Explain how synapses allow neurons to act as integrators; include the concepts of facilitation (i.e., axo-axonic synapse), and temporal and spatial summation.

Answers

Answer 1
A neuron can act as an integrator by processing the synaptic inputs that it receives and converts them into an output signal.
1. Facilitation:
2. Temporal Summation: Two stimulations that are spaced closely together and this creates a greater depolarization than just the one stimulation alone.
3. Spatial Summation: Two stimulations occur at the same time, but they occur at different locations (If spatial summation and temporal summation occur at the same time then you would get an action potential).
4. Convergence: This would occur when the neuron takes multiple synaptic inputs and converts them into one output.
Answer 2
Final answer:

Neurons act as integrators through spatial and temporal summation of signals at synapses and facilitation at axo-axonic synapses. Synapses allow neurons to add or summate various inputs to produce a sizable outcome. This procedure involves neurotransmission processes like exocytosis, ligand-gated ion channels, and an electrical potential.

Explanation:

Neurons act as integrators through synapses that allow for the transmission of information, chiefly through spatial and temporal summation, and facilitation. Spatial summation refers to the integration of inputs (excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) from many different sources. Contrastingly, temporal summation refers to the cumulative effect of repeated stimuli over a short period of time, which can lead to an action potential if the compound postsynaptic potentials reach the threshold level.

At an axo-axonic synapse, a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the axon of another, the process of facilitation occurs, which increases the likelihood of the downstream neuron to fire an action potential. This is due to the increase in the number of neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft.

In essence, synapses allow neurons to summate or add together various inputs to produce a sizable outcome. This vital neurotransmission process includes exocytosis, endocytosis, ligand-gated ion channels, postsynaptic potentials, and the electrical potential of the neuron.

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Related Questions

What is the brain?
Pleas help

Answers

The brain is an organ in your head, protected by your skull. It allows you to doall essential tasks.
;The brain is protected by your skull, and is an organ of soft nervous tissue. It has multiple parts that are the cerebrum,cerebellum, hypothalamus, brain stem, and a medulla. There are other parts, these are the most known parts.

During nitrification, _____.

1plants create nitrogen compounds
2nitrogen is added to the atmosphere
3bacteria break down amonia into nitrogen
4ammonia is changed back into nitrate

Answers

During nitrification, ammonia is changed back into nitrate.
Nitrification is a three-step process of oxidation of ammonia. It is an aerobic process performed by small groups of autotrophic bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter). First step- ammonia to hydroxylamine, Second step-hydroxylamine to nitrite, Third step-nitrite to nitrate. Nitrification together with ammonification is part of a nitrogen cycle.

Bo and luke are competitive body builders and enemies. one day at the gym bo offers luke an apology and some vitamin water. luke drinks the water gets flushed red, overheated, and dies on the way to the hospital in the ambulance. forensic testing confirms substance x was in the water. substance x is also found at bo's home. what is substance x?

Answers

The substance x would be called as:

DNP

Dinitrophenol(DNP)

DNP is described as an isomeric compound having an aroma that consists of phenol's nitration.

It carries a number of uses which include dyes, explosives, fertilizers, fat loss, through turning the energy in the heat form.

In the given situation, Luke dies because his energy turns excessively in the form of heat which makes it turn into an explosion in his body.

Thus, DNP is the correct answer.

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According to the question, substance x that caused Luke's symptoms could be a poison like cyanide or arsenic.

The statement suggests that "substance X" potentially caused Luke's symptoms, which resemble those induced by poisons like cyanide or arsenic, including flushing, overheating, and fatality.Forensic analysis would likely detect these toxins in Luke's body and at Bo's residence, thus implicating Bo in the crime. Cyanide and arsenic are notorious for their lethality and are often associated with foul play due to their toxicity and potential for intentional use in harming individuals. Their presence in Luke's body and at the scene would strongly suggest foul play and establish a crucial link between Bo and the crime. Therefore, forensic investigation into the presence of such toxic substances would be pivotal in uncovering the circumstances surrounding Luke's symptoms and subsequent demise, potentially leading to legal repercussions for Bo.

