Answer:
Patients would get Joint stiffness, swollen joints, some will get fatigue, lack of energy, low fever, if there damage to the lungs they'll get shortness of breath.
Explanation:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the synovial joints of the hands, feet, and cervical spine.
Symptoms: RA causes joints to become swollen, stiff, and painful. It typically affects joints symmetrically, meaning if one side of the body is affected, the other side likely will be too. Commonly affected areas are the hands, feet, and neck.
Autoimmune Disease: RA is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. This attack leads to inflammation of the joint lining, breakdown of cartilage, and eventual pain as bones start to rub against each other.
Risk Factors: RA is more common in women than men, and the typical age of onset is between 40 to 50 years of age. Factors like genetics, environment, and possible hormonal changes can contribute to the development of RA.
Diagnosis: Diagnosing RA involves several steps:
Clinical Evaluation: A rheumatologist will evaluate your symptoms, such as joint inflammation and pain.Medical Imaging: X-rays and MRI scans can help detect joint damage and inflammation.Blood Tests: Specific blood tests look for markers that indicate RA, such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies.Advanced Imaging: Sometimes, an arthrogram, which is a type of medical imaging that uses a contrast agent, is performed. This technique visualizes the soft tissue structures within the joints, such as cartilage and tendons, allowing early detection of degenerative changes.
In the body, the steps of gas exchange,or respiration include:
a. pulmonary ventilation
b. external respiration
c. internal respiration
d. A and B are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
Answer:
The answer is E: A, B And C are correct.
Explanation:
The external respiration is that which occurs at the level of the pulmonary alveoli with the capillaries of the pulmonary vessels, producing an exchange of gases, releasing carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveolus, and in turn, this delivers oxygen.
The internal respiration is the one between the tissue capillaries and the cells where the blood releases the oxygen and receives the CO2, turning the oxygenated blood into deoxygenated.
The pulmonary ventilation on the other hand takes oxygen from the air we breathe and takes it to the lungs.
Respiration includes pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between air and blood, while internal respiration is the gas exchange between blood and body tissues.
Explanation:The steps of gas exchange, also known as respiration, in the body indeed include pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood, while internal respiration refers to the gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is E: A, B, and C are correct.
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Insulin is produced and secreted by ______ cells of the ______ (name of the organ)
Explanation:
Insulin is produced and secreted by ___pancrease ___ cells of the ___islet___ (name of the organ)
________, which reinforce the fibrous capsule, help to prevent dislocation of the joint.
Answer:
Reinforcing ligaments.
Explanation:
Reinforcing ligaments may be defined as the bands of the connective tissue that helps in the connection of two bones. They consist a tough sheet of fibrous tissue.
Reinforcing ligaments reinforce the various fibrous capsule. This ligaments also helps to prevent the dislocation of the joints of the body.
Thus, the answer is reinforcing ligament.
Ligaments reinforce the fibrous capsule of synovial joints to prevent dislocation and maintain joint stability. They limit excessive or abnormal movements, ensuring the bones stay connected. Muscles and tendons also contribute to joint stability through contraction.
Explanation:Within synovial joints, ligaments play a crucial role in preventing dislocation and providing stability. Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that reinforce the fibrous capsule surrounding the joint, anchoring the bones together. They limit the range of motion and prevent excessive or abnormal movements, ensuring the joint stays intact. In addition to ligaments, muscles and tendons also contribute to joint stability by providing indirect support through contraction.
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Which type of neurons are used to convey the special senses of sight?
a. Multipolar neurons
b. Bipolar neurons
c. Unipolar neurons
Answer:
The correct answer is option B. bipolar neurons.
Explanation:
Bipolar neurons are the cells or a type of neuron which has one axon and one dendrite that characterized as two distinct extensions, unlike unipolar ones that have only one extension. These neurons are specialized sensory neurons that help in transmitting special senses like vision, smell, and others.
The bipolar cells or neurons are present in the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve, retina and other sensory organs. These cells also help in motor neurons for the muscle movement.
Thus, the correct answer is option B. bipolar neuron.
Which of the hormones below is least associated with regulating blood glucose levels?
A. Glucagon
B. Somatotropin
C. ANG II
D. cortisol
E. insulin
Answer:
E. Insulin
Explanation:
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels.
Types of traction used to treat a fracture include all the following except:
a. Bryant traction
b. Halo traction
c. Bucks traction
d. Belvedere traction
Answer:
The answer is D: Belvedere traction.
Explanation:
The types of traction used in orthopedics to correct fractures are:
- Bryant traction: It is used in children with femur and pelvis fractures for correction of congenital hip injuries.
