies are already haploid. Instead, these organisms ensure genetic diversification through the process of mitosis, followed by fertilization. Genetic variation is introduced through mutations and the recombination of genetic material during fertilization, where the fusion of haploid gametes from different organisms restores the diploid condition temporarily, before returning to a haploid state through other cellular processes. This strategy allows for the continuation of genetic diversity without the need for a meiotic reduction from a diploid to a haploid state.

The calculated chi-square value for the analysis is approximately 0.244.

To perform a chi-square analysis, we need to compare the observed frequencies in the F2 generation with the expected frequencies based on the Mendelian inheritance hypothesis. Let's proceed with the calculations:

Observed Frequencies (O):

Normal River Birch (observed) = 811

Dwarf River Birch (observed) = 261

Expected Frequencies (E):

Based on Mendelian inheritance, if we cross a pure breeding normal plant (NN) with a pure breeding dwarf plant (nn), all F1 plants would be heterozygous (Nn), and in the F2 generation, we would expect a phenotypic ratio of 3 normal (N-) : 1 dwarf (nn).

Total F2 plants = 811 + 261 = 1072

Expected normal = (3/4) * 1072 ≈ 804

Expected dwarf = (1/4) * 1072 ≈ 268

Calculating the Chi-Square Value:

The chi-square test formula is: χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E)

Calculating for normal:

χ²[tex]_{normal}[/tex] = ((811 - 804)² / 804) = 0.061

Calculating for dwarf:

χ²[tex]_{dwarf}[/tex]= ((261 - 268)² / 268) = 0.183

Adding both chi-square values:

χ²[tex]_{total}[/tex] = χ²[tex]_{normal}[/tex] + χ²[tex]_{dwarf}[/tex] = 0.061 + 0.183 = 0.244

Rounding the calculated chi-square value to three decimal places:

χ²[tex]_{total}[/tex] ≈ 0.244

The calculated chi-square value for the analysis is approximately 0.244.

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The calculated chi-square value for the inheritance of height in river birch, based on the given F2 data, is 0.245. This value supports the hypothesis that height follows a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern.

To determine if the mode of inheritance for height in river birch is a simple Mendelian trait, we perform a chi-square analysis on the F2 generation data. Given that all F1 plants are of normal height, the trait for dwarfism is likely recessive.

If dwarfism follows Mendelian inheritance, we would expect a 3:1 ratio of normal to dwarf plants in the F2 generation. Using the observed numbers of normal (811) and dwarf (261) river birch plants, we calculate the expected values based on a total of 1072 F2 plants (811+261). Expected normal plants would be 3/4 of 1072, and expected dwarf plants would be 1/4 of 1072.

Expected normal = 1072 * 3/4 = 804
Expected dwarf = 1072 * 1/4 = 268

Now we apply the chi-square formula:
χ² = Σ[(Observed - Expected)² / Expected]

For normal = (811 - 804)^2 / 804 = 0.061
For dwarf = (261 - 268)^2 / 268 = 0.184

Calculated chi-square value = 0.061 + 0.184 = 0.245 (rounded to three decimal places).

Answer: b. Species richness, species abundance, and species evenness.

Explanation:

The species diversity index can be define as the measure of diversity of species. This takes into account for the number of species present in an area, also the relative abundance of species in an area. If the species richness increases, evenness of the species also increases and the diversity of species also increases.

Answer:

b. Species richness, species abundance, and species evenness

Explanation:

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Answer:

It is fascinating to observe two distinct characters presented by the same plant. The inheritance of this plant can be determined easily by crossing the pure violets exhibiting yellow petals with dark brown marking and erect stems with violets exhibiting no markings, white petals, and prostate stems.  

The F1 progeny will originate as a hybrid of the two characters. These F1 plants will then be crossed between themselves and the F2 progeny would be clearly evaluated. If the F2 plants come in the phenotypic ratio of 3: 1, then it would indicate the pleiotropic effect of the alleles found in a single locus. If any other combinations arise post crossing, it would indicate that the non-wild type phenotype is because of many distinct mutant genes.  

My favorite animal is the Arctic fox it has very small ears because with big ears very much heat is lost so the small ears cause the fox to lose less heat.

