Paracelsus was a 16th century Swiss German physician, alchemist, astrologer who found the discipline of toxicology. He came up with this basic principle of toxicology: The dose makes the poison.
“All things are poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing poison.”
So many of us misunderstand basic chemistry and what ‘toxic’ really means. I can relate. Chemistry was my WORST subject in high school. Most of what I have learned (and since become interested in) has been cultivated through my PhD studies and in projects since then.
Toxicity is an indicator of how poisonous a substance is to a biological entity. Any chemical can be toxic if absorbed or consumed in large enough amounts. Chemistry is all around us and we are all comprised of chemicals (matter). Some chemicals are man made others occur naturally: in our bodies, manufactured in plants, in our food and in the air we breathe. In fact, there are more naturally occurring chemicals than man-made ones. Chemical reactions and interactions in our bodies occur all the time.
Joni Kamiya-Rose posted this status update the other day on Facebook which, in turn, inspired my blog post for today.
To Joni’s last point… YES, wouldn’t that be great! I can’t imagine anyone who wouldn’t want safer options.
To (further) clear up misunderstandings and provide some context on toxicity, I crafted this table. In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (see column 3) is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified testing time.
The test was developed by J.W. Trevan in 1927. In the table , I outline a variety of familiar (some less familiar) materials and their toxicity levels. Please note: the LD50 levels outlined in the table below are based on oral ingestions by rats. Toxicity rankings are based on the EPA’s categorization (I through IV) (Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations).
i hope this expliand it had to do little research
what type of energy is associated with food? how is that energy stored? how does food energy change when it is used to do work
Food substances contain chemical energy which is found between the molecular bonds of the food substance. When food is cooked the chemical energy is converted to another form of chemical energy by the separation of the different classes of food stored in the food as chemical energy.
The food ( carbohydrates ) when digested will be converted to glucose or fat molecules, which is required by the human body for proper functioning/energy.
Hence we can conclude that the type of energy associated with food is ; chemical energy, the energy is stored as Molecular bonds and the chemical energy in the food when cooked is converted to nutrients needed by the body ( e.g. glucose )
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Amoebic dysentery is caused by a parasitic amoeba. It reproduces in the _____.
spleen
liver
intestine
lungs
what are some different species with Central brain
A newborn foal stands up to nurse from its mother. Is this an example of an innate or learned behavior?
A. innate
B. learned
Describe how an organism has 2 sets of dna and the importance of homologous chromosomes
During protein synthesis which part of RNA is joined together to form a sequence for a functional protein? Exons, introns, both exons neither exons or introns
What are seismic waves? What is their relationship to earthquakes?
Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. They are directly related to earthquakes and provide valuable information about their characteristics. P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves are the main types of seismic waves.
Explanation:Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. There are three main types of seismic waves: P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. P-waves are primary or compressional waves that involve oscillations in the same direction as the wave is traveling. S-waves are secondary or shear waves that involve oscillations perpendicular to the direction of motion. Surface waves travel along the Earth's surface and cause the most damage during an earthquake.
Seismic waves are directly related to earthquakes. When an earthquake occurs, it releases energy in the form of seismic waves that radiate outwards from the earthquake's focus. These waves cause the ground to shake and can be detected by seismographs. By studying seismic waves, scientists can determine the location, depth, and magnitude of an earthquake, as well as its potential impact.
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In fruit flies the allele for long wings (L) is dominant and the allele for short wings (l) is recessive. What is the likely genotype of a fruit fly with short wings?
A. Either LL or Ll
B. Either Ll or ll
C. Only LL
D. Only ll
In fruit flies the allele for long wings (L) is dominant and the allele for short wings (l) is recessive the likely genotype of a fruit fly with short wings is D. Only ll.
What is the genotype of fruit flies?In fruit flies, the dominant V allele produces lengthy wings, while the recessive v allele produces vestigial wings. Thus, flies with the genotype VV or Vv can have lengthy wings, and flies with the genotype vv can have vestigial wings.
There are varieties of traits, Dominant and recessive. For a dominant trait simplest single replica of gene is enough for a phenotype to appear. So LL and LI each will bring about lengthy wings. While in a recessive trait each copies have to be same for the phenotype to appear. simplest Il genotype will bring about brief wing fruit fly.
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what are human causes of sinkholes
the process of _____ results in the formation of sex cells
Both a grizzly bear and a slime mold are made of one or more cells that contain a nucleus and other organelles. What can you conclude they have in common, based on the concept of domains?
Answers.
hey are both in the domain Archaea.
They are both in the domain Bacteria.
They are both in the domain Eukarya.
They are both in the domain Animalia.
They are both in the domain Eukarya.
What happens during the process of translation?
During the process of translation, the cell reads information from the messenger RNA and then uses this to form proteins.
What is translation?Translation is one of the many transformations that proteins have to undergo. In this process, the proteins read information from the messenger RNA codons, and from the information they get, they form proteins.
The chains that are formed during the process of translation result in polypeptide chains that form proteins.
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What are the two correct terms for nitrate poisoning in newborn infants?
Nitrate poisoning in newborn infants is referred to as methemoglobinemia and blue baby syndrome; these terms describe the oxygen-deprivation symptoms that occur when infants consume water with high levels of nitrates.
Explanation:The two correct terms for nitrate poisoning in newborn infants are methemoglobinemia and blue baby syndrome. When infants under the age of six months consume water with excess nitrates, they can develop methemoglobinemia, where hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen efficiently. This condition manifests as blue baby syndrome, characterized by symptoms such as shortness of breath and blue discoloration of the skin due to hypoxia. While the link between nitrates in drinking water and blue baby syndrome has been debated, with some suggesting other factors may contribute to the syndrome's outbreaks, elevated nitrate levels are still a recognized risk. The European Union's drinking water quality standards limit nitrate levels to less than 50 mg/L, while concerns about poisoning effects emphasize the importance of keeping hazardous substances away from children and following appropriate treatments for different types of poisoning.
Final answer:
The two terms describing nitrate poisoning in infants are methemoglobinemia and blue baby syndrome, conditions associated with high nitrate levels in drinking water and potential severe health risks.
Explanation:
The two correct terms for nitrate poisoning in newborn infants are methemoglobinemia, commonly known as blue baby syndrome.
This condition is characterized by a reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen, resulting in symptoms like shortness of breath and a blue tint to the skin.
Infants under six months are particularly at risk if they drink water containing nitrates above the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), which can lead to serious health issues and, if untreated, death.
While nitrate levels above 10 mg/L in drinking water are linked to methemoglobinemia, some studies suggest that other factors could also contribute to the syndrome. Nevertheless, maintaining safe drinking water standards is crucial for preventing such health risks in newborns.
According to Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, what four factors affect evolution? Explain how each factor affects evolution.
The 4 factors affect evolution, according to Darwin’s Origin of Species are;
Variation
Heritability
Competition
Differential survival
Variation ensures that there is variability of population traits on which selection pressures will apply.
Heritability means that the traits must be able to be passed down to offsprings through gametes.
Competition occurs when the individuals in the population compete for limited resources
Differential survival occurs due to competition for resources and other selection pressures. This result to the survival of the strongest and weeding out of the weak from the population.
FILL IN THE BLANK
A particular species of salamander was observed in California. Some groups of salamanders moved to the east, and a few others moved to the west. Over time, the two evolved and were no longer able to mate. This incompatibility was caused by (A. allopatric speciation, B. convergent evolution, C. coevolution) . The salamanders developed different reproductive behaviors, and the species were (A. mechanically isolate, B. behaviorally isolated, C. temporally isolated) .
Answer : The correct answer is -
1) A. allopatric speciation.
2)B. behaviorally isolated.
Allopatric speciation can be described as formation of new species when a biological population belonging to one species becomes geographically isolated and no gene flow occurs between the two during the course of evolution.
As per the given information in the question, a group of salamander population moved to east and another to west, which later evolved into two different population as they were unable to mate.
Thue, it represents allopatric speciation.
As the salamanders developed different reproductive behaviors, therefore it indicates behavior isolation, suggesting that they will perform different mating rituals.
Which structure of a protein is the folding of the protein chain?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
The secondary structure begins the folding up process where as in the tertiary structure, the protein is folded into its accurate 3D structure, associating to the purpose. This is tied together by a series of non-covalent communications between side groups, including ionic communications, disulphide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals energies and hydrogen bonds.
Any ideas for writing a paragraph on a voyage through an animal cell?
Which is not a method used in genetic engineering?
A gene is inserted to remove mutated DNA.
A gene is removed.
A gene is inserted to make a mutation inactive.
A synthetic gene is created
Answer:
A synthetic gene is created.
Explanation:
I just took the test and this was the correct answer.
Which statement is true about the cell theory?
It is tested only once.
It is based on a random guess.
It is based on experimentation.
It is a claim posed by some scientists.
The statement is true about the cell theory is It is based on experimentation. So, option C is correct.
What is cell theory?The cell theory suggest that all cells come from other cell. The other cell refers to the pre-existing cell.
Robert Hooke was the one who discovered many fact about cells. He studied the cells scientifically which we call cell biology.
So, option C is correct.
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Which of these BEST describes our current understanding about how species evolve over time?
A) As organisms use certain traits more frequently, each organism evolves over time.
B) Populations of organisms evolve rapidly due to genetic changes brought about by random mating patterns.
C) Traits that result in a greater number of mutations occur more frequently, causing the population to evolve.
D) Populations evolve as natural selection results in a change in the frequency of alleles within the population over time.
Why would water stop soaking into the ground in the saturated zone?
Water would stop soaking into the ground in the saturated zone from the previous rainfall cannot be re-absorbed. The rainfall become surface runoff.
Surface runoff is nothing more than the normal water running off on the land surface. It it similar to the water which we use for the purpose of washing the car with runs off down the driveway as we work, the rain which nature covers the landscape with runs off the downhill, too due to the gravitational force. Runoff is an important component of the natural water cycle of the ecosystem.
Surface runoff is the water, from the rain, snowmelt, or other sources, which flows over the land surface, and it is a major component of the water cycle in the ecosystem.
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Aluminum (Al) has an atomic number of 13 and an atomic mass of 27. Which of the following correctly shows the electron arrangement for aluminum?
1. 2, 11
2. 2, 8, 1
3. 2, 8, 3
4. 2, 8, 17
Why do clouds tend to form at 3pm and 6am
Clouds often form around 3pm and 6am because of specific atmospheric conditions. In the afternoon, the Sun's heat causes warm moist air to rise and cool, forming cumulus clouds. Around dawn, surface temperatures drop, creating a favorable environment for the humidity to condense into clouds.
Explanation:The phenomena of clouds often forming around 3pm or 6am primarily relate to atmospheric conditions particularly those involving temperature and convection processes.
In the afternoon, around 3pm, the sun has been heating the Earth's surface for most of the day. This heating process causes the air near the surface to warm up and rise, a process called convection. As this warm, moist air rises, it cools and can condense to form cumulus clouds, often appearing around the middle of the afternoon.
Similarly, around 6am, atmospheric conditions become favorable for cloud formation. The temperature near the Earth's surface becomes cooler than the air above. This causes the humidity to rise and condenses into clouds facilitated by the cooler, moist environment, which is why you often observe clouds in the early morning.
Another factor that contributes to these timings is the Earth's atmosphere's refractive properties, which can bend light around the planet. This bending can lead to the phenomenon of twilight illumination before sunrise and after sunset. Despite the sun not being in the horizon, its sunlight can still reach and heat the Earth's surface, possibly impacting cloud formation times.
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In what pattern does the flow of energy in the ecosystem take place
Which of the following are basic needs for animals?
A. food, water, sunlight, space, and shelter
B. food, water, oxygen, space, and shelter
C. water, oxygen, space, shelter and relaxation
D. shelter, water, food and protection
The basic needs for animals are food, water, oxygen, space, and shelter.
What are basic needs of living organisms?Basic needs refers to those things which must be present for an organism to survive.
If the basic needs of an organism are not provided, the organism will die.
The basic needs of an organism include, water, good and shelter.
Therefore, the basic needs for animals are food, water, oxygen, space, and shelter.
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most water vapor in the atmospher is the source of
a. couds and rain.
b. pollution
c. carbon dioxide
d. wind.
What is a Nor'easter?
what makes petroleum a nonrenewable resource
A non-renewable resource ... petroleum, natural gas) and ... It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, ...
A nonrenewable resource is a resource of economic value that cannot be ... nonrenewable resources are formed from ... since its radioactive nature makes it ...
Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource because it takes millions of years to form and cannot be replaced as fast as it is consumed. Our current usage rates will deplete petroleum reserves in decades, emphasizing the need for alternative energy sources.
Explanation:Petroleum is considered a nonrenewable resource because it forms under the Earth's surface over millions of years from the decomposed organic materials such as dead plants and animals. This long formation process means that once we have extracted and used petroleum, it cannot be replenished on a human time scale. At our current rates of consumption, petroleum reserves are depleting rapidly, and it is estimated that they will be significantly diminished within decades. Therefore, the crux of the matter is that the rate of consumption far exceeds the rate of natural formation, leading to a finite availability of petroleum.
Nonrenewable resources, like fossil fuels, also pose environmental challenges when burned, such as releasing pollutants and greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on developing sustainable alternative energy sources to reduce our reliance on nonrenewable resources and mitigate environmental impacts.
which is one of the disadvantages of using fossil fuels as an energy resource? (a) burning fossil fuels produces radioactive wastes. (b) gases released during combustion can form acid rain. (c) the heat released during combustion can be used to produce electricity. (d) fossil fuels produce a tremendous amount of energy thst is difficult to contain.
Answer:
It's B
Explanation:
Fossil fuels formed from the remains of living things or organic matter. When tremendous pressure and heat are applied to organic matter for long periods of time, the organic matter turns into fossil fuels causes the pressure that turns organic matter into fossil fuels.
Final answer:
The correct option is (b) gases released during combustion can form acid rain. Burning fossil fuels releases gases that can lead to the formation of acid rain, representing one of the disadvantages of using fossil fuels as an energy resource.
Explanation:
One of the disadvantages of using fossil fuels as an energy resource is that gases released during combustion can form acid rain. Fossil fuels, which include coal, oil, and natural gas, are nonrenewable sources of energy that were formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. When these fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. These emissions contribute to environmental issues such as global warming, smog, and acid rain, which are caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides during the combustion process. Accidents during fossil fuel extraction and transportation can also lead to devastating environmental consequences, such as oil spills.
Scientific bias can be present in any experiment. What is one effective method for reducing bias?
Answer:
The correct answer would be- Using random people to code the data of samples for scientific research or experiment.
Explanation:
Scientific bias is a scientific error that is taking place from unfair sampling or influence the research to portray a certain result or can occur due to an unfair estimation process that will affect the result of the research in a certain way according to the influence.
Scientific bias can be avoided by different methods to try to regulate to avoid bias with qualitative data analysis and one effective technique is -
- Using random people or researchers to code the data of samples for scientific research or experiment.