- Halo traction: use a vest to immobilize fractures of the neck or spine.
- Buck traction: Ropes are used to immobilize the fracture.
Answer:
d. Belvedere traction.
Explanation:
Bryant traction, Halo traction, and Bucks traction are used to treat a fracture.
Bryant traction is used in children with problems in their hips or femur fracture.
Halo traction is used to help children with problems in their spine, this traction pulls from the muscles and joints.
Bucks traction is a type of skin traction that helps the bone to be in its proper place to heal correctly.
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False.
Explanation:
The main function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen to the various cells of the body. For this process to occur the oxygen from the lungs gets attached to the hemoglobin and travels throughout the body to reach at every possible place.
This hemoglobin also gets attached to the carbon dioxide from various cells of the body to lungs for gaseous exchange.
There are many factors that affect the loading and unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. The increased temperature increases the rate of unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin and increased temperature does not favors loading of oxygen to hemoglobin.
Hence, the given statement is False.
Increased temperature actually increases the unloading of O2 from hemoglobin, not decreases. The temperature increase alters the hemoglobin protein shape to release oxygen more easily
Explanation:The statement is False. Increased temperature typically causes a greater unloading of O2 from hemoglobin. This happens because when the temperature increases, it alters the shape of the hemoglobin protein in a way that makes it release oxygen more easily.
This concept is known as the Bohr Effect, where high temperatures and an increase in the concentration of CO2 result in hemoglobin releasing more oxygen.
You could think of it as a mechanism that helps deliver more oxygen to vigorously working muscles that are producing more heat and CO2.
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What are the four divisions of the stomach?
Answer:
The cardia, fundus, corpus, and pylorus!
A chemical signal released into the environment that can modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals is known as a:
a. hormone
b. pheromone
c. membrane
d. factor
e, releasing hormone
Coxal Joint:
a. Hip
b. Knee
c. Ankle
Answer:
a. hip
Explanation:
hope this help you above....
Final answer:
The coxal joint is the hip joint, a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint connecting the head of the femur to the acetabulum of the hip bone.
Explanation:
The coxal joint, commonly referred to as the hip joint, is a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint. This type of joint is classified by the connection between the head of the femur (thighbone) and the acetabulum of the hip bone. Such joints support a wide range of movement, including rotational movements, and are integral in bearing the body's weight and providing stability during activities like standing and walking. The hip joint's structure is designed to endure the substantial stress imposed on it, which is why it has a more limited range of motion compared to other multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder joint.
The mean arterial pressure is:
a. diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure).
b. systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure.
c. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.
d. 1/2 (systolic pressure + diastolic pressure).
e. the same as venous pressure.
Answer:
Option (a).
Explanation:
Mean arterial pressure may be defined as the defined as the average blood pressure of an individual during the single cardiac cycle. The mean arterial pressure can be measured directly or by applying the mathematical formula.
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be calculated mathematically by the following formula:
MAP ( mean arterial pressure) = DP (diastolic pressure) +1/3( SP ( systolic pressure)- DP).
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
Downward slippage of the humeral head when relaxed may indicate an injury to the _____________ muscle.
Answer:
Downward slippage of the humeral head when relaxed may indicate an injury to the Supraspinatus muscle.
The site of gas exchange in the lungs is the _________________.
Answer:
Alveoli.
Explanation:
Respiration may be defined as the process of exchange of gases between the environment, lungs and body tissues. Energy is given off during the process of respiration.
The alveoli is a ballon like structure present in the lungs when gases are inflated in the alveoli. The alveoli increses the surface area for the exchange of gases. Oxygen is transferred in the body tissue from the alveoli.
Thus, alveoli is the main site of gas exchange in the lungs.
A condition known as Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit. Which chamber of the heart would this condition most directly affect, and why?
Pulmonary Hypertension directly affects the right ventricle of the heart due to the increased effort required to pump blood through the high-resistance pulmonary arteries, leading to potential hypertrophy and heart failure.
Explanation:The condition known as Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit, specifically affecting the arteries that supply blood to the lungs. This condition most directly affects the right ventricle of the heart. In pulmonary hypertension, because the blood pressure in the lungs' arteries is elevated, the right ventricle must work harder to pump blood through these vessels. Over time, this increased workload can lead to the thickening of the right ventricle's muscular walls (hypertrophy), and potentially, the failure of the right ventricle.
Why the Right Ventricle is Affected
The right ventricle is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Increased resistance in the pulmonary arteries forces the right ventricle to exert more effort in pumping blood.
This can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately, right heart failure if untreated.