Answer:

Explanation:

 Mangrove is a coastal ecosystem that occurs in the transition between land and sea in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, occupying environments flooded by tides such as estuaries, coastal lagoons, bays and deltas. These environments are not necessarily characterized by the mixture between fresh and salt water. The plants that make up the mangrove and dominate the landscape of this ecosystem are the mangroves.

 There are adaptations that promote mangrove plants to survive in this very different place and they are: air roots so that they can breathe and exchange oxygen, because de soil has a less quantite about oxygen; there are glandules in its leaves to eliminate the large amount of salts and it is called halophytes; the seeds still germinate attached to the mother plant and are released at a stage of development called the propagule. The propagules accumulate a large amount of nutritional reserves, which allows their survival until they find a suitable place for their fixation.

  These are some adaptations that we have on a mangrove ecosystem and it's an important ecosystem that there are so many species like crabs, fishes and a wide variety of animals and food for other animals. But unfortunately this paradise is disappearing and being destroyed by man.

Answer:

Lysozyme in the body fluid protects us from bacterial infection by damaging the cell wall of bacteria which ultimately kills the bacteria.

The bacterial cell wall is made up of NAG and NAM units which is joined by β (1-4) glycosidic bond. Lysozyme attacks on this bond and breaks it causing the damage in the cell wall of bacteria which leads to the death of bacteria.

Archaeal cell wall do not contain β (1-4) glycosidic linkage, it contains β(1-3) glycosidic linkage in its cell wall between NAT and NAG unit and lysozyme do not able to break β(1-3) glycosidic linkage between them so lysozyme do not cause any harm to the archaeal invaders.

Answer: Option B. Cytoplasm  

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is defined as the process in which sugar break down take place into as form and utilized by cell in the form of energy. In Cellular respiration food is utilized to create ATP and further used as energy source by using oxygen, and named aerobic respiration

There are four stages of cellular respiration includes first is glycolysis, second is pyruvate oxidation, third is citric acid cycle, and forth is oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration which takes place in cytoplasm or cytosol.

In the process of Glycolysis six-carbon sugar undergo chemical changes and converted into two pyruvates, each containing three-carbon organic molecule. ATP and NADH are formed in this reaction.

Hence, the process take place in cytoplasm.

Answer:

The body's food-processing system.

Explanation:

Digestion may be defined as the process of break down of large food particle into the small food particle that can be easily absorbed in the body. The digestive system includes the gastrointestinal tract and the digestive organs.

Digestive system is mainly involved in the processing of food. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, lipids into simple fats and nucleic acids into nucleoside.

Thus, the correct answer is option (c).

Answer:

c; the body's food-processing system

Explanation:

The digestive system is the group of organs that break down food in order to absorb its nutrients. The nutrients in food are used by the body as fuel to keep all the body systems working.

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Answer: Passive immunity

Explanation:

The strategy of vaccination was a type of passive immunity. Passive immunity can be introduced artificially when antibodies are given as a medication to the non immune individual.

This is done in case of vaccination, attenuated form of bacteria is injected or orally given to the individual to evoke immune response when the body is exposed to the same bacteria again.

The attenuated form of bacteria evoke the immune system to produce memory cells which will kill the bacteria when it is encountered for the second time.

Answer:

When an organisms reproduces asexually its offspring is identical, this means it has the same DNA code.

For example viruses look for specific protein types at cell membranes to "anchor" or "stick" and then inject their genetic material. If all the individuals of a  population have the same membrane proteins the whole population is vulnerable to be infected by the virus.

Sexual reproduction creates genetic variability due to mechanisms like crossing over and the assortment of chromosomes during meiosis. On top of it, different parents contain different information which leads to offspring with similar but different characteristics which can end up having different membrane proteins that can save them from the virus.

Final answer:

Sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity essential for adaptation and survival in changing environments, outweighing the rapid growth advantage of asexual reproduction in stable conditions.

Explanation:

The switch from asexual to sexual reproduction during unfavorable environmental conditions has significant evolutionary implications. Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation through mechanisms such as crossover during prophase I and random assortment at metaphase I, which reshuffle mutations. This variation enhances the ability of a population to adapt and survive in unpredictable or changing environments, thereby potentially leaving more descendants than an otherwise similar asexually reproducing population.

On the other hand, while asexual reproduction allows rapid population growth and successful occupation of stable environments due to genetically identical offspring, it lacks the genetic diversity that can safeguard against drastic environmental changes. Therefore, in unstable conditions, sexual reproduction's advantage in generating genetic diversity becomes critical for the survival and continued evolution of species.

Answer:

b. enzymes secreted in the pancreas

Explanation:

The pancreas is a gland which is situated in the abdomen. It functions as endocrine as well as an exocrine gland.

The endocrine part of the pancreas is the islets of Langerhans which secretes hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream.

It releases pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the small intestine.

The final digestion of carbohydrates, protein and fats occur in the duodenum with the pancreatic enzymes.

The enzymes include:

The final enzymatic breakdown in the digestive processes of most proteins and carbohydrates are accomplished by: c. enzymes secreted in the brushborder.

An enzyme can be defined as a biological catalyst that typically speeds up (accelerates) the rate of a chemical reaction such as the break down of food by the digestive system, especially by lowering the activation energy of its chemical reactants.

Basically, the enzymes secreted in the brushborder are mainly responsible for the final enzymatic breakdown in the digestive processes of most proteins and carbohydrates.

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Answer:

b. Because they have a low affinity for the H+

Explanation:

All electrons that enter the transport chain come from NADH and FADH2 molecules that are produced in earlier phases of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.

NADH is very good at donating electrons in redox reactions (that is, its electrons are at a high energy level), so you can transfer your electrons directly to complex I and transform it back into NAD +. The movement of electrons through complex I in a series of redox reactions releases energy, which the complex uses to pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space.

FADH2 is not as good for donating electrons as NADH (that is, its electrons are at a lower energy level), so it cannot transfer its electrons to complex I. Instead, it introduces electrons to the transport chain through complex II, which does not pump protons through the membrane.

Answer:

Cellular membranes or plasma membranes has many functions. Some of these include regulation of cellular transport, and responding to cellular signals or hormones.

The plasma membrane is made up of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded transmembrane proteins. This makes the cell membrane semi-permeable. Movements of substances depend on the composition of the molecules e.g. glucose and amino acids, as needed by the pancreatic cells. These are larger and uncharged molecules and can't pass freely through the membrane so they utilize the transmembrane proteins via attaching to carrier proteins. This is called passive transport. On the other hand, in active transport, ATP is used to transfer molecules, like Hydrogen, from a low to high electrochemical gradient.

Other kinds of cellular transport are:

The cell membrane is able to signal other neighboring cells by utilizing complex proteins. These proteins may take form as receptors or markers.

They act as receivers of extracellular signals and spark intracellular processes. These receive signals from hormones, growth factors, etc.

These allow the cells to identify each other and respond if this cell is needs further development as in organ development, or a foreign body to the system.

Answer:

The process of ATP synthesis in both chloroplast and mitochondria is similar:  

1. Generation of electrochemical gradient across the membrane: The movement of electrons generates a difference in the concentration of protons across the membrane in both organelle. Due to this, an electrochemical gradient is established.

2. Movement of protons or hydrogen ions through ATP synthase: The generation of electrochemical gradient leads to the movement of options across the membrane through embedded ATP synthase enzyme.

Thus, ATP production in both the organelles is similar.

Answer:

The correct answer is D) photolysis

Explanation:

Photolysis is a process in which light energy is used by photosystem II to split water which generates oxygen, H⁺ions end electrons. oxygen is released in the atmosphere and inhaled by animals and electrons are used to generate energy.

The electron released by the splitting of water is transferred to the first electron acceptor called pheophytin. This electron is passed through a series of complex and produce energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

The process of photolysis does not occur in photosystem I because lysis of water takes place and electron is passed from photosystem II to photosystem I.

Photolysis is not directly associated with Photosystem I. Instead, it's a process that occurs in Photosystem II, where water molecules are broken down into oxygen, protons, and electrons.

