Explanation:
A) [tex]HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)\rightarrow H_2O(l)+NaCl(aq)[/tex]
Mass of sodium hydroxide= 2.7 g
Moles of base = [tex]\frac{2.7 g}{40 g/mol}=0.0675 mol[/tex]
According to reaction , 1 mol of NaOH neutralizes with 1 mol of HCl.
Then 0.0675 mol of base will neutralize:
[tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 0.0675 mol=0.0675 mol[/tex] of HCl.
Mass of 0.0675 mol of HCl = 0.0675 mol × 35.5 g/mol = 2.396 g
2.396 grams of acid will completely react with and neutralize 2.7 g of the sodium hydroxide.
B) [tex]2HNO_3(aq)+Ca(OH)_2(aq)\rightarrow 2H_2O(l)+Ca(NO_3)_2(aq)[/tex]
Mass of calcium hydroxide= 2.7 g
Moles of base = [tex]\frac{2.7 g}{57 g/mol}=0.04736 mol[/tex]
According to reaction , 2 mol of [tex]HNO_3[/tex] neutralizes with 1 mol of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex].
Then 0.04736 mol of base will neutralize:
[tex]\frac{2}{1}\times 0.04736 mol=0.09472 mol[/tex] of [tex]HNO_3[/tex]
Mass of 0.09472 mol of [tex]HNO_3[/tex] :
0.09472 mol × 63g/mol = 5.9673 g
5.9673 grams of acid will completely react with and neutralize 2.7 g of the calcium hydroxide.
C) [tex]H_2SO_4(aq)+2KOH(aq)\rightarrow 2H_2O(l)+K_2SO_4(aq)[/tex]
Mass of potassium hydroxide= 2.7 g
Moles of base = [tex]\frac{2.7 g}{56 g/mol}=0.04821 mol[/tex]
According to reaction , 1 mol of [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex] neutralizes with 2 mol of [tex]KOH[/tex].
Then 0.04821 mol of base will neutralize:
[tex]\frac{1}{2}\times 0.04821 mol=0.02410 mol[/tex] of [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex]
Mass of 0.02410 mol of [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex] :
0.02410 mol × 98 g/mol = 2.3618 g
2.3618 grams of acid will completely react with and neutralize 2.7 g of the potassium hydroxide.
The amount, in grams, of each acid that would be needed for each of the reactions represented by the equations respectively, would be 2.46 grams, 4.59 grams, and 2.36 grams.
Stoichiometric calculationsFrom the first equation: HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)→H2O(l)+NaCl(aq)
The mole ratio of HCl to NaOH is 1:1.
Mole of 2.7 g NaOH = 2.7/40 = 0.0675 moles
Equivalent mole of HCl = 0.0675 moles
Mass of 0.0675 mole HCl = 0.0675 x 36.458 = 2.46 grams
For the second equation: 2HNO3(aq)+Ca(OH)2(aq)→2H2O(l)+Ca(NO3)2(aq)
Mole ratio of base to acid = 1:2
Mole of 2.7 grams Ca(OH)2 = 2.7/74.093 = 0.0364 moles
Equivalent mole of HNO3 = 0.0364 x 2 = 0.0728 moles
Mass of 0.0728 mole HNO3 = 0.0728 x 63.01 = 4.59 grams
For the third equation: H2SO4(aq)+2KOH(aq)→2H2O(l)+K2SO4(aq)
Mole ratio of acid to base = 1;2
Mole of 2.7 grams KOH = 2.7/56.1 = 0.0481 moles
Equivalent mole of H2SO4 = 0.0481/2 = 0.024 moles
Mass of 0.024 mole H2SO4 = 0.024 x 98.079 = 2.36 grams
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Decide whether a chemical reaction happens in either of the following situations. If a reaction does happen, write the chemical equation for it. Be sure your chemical equation is balanced and has physical state symbols. situation chemical reaction? chemical equation A strip of solid lead metal is put into a beaker of 0.043M Fe(NO3)2 solution. yes no A strip of solid iron metal is put into a beaker of 0.044M Pb(NO3)2 solution.
Answer: The chemical equations are given below.
Explanation:
A balanced chemical reaction follows law of conservation of mass.
This law states that mass can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can only be transformed from one form to another form. This also means that total number of individual atoms on reactant side must be equal to the total number of individual atoms on the product side.
Single displacement reaction is defined as the reaction in which more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its chemical reaction.
General equation representing single displacement reaction follows:
[tex]AB+C\rightarrow CB+A[/tex]
C is more reactive element than element A.
The reactivity of metals is judged by the series known as reactivity series. Elements lying above in the series are more reactive than the elements lying below in the series.
1. When solid lead metal is put in the beaker of 0.043 M [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] solution.Lead lies below in the reactivity series than iron. Thus, it will not replace iron from its chemical reaction.
[tex]Pb(s)+Fe(NO_3)_2(aq.)\rightarrow \text{No reaction}[/tex]
2. When solid iron metal is put in the beaker of 0.044 M [tex]Pb(NO_3)_2[/tex] solution.Iron lies above in the reactivity series than lead. Thus, it will easily replace lead from its chemical reaction.
[tex]Fe(s)+Pb(NO_3)_2(aq.)\rightarrow Fe(NO_3)_2(aq.)+Pb(s)[/tex]
Hence, the chemical equations are given above.
In the first scenario, no reaction occurs when solid lead is placed into a solution of Fe(NO₃)₂ because lead is less reactive than iron. In the second scenario, a reaction occurs when iron is placed into a solution of Pb(NO₃)₂ because iron is more reactive than lead. The resulting balanced chemical equation is: Fe(s) + Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) -> Fe(NO₃)₂(aq) + Pb(s).
Explanation:In chemistry, a chemical reaction occurs when two or more atoms bond together to form molecules or when bonded atoms break apart. We refer to the substances used in the beginning of a reaction as the reactants and the substances found at the end of the reaction as the products.
The first scenario involves a strip of solid lead (Pb) placed into a solution of Fe(NO₃)₂. No reaction happens in this case because lead is less reactive than iron. In the second scenario, a strip of iron (Fe) is placed into a solution of Pb(NO₃)₂. A reaction occurs because iron is more reactive than lead. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: Fe(s) + Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) -> Fe(NO₃)₂(aq) + Pb(s).
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A rigid sphere is falling from a height of 1m in a fluid of density 1000 m3/kg. The time it took to fall is 500 seconds. If the density of the sphere is 1100 m3/kg and the viscosity of the fluid is 100 cP, what is the diameter of the sphere? (a. 6.1 m , b. 0.61 m , c. 0.061 m , d. 0.0061 m)
Answer:
0.00191 meter is the diameter of the sphere.
Explanation:
Velocity of the rigid sphere = [tex]v=\frac{1m}{500 s}[/tex]
Density of the fluid = [tex]\rho _f=1000 kg/m^3[/tex]
Density of the particle= [tex]\rho _p=1100 kg/m^3[/tex]
Viscosity of the fluid =[tex]\eta =100 centiPoise = 1 Poise=0.1 Kg/(m s)[/tex]
Radius of the sphere = r
[tex]v=\frac{2}{9}\times \frac{\rho _p-\rho _f}{\eta }gr^2[/tex]
(Terminal velocity)
[tex]\frac{1 m}{500 s}=\frac{2}{9}\times \frac{1100 kg/m^3-1000 kg/m^3}{0.1 kg/(m s)}\times 9.8 m/s^2\times r^2[/tex]
r = 0.00191 m
0.00191 meter is the diameter of the sphere.
The forensic technician at a crime scene has just prepared a luminol stock solution by adding 15.0 g of luminol into a total volume of 75.0 mL of H2O. What is the molarity of the stock solution of luminol? Express your answer with the appropriate units.
The answer is in the photo
The molarity of the luminol stock solution is calculated by dividing the number of moles of luminol (0.08464 moles) by the volume of the solution in liters (0.075 L), resulting in a molarity of 1.13 M.
The ideal way to characterise stock solutions is as concentrated solutions with precise, known concentrations that will be diluted for later usage in laboratories. Although you have the option to forego preparing stock solutions, doing so can simplify your workflow and save you a significant amount of time and money. To solve the question we need to first determine the number of moles of luminol and then use the volume of the solution to find the molar concentration.
The molecular weight of luminol (C₈H₇N₃O₂) is approximately 177.16 g/mol. The number of moles of luminol can be calculated by dividing the mass of luminol by its molecular weight:
Number of moles of luminol = Mass of luminol / Molecular weight of luminol
Number of moles of luminol = 15.0 g / 177.16 g/mol = 0.08464 moles
Next, we convert the volume of water from milliliters to liters:
Volume in liters = 75.0 mL × (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.075 L
Now we can calculate the molarity of the luminol solution:
Molarity (M) = Number of moles of solute / Volume of solution in liters
Molarity (M) = 0.08464 moles / 0.075 L
Molarity (M) = 1.13 M
The stock solution of luminol has a molarity of 1.13 moles per liter (1.13 M).
Calculate the percent ionization of formic acid (HCO2H) in a solution that is 0.125 M in formic acid. The Ka of formic acid is 1.77 ⋅ 10-4. Calculate the percent ionization of formic acid (HCO2H) in a solution that is 0.125 M in formic acid. The Ka of formic acid is 1.77 10-4. 0.859 0.0180 3.79 2.25 ⋅ 10-5 6.94
Answer:
Percent ionization of HCOOH is 3.69%
Explanation:
To calculate percent ionization of HCOOH, we have to construct an ICE table to determine changes in concentrations at equilibrium.
[tex]HCOOH\rightleftharpoons HCOO^{-}+H^{+}[/tex]
I: 0.125 0 0
C: -x +x +x
E: 0.125-x x x
species inside third bracket represent equilibrium concentrations
So, [tex]\frac{[HCOO^{-}][H^{+}]}{[HCOOH]}=K_{a}(HCOOCH)[/tex]
or, [tex]\frac{x^{2}}{0.125-x}= 1.77\times 10^{-4}[/tex]
or, [tex]x^{2}+0.000177x-0.0000221 = 0[/tex]
[tex]x=\frac{-0.000177+\sqrt{(0.000177)^{2}+(4\times 0.0000221)}}{2}[/tex]
or, [tex]x=4.61\times 10^{-3}[/tex] M
So, [tex][H^{+}]=4.61\times 10^{-3}M[/tex]
Percent ionization of formic acid = [tex]\frac{[H^{+}]}{initial concentration of HCOOH}\times 100[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.00461}{0.125}\times 100[/tex] = 3.69%
The percent ionization of the acid had been the concentration of hydrogen ion with respect to the acid concentration. The percent ionization of formic acid is 3.69%.
What is the acid dissociation constant (Ka)?The acid dissociation constant has been the concentration of the acid dissociated into the constituent ions.
The dissociation of formic acid is given as:
[tex]\rm HCOOH\;\rightleftharpoons\;H^+\;HCOO^-[/tex]
The acid dissociation constant (Ka) for formic acid is given as:
[tex]\rm Ka=\dfrac{[H^+][HCOO^-]}{[HCOOH]}[/tex]
Substituting the concentration of the ions and the acid from the ICE table attached.
[tex]\rm 1.77\;\times\;10^{-4}=\dfrac{[x][x]}{[0.125-x]} \\\\x=4.61\;\times\;10^-3[/tex]
The hydrogen ion concentration in the solution has been 0.00461 M.
Substituting the concentration for the percent ionization of the formic acid:
[tex]\rm Percent\;ionization=\dfrac{[H^+]}{[HCOOH]}\;\times\;100\\\\ Percent\;ionization=\dfrac{0.00461}{0.125}\;\times\;100\\\\ Percent\;ionization=3.69\;\%[/tex]
The percent ionization of formic acid is 3.69%.
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Pure HN3 (atom sequence HNNN) is explosive. In aqueous solution, it is a weak acid that yields the azide ion, N3−. Draw one resonance structure for N3− and one resonance structure for HN3. Include all lone pair electrons and nonzero formal charges in your structures.
Answer:
see explanation...
Explanation:
The central nitrogen atom in the azide ion has a formal charge of +1. The other nitrogen atoms have a formal charge of -1.
The resonance structure of azide ion and hydrazoic acid is shown in the image attached to this answer. We can see that the central nitrogen atom in the azide ion has a formal charge of +1. The other nitrogen atoms have a formal charge of -1.
In hydrazoic acid, hydrogen is attached to one of the end nitrogen atoms while the other nitrogen atoms have a formal of +1 and -1 respectively.
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Write the structure of a D-aldohexose that gives a meso compound on treatment with NaBH4 in water.
Explanation:
Meso compounds are optically inactive stereoisomers. Despite of having chiral carbon, they do not show optical activity because it has a plane of symmetry in its structure itself. It is superposable on its mirror image.
Aldo sugars on reaction which reducing agents such as , NaBH₄ reduces the carbonyl group in the sugar to alcohol and gives corresponding alditol.
The D- aldohexose which on reduction gives a meso alditol are allose and galactose.
The structure is shown in the image below. Thus, in allitol and galactitol formed have internal plane of symmetry which makes the optically inactive.
a good sample of benzoic acid melts at 121-122. however, a student had a sample of benzoic acid that melted over a range, 105-115. what could the student concllude about his sample?
Answer:
The student conclude that the sample of benzoic acid is impure.
Explanation:
The observed melting point of benzoic acid when a student melts his/her sample is low than the actual value. The reason for this might be:
(a) The most probable reason is that the sample is impure. Impurities in the sample leads to lowering the value of the melting point. The reason for the phenomenon is that when impurity is present in the compound, the pattern of the crystal lattice disturbs and thus it less amount of heat is require to break the lattice.
(b) There may be some experimental errors like:
Non-uniform heating of the sampleThe sample is not tightly filled in the capillary if the student is following Kjeldahl's flask method.If the student is using melting point machine, there there might be some instrumental errors.The student conclude that the sample is impure.
Final answer:
The student's benzoic acid sample is likely impure, as indicated by a melting point range significantly lower than the expected 121-122 degrees Celsius for a pure sample.
Explanation:
If a good sample of benzoic acid typically melts at 121-122 degrees Celsius, but a student's sample melted over a range of 105-115 degrees Celsius, it could indicate that their benzoic acid sample is impure. The presence of impurities in a compound will generally lower the melting point and cause the substance to melt over a broader temperature range. This can be seen in a MelTemp apparatus where samples with varying amounts of impurities, such as those containing acetanilide, melt at lower temperatures and have a wider melting range compared to pure benzoic acid.
Specific internal energy is an intensive property True False
Answer: True
Explanation: Intensive property does not depend on the amount of matter. Specific internal energy is an intensive property.
Hey there!:
Intensive property , does not depend upon the amount of matter , specific internal energy is an intensive property , due to word specific . TRUE
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Metals often form several cations with different charges. Cerium, for example, forms Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions, and thallium forms Tl+ and Tl3+ ions. Cerium and thallium ions react as follows:
2Ce4+(aq)+Tl+(aq)→2Ce3+(aq)+Tl3+(aq)
This reaction is very slow and is thought to occur in a single elementary step. The reaction is catalyzed by the addition of Mn2+(aq) according to the following mechanism:
Ce4+(aq)+Mn2+(aq)Ce4+(aq)+Mn3+(aq)Mn4+(aq)+Tl+(aq)→→ →Ce3+(aq)+Mn3+(aq)Ce3+(aq)+Mn4+(aq)Mn2+(aq)+Tl3+(aq)
Part A
What is the rate law for the uncatalyzed reaction?
rate=k[Ce4+]2[Tl+]2
rate=k[Ce4+][Tl+]
rate=k[Ce4+]
rate=k[Tl+]
rate=k[Ce4+]2[Tl+]
rate=k[Ce4+][Tl+]2
If the uncatalyzed reaction occurs in a single elementary step, why is it a slow reaction?
Check all that apply.
All reactions that occur in one step are slow.
The reaction requires the collision of three particles with the correct energy and orientation.
The probability of an effective three-particle collision is low.
The transition state is low in energy.
The catalyzed reaction is first order in [Ce4+] and first order in [Mn2+]. Which of the steps in the catalyzed mechanism is rate determining?
The catalyzed reaction is first order in and first order in . Which of the steps in the catalyzed mechanism is rate determining?
Ce4+(aq)+Mn2+(aq)→Ce3+(aq)+Mn3+(aq)
Ce4+(aq)+Mn3+(aq)→Ce3+(aq)+Mn4+(aq)
Mn4+(aq)+Tl+(aq)→Mn2+(aq)+Tl3+(aq)
What is the rate law for the uncatalyzed reaction?
In this type of reactions the rate law is dependent on the concentration of the reactants. In this case Ce and Tl ions. The answer will be rate=k[Ce[tex]^{4+}[/tex]][tex]^{2}[/tex][Tl[tex]^{+}[/tex]] because according to the rate law the reactants concentration should be powered at the number of moles, and from the equation we deduce that Ce[tex]^{4+}[/tex] concentration will be powered to 2.
the other answers are wrong
If the uncatalyzed reaction occurs in a single elementary step, why is it a slow reaction?
“All reactions that occur in one step are slow” - it is not correct because there are one step reactions that are fast.
“The reaction requires the collision of three particles with the correct energy and orientation” - it is the correct answer because the particles should collide in exactly the same time with the required amount of energy for the reaction to take place. The probability of an effective three-particle collision is low so the reaction will be a slow one.
“The transition state is low in energy” - in this case the rate of the reaction should be fast because the energy for the reaction needed to take place is low.
The catalyzed reaction is first order in [Ce[tex]^{4+}[/tex]] and first order in [Mn[tex]^{2+}[/tex]]. Which of the steps in the catalyzed mechanism is rate determining?
rate =k[Ce[tex]^{4+}[/tex]] [Mn[tex]^{2+}[/tex]] because the rate of the reaction may be done by increasing the amount of the catalyst (Mn[tex]^{2+}[/tex]).
The catalyzed reaction is first order in which of the steps in the catalyzed mechanism is rate determining?
Ce[tex]^{4+}[/tex][tex]_{(aq)}[/tex]+Mn[tex]^{2+}[/tex][tex]_{(aq)}[/tex]→Ce[tex]^{3+}[/tex][tex]_{(aq)}[/tex]+Mn[tex]^{3+}[/tex][tex]_{(aq)}[/tex]
Which of the following pairs of elements are likely to form ionic compounds? Check all that apply.
sodium and potassium
nitrogen and iodine
potassium and sulfur
chlorine and bromine
helium and oxygen
magnesium and chlorine
Answer : The correct pairs of elements likely to form ionic compounds are, potassium and sulfur, magnesium and chlorine.
Explanation :
Ionic compound : These are the compounds in which the atoms are bonded through the ionic bond. The ionic bond are formed by the complete transfer of the electrons.
That means, the atom which looses the electron is considered as an electropositive atom and the atom which gains the electron is considered as an electronegative atom.
And these bonds are formed between one metal and one non-metal.
From the given pairs of elements, potassium and sulfur, magnesium and chlorine are form ionic compound because potassium and magnesium are the metals and sulfur and chlorine are the non-metals. So, they can easily form ionic compound by the complete transfer of electrons.
While the other pairs, sodium and potassium are the metals, nitrogen and iodine, chlorine and bromine, helium and oxygen are the non-metals. They do not form ionic bond.
Hence, the correct pairs of elements likely to form ionic compounds are, potassium and sulfur, magnesium and chlorine.
Sodium and potassium, potassium and sulfur, and magnesium and chlorine are likely to form ionic compounds due to large differences in electronegativity.
Explanation:Ionic compounds are formed when one element transfers electrons to another element, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions. Elements with different electronegativities are more likely to form ionic compounds. Sodium and potassium, potassium and sulfur, and magnesium and chlorine are likely to form ionic compounds because of the large difference in electronegativity between them. In contrast, nitrogen and iodine, chlorine and bromine, helium and oxygen have similar electronegativities and are more likely to form covalent compounds.
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Consider the neutralization reaction 2HNO3(aq)+Ba(OH)2(aq)⟶2H2O(l)+Ba(NO3)2(aq) A 0.105 L sample of an unknown HNO3 solution required 29.1 mL of 0.200 M Ba(OH)2 for complete neutralization. What is the concentration of the HNO3 solution?
Answer: 0.11 M
Explanation:
The equation for the reaction is given as:
[tex]2HNO_3+Ba(OH)_2\rightarrow Ba(NO_3)_2+2H_2O[/tex]
According to the neutralization law,
[tex]n_1M_1V_1=n_2M_2V_2[/tex]
where,
[tex]M_1[/tex] = molarity of [tex]HNO_3[/tex] solution = ?
[tex]V_1[/tex] = volume of [tex]HNO_3[/tex] solution = 0.105 L= 105 ml
[tex]M_2[/tex] = molarity of [tex]Ba(OH)_2[/tex] solution = 0.2 M
[tex]V_2[/tex] = volume of [tex]Ba(OH)_2[/tex] solution = 29.1 ml
[tex]n_1[/tex] = valency of [tex]HNO_3[/tex] = 1
[tex]n_2[/tex] = valency of [tex]Ba(OH)_2[/tex] = 2
[tex]1\times M_1\times 105=2\times 0.2\times 29.1[/tex]
[tex]M_1=0.11M[/tex]
Therefore, the concentration of [tex]HNO_3[/tex] will be 0.11 M.
A sample of gas in a cylinder as in the example in Part A has an initial volume of 52.0 L , and you have determined that it contains 1.40 moles of gas. The next day you notice that some of the gas has leaked out. The pressure and temperature remain the same, but the volume has changed to 13.0 L . How many moles of gas (n2) remain in the cylinder?
Answer: 0.35 moles
Explanation:
Avogadro's Law: This law states that volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas at constant pressure and temperature.
[tex]V\propto n[/tex] (At constant temperature and pressure)
[tex]\frac{V_1}{n_1}=\frac{V_2}{n_2}[/tex]
where,
[tex]V_1[/tex] = initial volume of gas = 52.0 L
[tex]V_2[/tex] = final volume of gas = 13.0 L
[tex]n_1[/tex] = initial number of moles = 1.40
[tex]n_2[/tex] = final number of moles = ?
Now put all the given values in the above equation, we get the final pressure of gas.
[tex]\frac{52.0}{1.40}=\frac{13.0}{n_2}[/tex]
[tex]n_2=0.35moles[/tex]
Therefore, the moles of the gas that will remain is 0.35 moles.
What is the percent yield of a reaction in which 74.1 g of tungsten(VI) oxide (WO3) reacts with excess hydrogen gas to produce metallic tungsten and 8.01 mL of water (d = 1.00 g/mL)?
Final answer:
The percent yield of the reaction producing tungsten and water is approximately 13.66%. To find this, the theoretical yield of tungsten was calculated using stoichiometry, and compared with the actual yield of water, assuming a 1:1 correspondence between tungsten and water produced by the reaction.
Explanation:
To calculate the percent yield of the reaction, we need to know the theoretical yield and the actual yield. The theoretical yield can be calculated using stoichiometry based on the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. In this case, we are given the production of water as a byproduct of the reaction between tungsten(VI) oxide (WO3) and hydrogen gas. We're also provided the mass of water produced (8.01 g, since the density of water is given as 1.00 g/mL and volume is 8.01 mL).
The balanced reaction is: WO3 + 3H2 → W + 3H2O
To find the theoretical yield of tungsten, we need the molar mass of WO3 and W:
Molar mass of WO3 = (1 x 183.84) + (3 x 16.00) = 231.84 g/molMolar mass of W = 183.84 g/molUsing the molar mass, we can calculate the moles of WO3 reacted:
74.1 g WO3 × (1 mol / 231.84 g) = 0.319 moles of WO3
Because the reaction stoichiometry is 1:1 for WO3 to W, the moles of tungsten produced should also be 0.319. Using the molar mass of tungsten, we can calculate the theoretical yield:
0.319 moles of W × 183.84 g/mol = 58.665 g of W
The actual yield given is 8.01 g of water, which we assume corresponds to the amount of tungsten produced since 3 moles of water are produced per mole of tungsten. Therefore, the percent yield is:
Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) × 100%
Percent Yield = (8.01 g / 58.665 g) × 100% ≈ 13.66%
A process has a AH of +22 kJ and a AS of -13 J/K. At which temperatures is the process spontaneous?
Answer:
At 1692.31 K.
Explanation:
The Gibbs free energy is a measurement of the energy available for the system to realize a change. And can be calculated by the relation of enthalpy, temperature and entropy by the Gibbs equation:
[tex]\Delta G = \Delta H + T\Delta S[/tex]
A procces will be spontaneous if the Gibbs free energy of the system is negative.
So, if we set the ΔG of the system as -.1 J to make it so that the proccess will be spontanteous and input the given values of entropy and enthalpy into the Gibbs equation, we get:
[tex]-.01 J = 22,000 J - T(-13 J/K)[/tex]
[tex]T = 1692.3 K[/tex]
What product, including stereochemistry, is formed when CH3OCH2CH2C≡CCH2CH(CH3)2 is treated with the following reagent: H2 (excess), Lindlar catalyst?
Using hydrogen and Lindlar catalyst the triple bond will be hydrogenated to a double one with a cis conformation.
When 7.50 grams of Iodine (I2) is added to 48.7 grams of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4), the iodine dissolves and a solution is formed. What is the weight percent of the iodine in the solution?
Answer:
weight percent of Iodine in the solution is 13.34%
Explanation:
Weight percentage -
weight percentage of A is given as , the weight of the substance A by weight of the total solution multiplied by 100.
i.e.
weight % A = weight of A / weight of solution * 100
From the question ,
weight of Iodine = 7.50 g
weight of carbon tetrachloride = 48.7 g
iodine is the solute and carbon tetrachloride is the solvent ,
Since,
solution = solute + solvent.
Hence,
weight of solution = weight of solute ( iodine ) + weight of solvent ( carbon tetrachloride)
weight of solution = 7.50 g + 48.7 g = 56.20 g
now,
weight of Iodine is calculated as,
weight % iodine = weight of iodine / weight of solution * 100
weight % iodine = 7.50 g / 56.20 g * 100
weight % iodine = 13.34 %
Cavendish prepared hydrogen in 1766 by the novel method of passing steam through a red-hot gun barrel: 4H2 O(g) 3Fe(s) ⟶ Fe3 O4(s) 4H2(g) What volume of H2 at a pressure of 745 torr and a temperature of 20 °C can be prepared from the reaction of 15.O g of H2 O?
Hey there!:
convert mass of H2O to mol , use given chemical equation to calculate moles of H2 produced , use ideal gas equation to calculate volume
convert mass of H2O to mol :
mol of H2O = mass / molar mass
= 15.0 / 18.0
= 0.833 mol
use given chemical equation to calculate moles of H2 produced
from given equation, 4 mol of H2 is formed from 4 mol of H2O
So,
moles of H2 = moles of H2O
= 0.833 mol
use ideal gas equation to calculate volume
use:
P*V = n*R*T
(745/760) atm * V = 0.833 mol * 0.0821 atm.L/mol.K * (20+273) K
0.9803 * V = 0.833 * 0.0821*293
V = 20.4 L
Answer: 20.4 L
Calculate the change in entropy that occurs in the system when 4.20 mole of diethyl ether (\(\rm C_4H_6O\)) condenses from a gas to a liquid at its normal boiling point (\(34.6^{\circ} \rm C\)). \(\Delta H_{vap}\) = 26.5 \(\rm kJ/mol\)
Answer : The entropy change of the system is, 361.83 J/K
Solution :
Formula used :
[tex]\Delta S=\frac{n\times \Delta H_{vap}}{T_b}[/tex]
where,
[tex]\Delta S[/tex] = entropy change of the system = ?
[tex]\Delta H[/tex] = enthalpy of vaporization = 34.6 kJ/mole
n = number of moles of diethyl ether = 4.20 mole
[tex]T_b[/tex] = normal boiling point = [tex]26.5^oC=273+26.5=307.6K[/tex]
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get the entropy change of the system.
[tex]\Delta S=\frac{4.20mole\times (34.6KJ/mole)}{307.6K}=0.36183kJ/K=0.36183\times 1000=361.83J/K[/tex]
Therefore, the entropy change of the system is, 361.83 J/K
Which of the following is incorest regarding monosaccharides? b) smallest monosaccharides are composed of three carbons. d) must be either ether or ester a) aldoses and ketoses c) exist in many isomeric forms e) Two monosaccharides can combine to form a disaccharide
Answer:
Must be either ether or ester.
Explanation:
The incorrect statement is that the monosaccharides must ether or esters.
The main and compulsory functional group in a monosaccharide are aldehyde and ketones.
The other statements are true
1) smallest monosaccharides are composed of three carbons: the smallest monosaccharide is glyceraldehyde.
a) aldoses and ketoses : they have either aldehyde group or ketone group
example: glucose is aldose and fructose if keotse
c) exist in many isomeric forms: there can be many arrangement on chiral carbons thus many stereoisomers are possible
e) Two monosaccharides can combine to form a disaccharide: yes for example glucose combines with fructose to give sucrose.
How does heat transfer takes place between any two systems?
Explanation:
For transfer of heat between any two substances or matter can be occurred by conduction or convection process.
Conduction is a process in which two objects of different temperature are placed in contact with each other. Therefore, heat transfers from hotter object to colder object until the temperature of both objects becomes equal.
For example, a metal spoon placed in a hot cup of tea.
Convection is a process in which a fluid generally liquid or gas is heated and denser material (colder) sinks at the bottom whereas less denser material (hotter) rises at the top. This causes conventional currents in the fluid.
For example, heating rice in a pot full of water.
Ethylene glycol (C2H4(OH)2) , when dissolved in water, provides the standard ‘anti-freeze’ coolant for water-cooled engines. In order to depress the freezing point of water by 20 °C, how many grams of ethylene glycol would need to be dissolved in 15 kg of pure water? (The molal freezing point depression constant for water Kf = 1.86 K mol-1 kg and the relevant atomic masses are: C = 12g, H = 1g and O = 16g.) Note: ethylene glycol is an organic compound and does NOT break up or dissociate when it dissolves in water. Hint: first calculate the molality (m) of the ethylene glycol solution.
What is the boiling point of this same solution at atmospheric pressure? (The molal boiling point elevation constant for water Kb = 0.52 K mol -1 kg.)
Answer:
146,575 grams of ethylene glycol would need to be dissolved in 15 kg of pure water
The boiling point of the solution is 181.95°C.
Explanation:
Mass of ethylene glycol = x
Molar mass of ethylene glycol = 2 × 12 g/mol + 2 × 32 g/mol+ 4 × 1= 62g/mol
Moles of ethylene glycol =[tex]\frac{x}{62 g/mol}[/tex]
Mass of solvent that is water = 15 kg
The molal freezing point depression constant for water [tex]K_f=1.86 K kg/mol[/tex]
Molality of the solution:
[tex]Molality=\frac{\text{Moles of compound}}{\text{Mass of solvent (kg)}}[/tex]
[tex]Molality=m=\frac{x}{62 g/mol\times 15 kg}[/tex]
Depression in freezing point of water =[tex]\Delta T_f=20^oC=293.15 K[/tex]
((T)°C =T+ 273.15 K)
[tex]\Delta T_f=K_f\times m[/tex]
[tex]293.15 K=1.86 K kg/mol\times \frac{x}{62 g/mol\times 15 kg}[/tex]
x = 146,575 g
Boiling point of this solution =[tex]T_b[/tex]
The molal boiling point elevation constant for water[tex]K_b = 0.52 K kg/mol[/tex]
[tex]\Delta T_b=K_b\times m[/tex]
[tex]\Delta T_b=0.52 K kg/mol\times \frac{146,575 g}{62 g/mol\times 15 kg}[/tex]
[tex]\Delta T_b=81.95K[/tex]
Normal boiling point of water is = T = 373.15 K
[tex]\Delta T_b=T_b-T[/tex]
[tex]T_b=\Delta T_b+T=81.95K+373.15 K=455.1 K=181.95^oC[/tex]
The boiling point of the solution is 181.95°C.
A piece of metal with a mass of 12.5 g is placed into a graduated cylinder that contains 25.00 mL of water, raising the water level to 27.5 mL. What is the density of the metal?0.45 g/mL2.23 g/mL4.0 g/mL5.0 g/mL5.50 g/mL
The answer is in the photo
.Entropy is a measure of_______
Answer:
Disorder
Explanation:
Entropy is a measure of disorder.
Entropy is a measure of disorder.
The fraction of a radioactive isotope remaining at time t is (1/2)^t/t1/2 where t1/2 is the half-life. If the half-life of carbon−14 is 5,730 yr, what fraction of carbon−14 in a piece of charcoal remains after
(a) 14.0 yr?
(b) 1.900 × 10^4 yr? _________ × 10 (Enter your answer in scientific notation.)
(c) 1.0000 × 10^5 yr? __________× 10 (Enter your answer in scientific notation.)
Answer:
a) [tex]1.065\times 10^{-8} [/tex]fraction of carbon−14 in a piece of charcoal remains after 14.0 years.
b) [tex]0.000\times 10^{-3} [/tex]fraction of carbon−14 in a piece of charcoal remains after [tex]1.900\times 10^4 years[/tex]
c) [tex]0.0000\times 10^{-4} [/tex]fraction of carbon−14 in a piece of charcoal remains after [tex]1.0000\times 10^5 years[/tex].
Explanation:
The fraction of a radioactive isotope remaining at time t is given by:
[tex][A]=\frac{(\frac{1}{2})^t}{t_{\frac{1}{2}}}[/tex]
Taking log both sides:
[tex]\log [A]=t\log[\frac{1}{2}]-\log [t_{\frac{1}{2}}][/tex]
[A] = fraction at given time t
[tex]t_{\frac{1}{2}}[/tex] = half life of the carbon−14 =5,730 years
a)When , t = 14 years
[tex]\log [A]=t\log[\frac{1}{2}]-\log [t_{\frac{1}{2}}][/tex]
[tex]\log [A]= 14 years\times (-3010)-\log [5,730 years][/tex]
[tex][A]=1.065\times 10^{-8} [/tex]
b)When , t = [tex]1.900\times 10^4 years[/tex]
[tex]\log [A]=t\log[\frac{1}{2}]-\log [t_{\frac{1}{2}}][/tex]
[tex]\log [A]= 1.900\times 10^4 years\times (-3010)-\log [5,730 years][/tex]
[tex][A]=0.000\times 10^{-3} [/tex [/tex]
c)When , t = [tex]1.0000\times 10^5 years[/tex]
[tex]\log [A]=t\log[\frac{1}{2}]-\log [t_{\frac{1}{2}}][/tex]
[tex]\log [A]= 1.0000\times 10^5 years\times (-3010)-\log [5,730 years][/tex]
[tex][A]=0.0000\times 10^{-4} [/tex]
Chlorination of pentane gives a mixture of isomers having the molecular formula C5H11Cl. The percentage of 1-chloropentane is 22%. Assuming the secondary hydrogens in pentane are equally reactive to monochlorination, what is the percentage of 3-chloropentane in the mixture?
Hey there!:
Pentane is a 5 member hydrocarbon
1 chloropentane can be on either side and will still have thesame name because of the IUPAC rules .
To determine the relative amounts of products obtained from radical chlorination of an alkane, both probability (the number of hydrogens that can be abstracted that will lead to the formation of the particular product) and reactivity (the relative rate at which a particular hydrogen is abstracted) must be taken into account.
The precise ratios differ at different temperatures.
For 3- chloro pentane , There are two hydrogen only and the reactivity is same for all 2° hydrogen
The 2° hydrogen % should = 100-22 = 78% ( all remaining are 2° hydrogen only)
since all are equally recative 2° hydrogen , proportionate distribution will be there.
% Yield = {( Total hydrogen which can give 3 choloropentane) / (all hydrogen of 2° ) } * 78
= (2/6)* 78 = 26%
Hope this helps!
In the chlorination of pentane, if 1-chloropentane is 22% of the mixture and secondary hydrogens are equally reactive as in monochlorination, the percentage of 3-chloropentane in the mixture is approximately 15%. The percentages are derived taking into consideration that the ratio of monochlorination among the different positions in pentane (primary, secondary, tertiary) is 3:2:0.
Explanation:In organic chemistry, different isomers of a compound can be formed via a process of substitution like chlorination. In the chlorination of pentane, we have a mixture of isomers, including 1-chloropentane and 3-chloropentane, among others. The question stated that the given percentage of 1-chloropentane is 22%. If the reactivity of secondary hydrogens in pentane is equal to that of monochlorination, then it implies the formation of 2-chloropentane and 3-chloropentane have the same ratio because both have their Cl bound to a secondary carbon. Thus, the distribution of monochlorination among 3 positions (primary, secondary, and tertiary) is in a ratio 3:2:0 for 1,2 and 3-chloropentane respectively.
To derive the individual rates of formation, we'd have to divide each by the total, e.g., for 1-chloropentane (primary position), it would be 3/5 = 0.60 or 60%. However, the question gives us a value of 22% for the 1-chloropentane, which suggests our chlorination is only 22/60 = 0.37 or 37% effective. Applying this scale factor to 2,3 chloropentane (secondary position), we get 0.37*40 = 14.8%. Therefore, 3-chloropentane will constitute around 15% of the mixture.
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Gold has a density of 1,200 lb./ft. What is the density of gold in g/em? For conversion factors use I lb. 453.6 g, and l inch-2.54 cm. (1 f-12 inches)
Answer: The density of gold in [tex]g/cm^3[/tex] is [tex]19.22g/cm^3[/tex]
Explanation:
Density is defined as the ratio of mass of the object and volume of the object. Mathematically,
[tex]\text{Density}=\frac{\text{Mass of the object}}{\text{Volume of the object}}[/tex]
We are given:
Density of gold = [tex]1200lb/ft^3[/tex]
Using conversion factors:
1 lb = 453.6 g
1 feet = 12 inches
1 inch = 2.54 cm
Converting given quantity into [tex]g/cm^3[/tex], we get:
[tex]\Rightarrow (\frac{1200lb}{ft^3})\times (\frac{453.6g}{1lb})\times (\frac{1ft}{12inch})^3\times (\frac{1inch}{2.54cm})^3\\\\\Rightarrow 19.22g/cm^3[/tex]
Hence, the density of gold in [tex]g/cm^3[/tex] is [tex]19.22g/cm^3[/tex]
Carnitine ________. is a dietary essential, especially for athletes shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria shuttles oxaloacetate from the mitochondria to the cytosol
Answer:
Is a dietary essential, especially for athletes shuttles .
Explanation:
Carnitine is a dietary essential, especially for athletes shuttles .
Carnitine shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria, where they are broken down for energy in a process called oxidation. It is a nutrient associated with lipid metabolism and is involved in the Carnitine Shuttle, but it is not an essential dietary element for everyone, particularly those with already sufficient levels.
Carnitine is a nutrient involved in lipid metabolism within the mitochondria, especially for the transportation of fatty acids. In cellular metabolism, carnitine is not a dietary essential, but it shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria, enabling their breakdown for energy production. This process, known as the Carnitine Shuttle, involves the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA molecules into acyl-carnitine by the enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, which allows the molecule to be transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Once within the matrix, carnitine acyltransferase II converts acyl-carnitine back into acyl-CoA for oxidation.
Despite being marketed as a supplement for athletes and individuals looking to enhance fat catabolism, carnitine supplementation has not been universally agreed upon as effective for those with sufficient carnitine levels. The role of carnitine in facilitating fatty acid oxidation is crucial, but it does not involve the shuttling of oxaloacetate from the mitochondria to the cytosol.
A 55.0 L steel tank at 20.0 ∘C contains acetylene gas, C2H2, at a pressure of 1.39 atm. Assuming ideal behavior, how many grams of acetylene are in the tank?
Answer:
PV=nRT
n = PV/RT
n = m/Mm
m/Mm = PV/RT
m = MmPV/RT
T in kelvin = T Celsius + 273.15 = 293.15 K
m = (26.04 x 1.39 x 55)/(0.08206 x 293.15)
mass in grams = 82.8 grams
Explanation:
Ideal gases formula is PV=nRT, where:
P is the pressure (1.39 atm in this case)
V is the volume (55.0 L in this case)
R is the gas constant (0.08206 L.atm/K.mole)
T is the temperature (20.0C) should be converted to Kelvin
all the unit should correspond to the one in the R.
we also know that to find the mass, we can use number mole with the formula number of mole(n) = mass (m) divided by the molar mass (Mm). therefore we substituted that in the formula and make (m) the subject of the formula.
we found the mass to be 82.8 grams
PV=nRT is the formula for ideal gases, where P is the pressure and R is the constant and T is the temperature (1.39 atm in this case)
The letter V stands for volume (55.0 L in this case)(0.08206 L.atm/K.mole) is the gas constant.T stands for temperature (20.0C) All units should be changed to Kelvin and correspond to the one in the R.We also know that we can apply the formula number of mole(n) = mass (m) divided by the molar mass to obtain the mass (Mm). As a result, we inserted that in the formula and made (m) the subject.[tex]m = MmPV/RT\\m = (26.04 x 1.39 x 55)/(0.08206 x 293.15)[/tex]
Thus, the mass was discovered to be 82.8 grams.
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Which of the following is an acceptable IUPAC name?(A) 3,6-dimethylheptane (B) 2-ethyl-3-methylheptane (C) 5-methyl-3-ethylheptane (D) 4-ethyl-4-methylheptaneD
The acceptable IUPAC name among the given options is 3,6-dimethylheptane, as it correctly follows the IUPAC rules for nomenclature where similar substituents are denoted with prefixes like 'di-', 'tri-' etc.
Explanation:The correct answer is option (A) 3,6-dimethylheptane. The IUPAC rules for nomenclature of organic compounds mandate that when there are multiple substituents of the same type, as in this case where we have two methyl groups, the carbon atoms to which they are attached are indicated by commas between the numbers and preceded by prefixes such as 'di-', 'tri-' etc. Thus, 3,6-dimethylheptane follows these rules, making it an acceptable IUPAC name. The other options do not follow the IUPAC rules for nomenclature.
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According to IUPAC nomenclature rules for organic compounds, option (B) 2-ethyl-3-methylheptane is the correct name. This indicates a heptane chain with an ethyl group on the second carbon and a methyl group on the third carbon.
Explanation:The question pertains to the correct naming of organic compounds according to the system laid out by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). According to IUPAC nomenclature, the longest carbon chain in the molecule is identified first, and is named using Greek prefixes indicating the number of carbon atoms. All substituents (any atoms or groups of atoms) that are attached to the longest chain are then identified and designated with prefixes and the position on the carbon chain.
After examining the given options, Option (B) 2-ethyl-3-methylheptane is the correct IUPAC name. This indicates that the longest carbon chain in the molecule is heptane (7 carbons), with an ethyl group (2 carbons) attached to the second carbon and a methyl group (1 carbon) attached to the third carbon. The other choices (3,6-dimethylheptane; 5-methyl-3-ethylheptane; and 4-ethyl-4-methylheptane) do not follow the IUPAC rules of nomenclature appropriately, either because they involve numbering from the wrong end of the carbon chain or because identical groups on the same carbon are not correctly identified.
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74) A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.60 g of nicotine (a nonelectrolyte) in water to make 12 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of the solution is 7.55 atm at 25 °C. The molecular weight of nicotine is ________g/mol.
Answer:
molar mass of nicotine will be 162.16g/mol
Explanation:
The mass of nicotine taken = 0.60g
The volume of solution = 12mL
the osmotic pressure of solution = 7.55 atm
Temperature in kelvin =298.15K (25+ 273.15)
The formula which relates osmotic pressure and concentration (moles per L) is:
π = MRT
Where
π = osmotic pressure (unit atm) = 7.55 atm
M = molarity (mol /L)
T= temperature = (K) = 298.15 K
R = gas constant = 0.0821 L atm /mol K
Putting values
[tex]7.55=MX0.0821X298.15[/tex]
Therefore
[tex]M=\frac{7.55}{0.0821X298.15}=0.308\frac{mol}{L}[/tex]
Molarity is moles of solute dissolve per litre of solution
The volume of solution in litre = 0.012 L
[tex]molarity=\frac{moles}{V}[/tex]
[tex]moles=molarityXvolume=0.308X0.012=0.0037mol[/tex]
we know that
[tex]moles=\frac{mass}{ymolarmass}[/tex]
molar mass = [tex]\frac{mass}{moles}=\frac{0.60}{0.0037}=162.16\frac{g}{mol}[/tex]