DGI can trigger?
a) Arthritis
b) Tenosynovitis
c) Dermatitis
d) Death
e) All of the above
Answer:
A, Arthritis
Explanation:
Disseminated gonococcal infection ( DGI ) is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection that can spread to the joints. It may cause a condition called gonococcal arthritis.
This type of arthritis often start with the usual symptoms of gonorrhea: pain on urinating or discharge, however, these symptoms can also be absent. Later, pain in joints appear, usually in the big joints: knees, wrists or ankles. The pain can be accompanied by fever, rash and painfully inflamed tendons.
This condition is treated with antibiotics.
What function is most directly lost when helper T-cells die?
a) ability to activate B lymphocytes
b) ability to attack virus-infected cells
c) ability to create an inflammatory response
d) ability to present antigens
e) ability to release histamine
f) ability to secrete antibodies
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The T-cells and B-cells of the immune system are the part of specific immune response.
If the number of T-cells dies then the ability to activate B lymphocytes will also be lost as they help B-cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy the antigens.
T cells also helps in the activation of cytotoxic T-cells to kill the targeted cell which is affected by antigens.
hence, the correct answer is option A
Where/what is the arrector pili muscle? Is it under voluntary control?
Answer:
Pili or hair erector muscle are a group of small muscles that are inserted into the hair follicle in its middle section, and when it contracts, it tenses the hair and erects it. It is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, the contraction of the muscle is involuntary.
Why does homeostasis implies a healthy state?
Answer:
Homeostasis can be defined as the natural mechanism of the body by which the internal temperature of the body is maintained.
This phenomenon is important for the normal metabolism and functioning of the body.
Whenever the body encounters any change in the outer environment, the body tries to cope up with the conditions by maintaining a proper internal temperature inside the body.
Example: shivering of body is a normal response during cold environment to maintain the internal temperature of the body.
Select a patient in the clinical setting who is receiving an anxiolytic or hypnotic drug. Develop a teaching plan for the patient. What nursing considerations must you consider when using this medication in this patient?
Answer:
First of all, show comprehension towards your patient and his or hers medical state. Remember these drugs are used on many pathologies or conditions, therefore the range of patients you have to deal with is wide. As this medications are known for creating dependency, several considerations must be taken into account. You must be able to manage the dosage, ways of administration, and onset effects of these drugs. You must know what effects to expect at first, and also possible side effects and how to manage them. Remember that respiratory depression is one of the side effects you must be more careful, as well as dependency. As for chronic use, you must be a guide to your patient on how to successfully complete treatment.
Explanation:
Benzodiazepines and hypnotics have peripheral and central effects. Central effects include sedation, hypnosis, decrease of anxiety, muscular relaxation and anticonvulsivant activity. And some of their side effects are dizziness, confusion, amensia, CNS depression and headaches.
________________ cause an increase in the contractility of cardiac muscle.
a. Negative inotropic agents
b. Negative chronotropic agents
c. Positive chronotropic agents
d. Positive inotropic and positive chronotropic agents
e. Positive inotropic agents
Answer:
The correct option is : e. Positive inotropic agents
Explanation:
The heart muscles or the cardiac muscles have a natural ability to contract. This is known as myocardial contractility.
The myocardial contractility can be increased by increasing the influx or maintaining high levels of the calcium ions, during an action potential, in the cytosol of the cardiac myocytes. One of the mechanisms to increase the contractility of cardiac muscles is by the administration of the drugs having positive inotropic effect.
Therefore, the Positive inotropic agents increase the contractility of cardiac muscle.
0f the three primary germ layers, which is responsible for developing into nervous tissue?
a) Endoderm
b) Ectoderm
c) Mesoderm
d) All three primary germ layers develop into some type of nervous tissue.
Answer:
B) Ectoderm
Explanation:
In the third week of the embrionary development occurs the gastrulation, from this moment the ectoderm starts the formation of the ectoderm and at the same time the nervous system. The first structure in appear are the neural crest cells devoloping into the parasymphatic system, then the neuroectoderm shapes the central nervous system and finally the no neural ectoderm is devoloped generating sensory organs and ganglia
What is the role of a system plays in preventing a pandemic outbreak and how access to additional resources may assist public health leadership effectiveness.
Answer:
A pandemia, is a very serious public health issue that is defined as the uncontrolled spread of a pathogen through a very extensive portion of the population, across a country, a region, and even the world. One such pandemic is the influenza pandemic.