The correct answer is D) photolysis. Photosystem I is a protein complex involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Its primary functions include harvesting light energy by chlorophyll (option A), receiving electrons from plastocyanin (option B), possessing a reaction center known as P700 (option C), and passing electrons to ferredoxin (option E).

In contrast, photolysis - the breaking down of molecules using light - is not directly associated with Photosystem I, but instead with Photosystem II, where water molecules are broken down into oxygen, protons, and electrons.

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Answer:

a. different species of birds can divide ecological spaces between them my matching the morphology to the food source.

Explanation:

Beak morphology allows the birds to select the suitable food type. The various species of Galapagos finches differ from each other in beak shape and size irrespective of their origin from common seed-eating stock.

The modification of beak shape and size into several directions allowed the finches to occupy the available empty ecological niches with respect to food types.

Diversification also reduced the competition between them and allowed the finches to colonize various ecological niches in accordance with their respective beak morphology.

Answer:

NO

Explanation:

The animal cell and plant cell are both eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are the type of cells that contains membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and a cytoskeleton.

The cytoskeleton, which is composed of microfilaments, internal filaments, and microtubules, is present in both the animal and plant cells.

However, some of the organelles that are not present in both the animal cell and the plant cell are centrosome and lysosomes.

The lysosome is present only in the animal cell.

Answer:

The correct option is: b. attenuated vaccine

Explanation:

FluMist is the trade name of the live attenuated influenza vaccine, manufactured by MedImmune. This vaccine is used for the prevention of influenza, also called flu.

It is an attenuated vaccine which is given in the form of nasal spray.

An attenuated vaccine alters the pathogen by reducing its virulence and makes it harmless.

Answer:

The correct answer is option D. True tissues.

Explanation:

The cell that made sponge does not form the tissue however sponge have cells that play important role and specific for specific function but does not have true tissues.

In other animal phyla cells form tissue or organ or organ systems and called as true tissues.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. True tissues.

It is mainly based on the true tissues.

Sponges are the multicelled organism of the phylum Porifera. The body of the sponges has various channels and pores, that allows water circulation.  

Sponges are multicellular organism that consists of pores and channels in their body for water circulation and lacks specific tissues. They have cells assigned with specific roles and functions but lack true tissues unlike animals of the other phyla.

The animals of the various phylum are classified based on the body cavity, tissues, symmetry,  fate of the blastopore.

Therefore, option d. is correct.

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Answer:

B

Explanation:

The rate of mutations on the S. Aureus population increased when exposed to antibiotics over time. This gave rise to a few mutants of the bacteria that could  survive the methicillin antibiotic. This is because the mutation altered a protein target of methicilin (beta-lactam binding proteins) on which the antibiotic acted upon. These populations increased as the others were eliminated by the antibiotic – the way natural selection works. Over time, these mutations were transferred to other populations of bacteria by these MRSA through ‘sexual’ horizontal gene transfer, causing whole bacteria populations to be resistant against methicilin.

Answer:

False.

Explanation:

Bacteria are the prokaryotic organism that lacks the well developed nucleus and the membrane bound cell organelle. The animal cells are the eukaryotic organisms.

Bacteria cells have cell walls that are made of the peptidoglycan layer. The cell wall of bacteria are important as it protect themselves from the extreme environment. The animal cells do not contain cell wall and they have plasma membrane only in their structure.

Thus, the correct answer is option (b).

In the cell cycle, G1 is the phase when the cell has the least amount of DNA. This DNA is duplicated during S phase, meaning the cell has twice as much DNA in the G2 phase. So, if Cell A has half as much DNA as cells B, C, and D, then Cell A is likely in the G1 phase.

In the cell cycle, the amount of DNA a cell has can help determine which phase it is in. The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases), and the mitotic phase (including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, a cell has the least amount of DNA because it hasn't duplicated its DNA yet. DNA replication occurs during the S phase, so by the G2 phase, the cell has twice as much DNA as it did in G1. Thus, if Cell A has half as much DNA as cells B, C, and D in a mitotically active tissue, Cell A is most likely in the G1 phase.

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Cell A is most likely in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, a stage prior to DNA synthesis, as it has half the amount of DNA than cells B, C, and D, which presumably already completed the S phase (DNA replication).

Cell A is most likely in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The G1 phase is a period in the cell cycle during interphase, before DNA synthesis (S phase). In G1 phase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. At this stage, it has half as much DNA as it will have after it completes the S phase. Therefore, cells B, C, and D, each having twice as much DNA, are probably in the G2 phase, metaphase, or any phase after DNA replication (S phase) happened, during which the amount of DNA in the cell has already been doubled.

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The pattern of multiple codons encoding single amino acids could be an evolutionary protection mechanism against harmful mutations, providing a level of robustness and adaptability to organisms.

Most amino acids are indeed coded for by a set of similar codons. This redundancy in the genetic code, often referred to as degeneracy, can be explained from an evolutionary perspective. One possible explanation for this pattern could be that it provides a level of protection against harmful mutations. If a mutation occurs at the third position of a codon, it's often less likely to result in an amino acid change, which might provide an advantageous buffer against potentially harmful mutations. These synonymous mutations, or silent mutations, won't fundamentally change the resulting protein. Such a system would have been favored by natural selection, providing a level of robustness and adaptability to living organisms.

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Answer:

C Patterns

Explanation:

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The shell of the chambered nautilus the seeds in a sunflower and pineapples all exhibit a structure called the "Fibonacci spiral". This phenomenon represents the pattern phenomena by cross-cutting.

A series of numbers in which every number is the sum of the two its previous numbers Fibonacci spiral. It starts at  0 and 1, the sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and goes on forever. Xn+2= Xn+1 + Xn is the mathematical equation that is used to describe or represent the  Fibonacci sequence.

Several people have claimed that there are many special properties of this numerical sequence. They say that it is “nature’s secret code” for the construction of perfect structures. Some examples given are the Great Pyramid at Giza and the iconic shape of the seashell that is used as the cover of most mathematical textbooks. But most of these assumptions are incorrect.

Therefore, this is a pattern phenomenon represented by cross-cutting.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option A. storage of bile.

Explanation:

The liver is the organ that is present on the right side of the abdomen and is almost the size of a football. Liver provides a different role in the body but major function of the liver is to detoxification of blood coming from the digestive tract. It produces different proteins and helpful in metabolizing all three major macromolecules that are protein, carbohydrate, and fat. The liver also produces the bile that is helpful in digestion.

Bile that produces and moves from the liver through bile ducts and stored in the gall bladder concentrated and secreted during or after food intake to assist the digestion process.

Thus, the correct answer is option A. storage of bile.

The liver does not store bile; instead, bile is stored in the gallbladder. The liver's functions include carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of the blood, protein and lipid metabolism, and production of bile. Hence the correct answer is option A- Storage of bile.

The liver has a wide array of functions, but storage of bile is not one of them. Instead, the liver's roles include carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of the blood, protein and lipid metabolism, and the production of bile which is involved in the emulsification and digestion of fats. The bile produced by the liver is stored in the gallbladder, not the liver itself. Therefore, the correct answer to the question 'ALL of the following are functions of the liver, EXCEPT:' is option a. Storage of bile.

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Answer:  c.ovaries.

Explanation:

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are plants with seeds, where the great advantage present in both groups is the presence of pollen grain (which is the male gametophyte), which eliminates the need for water during reproduction.

In gymnosperms, the gametophyte grows in structures called strobiles or cones. The male gametophyte is released in the wind and, with lucky, landing in a female strobile and germinates. The female gametophyte develops within the strobile leaf, waiting for the pollen grain.

On the other hand, the most evolutionarily successful is the angiosperm group, the plants with flower and fruit. Flowers were decisive in animal pollination. The flower contains the eggs and can be grouped in inflorescences or solitary. The flowers have structures to attract pollinators, such as beautiful colored petals.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms both produce seeds and pollen, but only angiosperms have ovaries. Both have ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both seed-producing plants but they differ in a few ways. Both produce seeds and pollen, which makes options a and b common traits. However, the main difference comes in when we look at options c and d. Ovaries are present in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. These are important in the formation of fruit after pollination. On the other hand, both gymnosperms and angiosperms have ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization. Hence, the correct answer for this question is c. ovaries.

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