Including all of the relevant anatomical structures (and ending with the activation of the cranial nerve), explain how we sense spinning in a chair. what happens when the chair is suddenly stopped

Answers

There are three semicircular canals filled with fluid in the inner ear at right angles to each other. Each senses the movement of your head along a different axis. Using all three, the brain is able to orient your body in 3D space. Tiny hairs lining the canals (hair cells) sense motion by sloshing of the water in the canals. Information from the hair cells are relayed to the brain as an interpretation of movement of the head.
During spinning in a circle, the fluid in the canals initially slosh in the direction opposite to your head's motion. However, the jelly-like material in which the hair cells are imbedded, the endolymph, adjusts to the movement of your head,causing the hair cells to straighten, and your brain no longer receives the message that you're spinning. In effect, your brain thinks that you are standing still while the the world is rotating around you. 
When you suddenly stop spinning, because of inertia, the endolymph keeps spinning. The fluid in your ear moves again in the direction in which you were spinning before, and a signal of movement is transmitted to the brain. You sense that you are moving, but you're not.  

Density differences in ocean water are responsible for deep ocean circulation. a. true b. false

Answers

the answer bnb is true becuase without desity in anything nothing would circulate

Rabbits are introduced into a grassland area. Which action of the rabbits would harm the buffalo that live in the grassland?
A.
attracting predators
B.
eating the grass
C.
attacking prey

Answers

The most likely answer choice should and would be B, given that rabbits are herbivores (meaning that they only eat vegetation and plants, including grass). Buffalo's food source(s) and diet consists of grass as well. If enough rabbits are introduced into a grassland area, they will furthermore consume more grass, in turn limiting the food source of the buffalo. 

''Attacking'' prey doesn't necessarily make sense, given that buffalos do not 'prey' on any animal and rabbits themselves are prey.

A to a lesser extent can make sense, although I doubtable.  B's most likely the answer. 

Answer:B.

Explanation:

eating the grass becasue that what buffalos eat also

Explain the law of large numbers. how does this law apply to gambling​ casinos?

Answers

The law of large numbers states that when a random process is repeated many times, the frequencies of the observed outcomes get increasingly closer to the theoretical probabilities. This law of numbers work to the advantage of casinos. The advantage is because when the player's risk is concentrated on little numbers of rounds or hands, the casino's risk is spread out among all the games and bets that are in play.
Final answer:

The law of large numbers is a principle from probability theory, stating that as you repeat a probability experiment, the relative frequency of events tend to approach their theoretical probabilities. In a gambling context, this means that while short-term results can be unpredictable, over the long run, outcomes conform to their theoretical probabilities – which is why casinos, which always have a slight edge, tend to win over the long haul.

Explanation:

The law of large numbers is a key principle in probability theory and statistics, stating that as a probability experiment is repeated more times, the relative frequency of an event tends to get closer to its theoretical probability. This means that the more times you repeat the experiment, the closer the outcomes will be to what you would theoretically expect based on probability.

Applying this to a gambling context, let's consider the example of flipping a fair coin. If you flipped it a few times, it's quite likely you could observe solely heads or solely tails. But if you flip it many times, say thousands, the relative frequency of getting heads versus tails starts to approach the theoretical probability of 0.5. This is not to say that the outcomes happen in an orderly or predictable way but, overall, the empirical (observed) frequency starts to approach the theoretical probability.

Casinos rely heavily on this principle. For each game, the house, i.e., the casino, has a slight mathematical edge, or advantage. Over the short run, anything can happen (a player might win big), but in the long run, the casino will always come out ahead due to the law of large numbers. This can be seen in games like roulette, where the house has a 1 in 37 to 1 in 38 edge on each spin, or blackjack, where the house edge ranges between 0.2% and 2% depending on house rules and player strategy.

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Charles Darwin observed a unique beak size and shape in the finch population of each of the Galapagos Islands that he visited. mc003-1.jpg Which is the most likely cause of the observed variation? differences in the climate among the islands competition among individuals for available food sources competition among individuals for desirable mates differences in egg size among the populations

Answers

Competition among individuals for available food sources

The answer is;   competition among individuals for available food sources

Due to competition among the finch birds, individual were forced to move to different islands that make up the Galapagos and develop a niche. The finches that became adapted to eating larger fruits developed larger beaks over time while those that eat small fruits retained smaller beaks.  


An organism that is multicellular, heterotrophic, has cell walls, and is unable to move independently would be classified into the the Kingdom ____________. Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae

Answers

Let's see which option fits with each characteristic.

Multicellular, or having more than one cell, could be any of these Kingdoms. These are all eukaryotic kingdoms, and eukaryotes cannot be unicellular.

Heterotrophic, or something that cannot produce its own food, can be all of these except Plantae, plants of this kingdom are autotrophic, as they mainly produce their own food (think photosynthesis).

Having a cell wall applies to all of these except Animalia. Animal cells don't need cell walls, as they don't require such a rigid structure as plants. Animals will typically have other supporting structures, such as bones or hydrostatic skeletons.

Being unable to move applies to all of these Kingdoms except Animalia and Protista (which move using their cilia or flagella). Plantae and Fungi don't have the means to move by themselves.

So, the only kingdom that has not been ruled out by one of the criteria is Kingdom Fungi !

An aneurysm is a traveling blood clot that becomes lodged in the brain. an aneurysm is a traveling blood clot that becomes lodged in the brain.
a. True
b. False

Answers

A blood clot is typically an embolism of some type. What happens is often plaque or some matter will build up in an area of your body, often the femoral artery in your thigh. This plaque will dislodge and travel through your blood until it becomes lodged somewhere else, often in the small veins and capillaries within the brain. This will cause typically one of three things to happen. The clot will cause reduced blood flow to a certain area causing an ischemic infarction or ischemic stroke. Depending on the area this can cause paralysis, slurred speech, blindness, deafness... etc. Another thing that can happen is it can cause a hemorrhagic stroke or bleeding out. It literally rips the vein causing blood to burst into the surrounding tissue causing much damage. These are typically much worse then ischemic attacks. The third thing is the aneurysm. The clot will lodge and cause the smooth muscle tissue of the vein to balloon out in the particular area. Nearly always, if not discovered, this ballooning will burst and cause hemorrhagic damage to surrounding tissue.

The clot can also be a large group of platelets that coagulated to repair a damaged area and dislodged and become lodged in the brain. Hence blood 'clot'. 

In short, it's true.
Final answer:

An aneurysm is not a traveling blood clot that becomes lodged in the brain, but rather a bulge resulting from a weakness in the wall of a blood vessel. If a blood clot travels to the brain, this condition is generally referred to as a cerebrovascular accident, or stroke.

Explanation:

False, an aneurysm is not a traveling blood clot that becomes lodged in the brain. An aneurysm is actually a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall. This can happen in any blood vessel, including the brain, but it's often in the aorta or the brain.

On the other hand, a traveling clot that travels to the brain is referred to as a cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, and can cause serious damage or death. It's important to note that while an aneurysm can lead to a stroke if it bursts, the two are not the same thing.

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Although the foxp2 amino acid sequence is highly conserved, humans have two unique amino acids that chimpanzees don't have. these unique amino acids are highly correlated with differences in _____ seen between chimps and humans.

Answers

The answer is language. Humans have a high degree of language acquisition and complexity compared to chimpanzees due to foxp2 proteins. Foxp2 are transcription factors that are significant in cell proliferation. The difference of 2 in 700 amino acids in the sequence makes the protein to be differentially regulated between the two species.






The right answer is language (speech, talking, or every thing related to communication skills).

Forkhead-Box P2 protein (FOXP2) is a transcription factor belonging to the Forkhead-Box3,4 protein group. it is recognized that FOXP2 plays a large role in language transmission, including grammatical abilities.

The name "speech gene" has been popularized for the FOXP2 gene. But many other vertebrates also have this gene, and FOXP2 seems to play a role in verbal communication.

Distinguish among eons, eras, periods, and epochs, using specific examples.

Answers

In a particular context, “epoch” can refer to a particular point of time characterized by a particular event/series of events.

While “era” refers to a period of time characterized by events in a chronological order.

Thus, an “era” can encompass more than one “epoch”.

“Period” can refer to a short interval of time or a very long interval of time.
For example:

“My period of happiness….”“The period of Four Horsemen…”

“Eon” refers to an indefinitely long time. Eon is presumed to consist of at least 2 eras.

Answer:

Eras, Eons, Epochs and Periods are the division and subdivisions of geological time scale based on the changes in the  geography, geology, climate and other characteristics of the earth.

The sequence of the various divisions depends on the length of each unit of time relative to each other.

sequence of time period is as follows:

Eons > Eras > Periods > Epochs

1.Eons-The longest division of time scale which lasts for billion of years.

            Geologists recognised three major Eons as:  

                                               Phanerozoic Eon (570-present)

                                               Proterozoic Eon (2500-570 mya)

                                                Archean Eon (3800-2500 mya)

2.Eras-eras are the subdivision of Eons which froms the second longest division of time scale. Eras can lasts for tens to hundreds miliion of years.

                  These are recognised as:

                           Coenozoic Era (66 mya-present)

                            Mesozoic Era (66-240 mya)

                             Paleozoic Era (240-570 mya)

.

3. Periods- Subdivion of time scale which is relatively shorter in time length.

periods can last for tens to  million of year

Geologists have divided eras into periods-

Coenozoic Era

                               Quaternary-(present)- Evolution of humans

                                Tertiary- Mammals diversified

Mesozoic Era

                               Cretaceous-extiction of dinosaurus

                               Jurassic-Dinosaurus diversified

                               Permian- age of mammals

Paleozoic Era

                              Pennysylvian-First reptiles

                              Mississipian-seed ferns

                              Devonian-first amphibians

                              Slurian-first land plants

                              Ordovician - metazoan diversification

                              Cambrian-first fishes

4.Epochs- subdivision longer than an age but shorter than a period .

                  Epoch can last for tens of million years.

According to ainsworth's research using the strange situation procedure, _____ infants used the mother as a safe base from which to explore the environment.
a. securely attached
b. anxious/ambivalent
c. maternally based
d. nonagoraphobic

Answers

Answer is a. securely attached.

An infant who is securely attached to its mother is confident enough to explore and play freely in an unfamiliar environment in the presence of the caregiver is present. When the caregiver is present, infant uses her as a "safe base". Only in presence of caregiver infant engages with the stranger and becomes upset in absence of the caregiver. On return of caregiver the child become happy again.

What controls the timing of gene expression?
a. the regulatory sequence for a gene
b. the nucleotides that dictate the sequence of amino acids in the protein
c. the coding sequence for a gene
d. the alleles for a gene
e. the transgenic portion of a gene?

Answers

The regulatory sequence for a gene controls the timing of gene expression.

All The different populations that live together in an area make up an______

Answers

Hello,

The answer is "ecosystem".

Reason:

A ecosystem is different populations of spices that come up to a ecosystem its kind like a community only for animals.

If you need anymore help feel free to ask me!

Hope this helps!

~Nonportrit

"dormant phase, triggering phase, execution phase and __________ phase."

Answers

Answer:

A man is exposed to a high amount of ultraviolet light. The light causes DNA in the cells of his eyes to suffer many mutations. His doctor claims that the mutations will not be passed to any future offspring. Which argument BEST describes the doctor's claim?

Explanation:

Which summarizes the products of glycolysis? ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid ATP, CO2, and pyruvic acid glucose, ATP, and NADH NAD+, NADH, and ADP

Answers

ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid are the correct

The formula of glycosis is glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O.

What is glycolysis?

The process by which glucose is broken down into energy is called glycolysis. It produces two atoms of pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and water. Oxygen is not required for the process, which takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms are affected.

In all organisms, glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle follows glycolysis during aerobic respiration. Without even a trace of oxygen, the cells make limited quantities of ATP as glycolysis is trailed by maturation.

Therefore, glycolysis is the cellular respiration process that helps in generating ATP also called body currency.

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Describe one mutualistic symbiotic relationship and one parasitic relationship involving protists.

Answers

Final answer:

Mutualistic relationship involving termites and protozoa, and a parasitic relationship with Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium species.

Explanation:

Mutualistic relationships involving protists:

Termites have a mutualistic relationship with protozoa in their guts. The protozoa benefit from the enzymes provided by bacterial symbionts, while the termite benefits from the protozoa's ability to digest cellulose, which the termite cannot do itself.Lichens have a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria. The fungus provides a protective environment for the algae and makes certain nutrients more available, while the algae produce glucose, benefiting both organisms.

Parasitic relationships involving protists:

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic protist that infects mammals, including humans. It can cause various health issues, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.Plasmodium species are responsible for causing malaria, a parasitic disease that affects millions of people worldwide.

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Why are seedless vascular plants considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic?
a.some of the groups within the seedless vascular plants (equisetophyta and pteridophyta) are more closely related to each other than to other groups (lycophyta).
b.they share a more recent common ancestor with seeded plants than they do with the non-vascular plants.
c.all of the groups contained within the seedless vascular plants do not have the same ancestor.
d.the group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor?

Answers

The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

The plant containing the vascular tissues but cannot produce seeds or flowers is called seedless vascular plants. They can produce haploid unicellular spores.

The correct answer is:

Option d. The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

This can be explained as:

The paraphyletic are the groups that originated from the common ancestor and are arranged in the order of their ranks and sizes.

In monophyletic the organism is said to be a descendant from a single ancestor.

Therefore, seedless vascular plants are paraphyletic as they include plants from common ancestors.

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What theory proposes that evolution occurs steadily (slowly) in tiny changes over long periods of time?

A. Gradualism
B. Relative dating
C. Natural selection
D. Punctuated Equilibrium

Answers

I would say that the answer is A. Gradualism

A. Gradualism is the answer because Gradualism is a theory assuming that change comes about gradually or that variation is gradual in nature.

Using technology, scientists are now able to use genetic information to classify new species. What is the likely impact of this advancement on the classification system?
The existing classification system may change to accommodate the new information.
The existing classification system will be replaced completely.
Organisms would be classified based only on their mode of nutrition.
Organisms would be classified based only on physical characteristics.

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The likely impact of this advancement on the classification system is the existing classification system may change to accommodate the new information. Thus, option A is correct.

What is the problem in the Linnaean taxonomy?

Linnaean category has been old primarily based totally on our modern know how of the evolution of lifestyles. It has a way of classifying organisms primarily based totally on tendencies and traits of them that we discover important; it is totally subjective.

The three-domain system has the organic category added via way of means of Carl Woese et al. in 1990 that divides cell lifestyles paperwork into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. The key distinction from in advance classifications is the splitting of archaea from bacteria.

Therefore, The likely impact of this advancement on the classification system is the existing classification system may change to accommodate the new information. Thus, option A is correct.

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A group of students are walking in the park and one of them takes a picture of a pollen grain that is being blown by the wind. What caption can the student use for this picture?

Answers

gene mutation in action gene flow at work genetic drift as it happens natural selection in progress.
Gene Flow at Work will be your answer. 

If blood is in short supply which blood type would be most beneficial to have on hand if someone need a transfusion

Answers

Hi! It would be most beneficial to carry the blood type of the "universal donor" if you do not know what blood type you might be transfusing to and if the blood is in short supply. This universal donor is O negative, and carrying this around would enable you to transfuse it to ANY blood type.

True or false: dna that is loosely wound is the easiest to divide.

Answers

Is  true  that  DNA  that   is  loosely  would  is  the   easiest  to   divide ( replicate).  If  the  DNA  is  loosely  would,  molecular  enzymes  have  easy to  access  and  hence  the  molecule  is   by  to  make  a  copy.The  DNA  dividing  or  replication  involve  producing  of  identical  replica  of  DNA  from  the  original  DNA

what are the differences between protists and fungi

Answers

I hope this help you.
Final answer:

Protists and fungi are both eukaryotic, but they differ in cell wall composition and motility. Fungus-like protists have cellulose cell walls and can be motile, unlike fungi which have chitin cell walls and are mainly non-motile.

Explanation:

The differences between protists and fungi are found in their cellular structures and modes of nutrition. Both are eukaryotic organisms, which means they have a true nucleus. Fungus-like protists, such as slime molds and water molds, share some similarities with fungi; for instance, they are heterotrophic, have cell walls, and reproduce through spores. However, their cell walls are composed of cellulose, unlike the chitin found in fungal cell walls. Furthermore, while fungi are strictly heterotrophic and mainly non-motile, fungus-like protists can be motile during certain life stages and have more complex life cycles, which include both asexual and sexual reproduction.

what is the primary advantage of using heuristics rather than algorithms in solving problems? What is the primary disadvantage?

Answers

The primary advantage of using heuristics rather than algorithms in solving problems is that it can get you an answer much faster when you use logic, assuming you are dealing with a common situation. An advantage is that primary data is information the researcher has collected and worked with personally. It relates directly to that person's research or study. A disadvantage of primary data is that it is expensive to collect the data, and it often takes a long time to process the information.

The primary advantage of using heuristics rather than algorithms in solving problems is that it can provide some quick and relatively inexpensive output to the individual.

What is the Heuristics method?

The heuristics method may be defined as a type of method that significantly involves mental timesaver for solving problems in a quick way that reveals a result that is sufficient to be practical and functional given time constraints.

The primary disadvantage of heuristics is that it involves some sort of errors that are bounded to the final result. The processes of this method are highly susceptible to biases and prejudice. This is because insufficient data can be utilized in order to make quick decisions may sometimes lead to a false outcome.

Therefore, the primary advantage and disadvantages of the heuristics method are well described above.

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Which process creates two new cells from one existing cell in order to maintain homeostasis? Cell division Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Reparation

Answers

cell division is the answer

Answer:

cell division

Explanation:

gregor Mendel’s research formed the basis of the field of genetics. dominance. recessiveness. selective breeding.

Answers

The appropriate response is field of genetics. Genetics is the investigation of qualities, hereditary variety, and heredity in living creatures. It is by and large considered a field of science, however, meets every now and again with numerous other life sciences and is firmly connected with the investigation of data frameworks.

Gregor Mendel’s research formed the basis of the field of genetics. The correct option is A.

What is genetics?

Genetics is the study of traits, hereditary variation, and heredity in living things. It is generally considered a scientific field, but it frequently intersects with numerous other life sciences and is closely related to the investigation of data frameworks.

Genetics is a branch of biology that studies genes, genetic variation, and heritability in organisms.

Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in Brno in the nineteenth century, was the first to conduct scientific research on genetics.

Genetics research investigates the roles of individual genes or groups of genes in health and disease.

Understanding genetic factors and genetic disorders is essential for learning more about health promotion and disease prevention.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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Which of the following best describes how a cell’s DNA can change through mutations?
DNA segments from broken-down prokaryotic cells are taken in and incorporated into the DNA of living cells.
A virus takes in a segment of DNA from one bacterial cell and inserts it into another bacterial cell.




A bridgelike connection forms between two prokaryotic cells, through which genetic information is transferred.
Changes in a cell’s DNA sequences occur during replication, and those changes are passed on to daughter cells.

Answers

Changes in a cell’s DNA sequences occur during replication, and those changes are passed on to daughter cells. 

Changes in a cell’s DNA sequences so the answer is D

what is the name giving to a cell divson eukyrotic

Answers

The name given to cell division of a eukaryotic cell is mitosis. This is the stage where the nucleus of the cell splits and it copies and splits it's DNA. There's a second part of division known as cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides between the two new daughter cells. Though, if you're looking for one word, mitosis is the most common stage.
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