In order to be able to prevent such a disease from further spreading, and causing casualties, the placing of systems, a system of response, a system of prevention, precaution, and even intervention, is really important, and vital, to ensure first, the prevention of new cases, second, the treatment of those that are already suffering from the disease, and third, to contain the spreading from further reaching out. The players in these systems are first, and foremost, the national governments, and all such authority entities, in a country, and around the world. They are the ones who establish the policies, protocols and take the necessary actions to stop a pandemic from either happening, or from getting worse, if it has already struck. Second to the government, are the healthcare entities and organizations, which are the ones with the necessary knowledge and capabilities to bring about the execution of the necessary measures to respond to a pandemic.
After these, lay the public at large, all players in a system that will form a sort of chain to stop pandemics from causing further damage.
One way of preventing an outbreak, like that of the influenza, comes with campaign systems, in which the public, and healthcare professionals, are educated on how to prevent a disease, how to manage it if it already has appeared, and how to stop its spreading to other members of the community.
With access to the necessary funding, and especially to resources, public health leaders may ensure that the necessary measures are being taken so that pandemics may not arise, or if they do, they are short-lived and do not cause so many casualties.
What is the Icd 10 code for urinary frequency and urgency?
Answer:
R39.15
Explanation:
Urgency of urination. R39.15 is the ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes.
Coagulation is inhibited by administration of:
A. mannitol
B. hespan
C. vitamin K
D. heparin
Answer: D. Heparin
Explanation: The Heparin is administered in patients that have diseases or problems related to hypercoagulation, this includes: pulmonary embolism, heart attack, venous thrombosis, among others.
It acts by inhibiting (avoiding the action of) thrombin, that is one of the components of the coagulation cascade.
A nurse is teaching a client about nitroglycerin sublingual tablets. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
a. “This medication has a slower onset than a nitroglycerin pill that is swallowed.”
b. “I should take this medication as soon as pain begins.”
c. “I can crush this medication for faster relief.”
d. “This medication should completely dissolve within 15 minutes.”
Answer:
The correct answer to this question: A nurse is teaching a client about nitroglycerin sublingual tablets. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?, would be: B: "I should take this medication as soon as pain begins."
Explanation:
Nitroglycering sublingual tablets, also known commercially as Nitrostat, are a type of medication used to help by reducing the tension in blood vessels on people who have certain heart conditions, like coronary artery disease. Essentially, when a person feels pain in the chest (angina), or knows it will happen because there will be exercise, caused by the increase in blood vessel tissue tension, which limits the flow of blood to the heart, they must take the tablet and place it under the tongue as soon as the pain sets in, while in the case of exercise, they should take the medication at least 10 minutes before the initiation of exercise. So, this is why, the answer is B, because it shows that the patient understood that as soon as he feels pain, he must take the tablet.
Define sensory adaptation ___________.
Answer:
Sensory adaptation is the decrease of response of sensory system with constant stimulus over time.
Explanation:
Sensory adaptation is also known as neural adaptation. This adaptation response mainly occur due to the repetition of the same stimulus with time. The individual decreases the sensory response towards that stimulus.
This adaptation helps to recognize the constant changes in the individual's environment. The mechanoreception system of the body plays an important role in the sensory adaptation.
Which organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
a. pancreas
b. pituitary
c. thyroid
d. pineal
Answer:
a. pancreas
Explanation:
As for exocrine organs, they release secretions. Since the pancreas is an exocrine gland its nervous or hormonal stimulation causes pancreatic secretions to be released into the duodenum through a duct. Together the secretions of alkaline and contain enzymes like lipase, amylase,etc . They are present in digestion. However the pancreas has two main functions, exocrine function and endocrine function. While exocrine cells of the pancreas produce enzymes that help digestion. An as endocrine , the islet cells of Langerhans inside the pancreas produce and secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
Why does whole grain products reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?
Answer:
Whole grain products show the effect of statin drugs that reduce heart disease.
Explanation:
Coronary heart disease leads to serious health problem and the coronary arteries becomes too narrow. The oxygen supply to the blood decreases in coronary heart disease.
There is scientific evidence that the intake of whole grain products reduces the risk of the disease. The increase in the quantity of whole grain can reduce the risk of the disease by 40% , the whole grain has the effect equal to the statin drug.
Know anyone who has had or does have Diabetes? What effects does/did it have on them?
Answer:
Diabetes is a multisystemic disease, that is, it affects many organs (brain, eye, heart, kidney, etc.). That is why they are people who, according to their diabetes management and their strict control of the disease, can present different types of effect.
I have known diabetic people who have lost their sight, have presented kidney failure and have been amputated due to bad circulation.
Why isn't there a ventral root ganglion?
Answer:
The dorsal root ganglion is a nodule on the dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves. ... The cell bodies of these motor neurons are located within the spinal cord and hence there is no enlargement or nodule formed.
Explanation: