A molecule that can be used as a molecular clock has a neutral mutation rate of one mutation per 5 million years. How many years ago did two species share a common ancestor if the molecules found in these two species differ by a total of eight mutations?
1.5 million years
10 million years
40 million years
20 million years
Answer:
D) 20 million years
Explanation:
Measure of evolutionary changes over time
# Differences (Mutations) x Rate of mutations
Divide by the number of species
8 x 5 million years
40 million/2
20 million years
Final answer:
Using the molecular clock method, where a mutation occurs every 5 million years, and the two species differ by eight mutations, the two species shared a common ancestor approximately 40 million years ago.
Explanation:
The concept of a molecular clock involves using the rate at which mutations accumulate over time to estimate the evolutionary divergence between species. Assuming a steady mutation rate, we can calculate the time since two species shared a common ancestor. In this instance, the mutation rate is one mutation per 5 million years. If two species differ by eight mutations, we simply multiply the number of mutations by the rate at which they occur to determine the time elapsed.
To calculate, we have:
8 mutations × 5 million years/mutation = 40 million years
Therefore, based on the given mutation rate, the two species are estimated to have shared a common ancestor around 40 million years ago.
what is the main goal of DNA replication EDPUZZLE
The purpose of DNA replication is to produce two of identical copies of a DNA molecule. This is essential for cell division during growth or repair of damaged tissues. DNA replication ensures that each of the new cell receives its own copy of the DNA.
The main goal of DNA replication is produce two identical copies of daughter cells from the parent cells.
DNA is defined as deoxyribonucleic acid comprises of phosphates group,
deoxyribose sugar , amino acids base base pairs namely adenine, cytosine,
guanine and thymine.
It houses all the genetic makeup of living organisms and it produces DNA is
also known as the main purpose of DNA replication is to produce two
identical copies of daughter cells from the parent cells.
This process is very necessary for cell division during growth or repair of
worn-out tissues and also in the process of reproduction and production of
sex cells .
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Which is a product of the Krebs cycle?
O A. Glucose
O B. NADH
O c. ADP
O D. Pyruvate
Answer:
The correct answer is NADH
Explanation:
Among the given options in the question the product of krebs cycle is NADH.
There are 3 steps in krebs cycle in which NADH is formed .Among them the first one is conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate,the second one is the conversion of alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA and the rhird one is conversion of malate to oxaloacetate.
The Japan Trench formed at a _______________ boundary.
A) convergent
B) transform
C) divergent
The Japan Trench formed at a convergent boundary.
Explanation:
Japan trench is the oceanic trench division present in the pacific ring off fire located at the northeast of Japan. The trench subducts under the continental plate i.e. Okhotsk plate which is also a part of north America. One of the main cause behind repeated tsunamis and earthquake is the japan trench as it is associated with subduction zone were continuous movement takes place. Convergence of pacific plate and Okhotsk plate give rise to the japan trench.
According to United Nations predictions, what will be the total population of the world by 2100?
A.9 billon
B.10 billon
C.11 billon
D.40 billon
E. 8 billon
Answer:
D 40 billion
Explanation:
Every 35 years the world population is expected to double, so you just follow those calculations.
Answer:
d. 40 billion
Explanation:
Which of the following cannot be composted?
banana peel
meat
grass clippings
leaves
Answer:
Meat is the only one of the above answers that cannot be composted.
Explanation:
Meat is something that can be composted but it can easily bring maggots and flies. It can also bring cats and dogs. It also slows down the composting process.
Answer:
meat
Explanation:
What structures in plants allows for water and nutrients to be transported
What is a benefit of using nonrenewable resources? (3 points)
Answer:
They are abundant and affordable
They include fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium used for nuclear energy. Despite this, they have a couple of advantages: The main advantages of non-renewable energies is that they are abundant and affordable. For example, oil and diesel are still good choices for powering vehicles.
In an ecological pyramid, what happens to energy, biomass and number of species as you move up?
Answer:
As you move up each trophic level energy decreases, trophic levels need energy to sustain it and hence it which means more resources, which decreases the number of organisms.
Which diagram correctly displays the order of events during egg formation?
primary oocyte ® secondary oocyte meiosis I ® meiosis II ® ovum
O ovum ® meiosis IⓇ primary oocyte meiosis II ® secondary oocyte
O primary oocyte meiosis l ® secondary oocyte meiosis II ® ovum
O primary oocyte meiosis I ® ovum ® meiosis II Ⓡ secondary oocyte
Answer:
The order of events during egg formation:
Primary oocyte - meiosis l - secondary oocyte - meiosis II - ovum
Explanation:
The process of egg formation is called oogenesis. During oogenesis the primary oocyte is formed when oogonia arrest at prophase-I of meiosis I. Further division of primary oocyte is arrested.
At puberty the primary oocyte, a diploid cell divides to form one haploid secondary oocyte and one polar body. Thus, at the end of meiosis I one secondary oocyte is formed, after meiosis II secondary oocyte forms ovum.
Sometimes aquaculture operations can lead to oxygen depletion near the benthos as organic matter is consumed. What would be a prime location for an aquaculture operation to be located; where it may even improve the water quality instead?
A)About 25 feet from a coral reef with slow moving currents. B)Offshore near a concentration of other marine animals. C)In shallow water within close proximity to discharge. D)In deep water with fast moving currents.
Answer:
the correct answer is d In deep water with fast moving currents
Explanation:
I took this test so i can confirm it 100%
Aquaculture operations, whether fed or unfed, can discharge particulate organic matter that is likely to sink to the seafloor and could cause a localized oxygen shortage in and around the benthos as the organic matter is eaten by bacteria. Thus, option D is correct.
What are the benthos as organic matter?Mari culture has a wide range of complex effects on the ecosystem, since it adds a lot of more life to the ocean. In some circumstances, this may result in favorable effects.
For instance, algal aquaculture may be able to enhance water quality in areas where nutrient pollution has harmed it by absorbing nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon.
For example, baseline nutrient levels, proximity to sensitive habitats, currents, and depth are physical and chemical aspects of the environment.
Therefore, it may even improve the water quality instead moving in deep water current.
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(t or f) small, hydrophilic molecules cannot just flow into the cell, they need help to pass through the plasma membrane
Thermal energy naturally moves from a substance with a ______ temperature to a substance with a _______ temperature. This energy will continue to move until the temperatures of the same substance are the ___________.
Answer AND Explanation:
Thermal energy naturally moves from a substance with a high temperature to a substance with a low temperature. This energy will continue to move until the temperatures of the same substance are the same.
Which of the following is a natural cause of carbon increases and decreases?
Question 2 options:
clearing of land for new development
collecting and burning natural gas
plant growth related to weather
water usage related to fires
Answer:
collecting and burning natural gases
Explanation:
I I hope this answer helps you x x
What role do stop codons play in protein synthesis ?
Answer:
The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) along the mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. The DNA sequence of a gene can be used to predict the mRNA sequence, and the genetic code can in turn be used to predict the amino acid sequence.
A stop codon is a set of three nucleotides which is present in the process of protein synthesis. This codon signals the ribosome to stop or halt the process of protein synthesis.
What are stop codons?A stop codon is a sequence of three nucleotides or a trinucleotide in the DNA sequence or messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals a halt or stop to protein synthesis process in the cell. There are about 64 different trinucleotide codons including 61 specify amino acids and 3 are the stop codons such as UAA, UAG, and UGA.
Stop codons signal the termination of this process by binding to the release factors in the cell, which causes the ribosomal subunits to disassociate from each other, releasing the amino acid chain from ribosome. Recognition of these stop codons in bacteria have been associated with the so-called tripeptide anticodon, a highly conserved amino acid motif in the RF1 (PxT) and RF2 (SPF).
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The energy that is released by cellular respiration is in the form of
dark energy.
solar energy.
nuclear energy.
chemical energy.
Answer:
The correct option is D. chemical energy
Explanation:
Cellular respiration can be described as a chemical reaction by which ATP is synthesized.
Sugar in the form of glucose and oxygen combine by this process to release water and carbon dioxide. ATP is generated by this chemical reaction which is an energy fuel. The ATP formed as a result of cellular respiration is used by the cells to carry out their normal functions. Hence, option D is the correct answer.
Answer: D)chemical energy
Explanation:
How many rings does chlorophyll a and b have
Explanation:
Each has one chlorin ring- chlorin is a form of porphyrin.
Chlorophylls are comprised of a ringed molecule, chlorin, a hydrogenated form of porphyrin which contains a magnesium ion at the center, bonded to four atoms of nitrogen. Varying types of Chlorophyll have side chains, which affect the absorption spectrum of the molecule for instance A has a methyl group bonded to the C7 position, while B has an aldehyle (CHO) group at this location.
Embedded within the thykaloid membrane of chloroplasts, chlorophyll a and B mainly absorb orange-red and violet-blue wavelengths and convert light energy into chemical energy for the process of photosynthesis. This occurs in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, within chloroplasts of plants. The range of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment is its absorption spectrum while it reflects those outside of this range. Plants appear green as this region of light is reflected by the pigments.
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The diagram below shows some key steps of a biotechnological procedure. What development does the letter X most likely represent?
A) human cells able to resist antibiotics
B) human cells unable to synthesize antibodies
C) bacterial cells able to synthesize human insulin
D) bacterial cells unable to synthesize human insulin
The diagram below shows some key steps of a biotechnological procedure. The development does the letter X most likely represent - C) bacterial cells able to synthesize human insulin.
Recombinant DNA is a technology scientists developed to produce human genes such as human insulin in commercial use.
it is a biotechnological procedure.in this scientists insert a human gene into the genetic material of a common bacterium.This “recombinant” bacteria could now produce the protein encoded by the human gene.Thus, the development does the letter X most likely represent - C) bacterial cells able to synthesize human insulin.
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Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total). How many chromo-
somes would a human cell have? Draw one chromosome for each case
a. at the end of mitosis?
b. at the end of meiosis I?
c. at the end of meiosis II?
Answer:
23
Explanation:
When was Charles Darwin born and where is he from?
Answer:
Born February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
Explanation:
Final answer:
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. He became a renowned naturalist and theorized evolution through natural selection, especially after his journey on the HMS Beagle. Darwin's work has significantly influenced the scientific understanding of biological diversity and evolution.
Explanation:
Charles Darwin's Birth and Origin:
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. Hailing from the United Kingdom, he became one of the most renowned naturalists of his time, credited with developing the theory of evolution through natural selection. Darwin's observations and studies, most notably on his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, led to profound insights into the diversity and adaptability of species.
Darwin's formative journey took place from 1831 to 1836, during which he visited various places such as South America, Australia, and the Galápagos Islands. His observations of the distinct species, notably the finches of the Galápagos, and their variations across different islands, fueled his understanding of how species could evolve over time. Darwin notably discussed these ideas in his seminal work, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, published in 1859.
Darwin's Impact on Science:
Darwin's theories laid the groundwork for the modern understanding of the living world and biological evolution. His work influenced not only biologists but also artists and intellectuals, reshaping the way we perceive humanity's place in the natural order. Charles Darwin's legacy is one of a pioneering scholar who transformed our view of life on Earth through his revolutionary ideas on natural selection and the adaptability of species.
Which statement is true?
The combustion of biomass can replace fossil fuels in conventional power plants
Hydroelectric energy uses the energy from the sun which is a renewable resource
Oil is a non-renewable resource that is hardly ever used, so there is not a concern of depleting the Earth's supply
Solar energy is a non-renewable resource that is used by many countries all over the world
The combustion of biomass can replace fossil fuels in conventional power plants
In conventional power plants a source of heat is used heat liquid water to high-pressure steam and the steam is used to turn turbines with a dynamo effect that produces electricity. This source of energy can be anything that produces energy when decomposed.
Explanation:
Usually, this source of energy is fossil fuels because it is cheaper and has high calorific value. Biomass - carbon based organic matter such as dead tree logs- when burned, can produce heat energy required to turn water to steam, too. Biomass is a renewable source of energy in comparison to fossil fuels.
Hydroelectric energy emanates from the potential and kinetic energy of water, usually naturally flowing water, to turn turbines that produce electricity.
The sun is a renewable resources, unlike fossil fuels, because it is impossible to exhaust the sun's potential in all of the humanity’s existence on earth.
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Answer:
The combustion of biomass can replace fossil fuels in conventional power plants.
Explanation:
Hydroelectric energy emanates from the potential and kinetic energy of water, usually naturally flowing water, to turn turbines that produce electricity.
The sun is a renewable resources, unlike fossil fuels, because it is impossible to exhaust the sun's potential in all of the humanity’s existence on earth.
A type of Algae grows on a sloth. What must be true for the algae and the sloth to have a commensal relationship?
Final answer:
For a commensal relationship between the algae and the sloth, the algae must benefit while the sloth is unaffected.
Explanation:
In order for the algae and the sloth to have a commensal relationship, the algae must benefit while the sloth neither benefits nor is harmed. In this relationship, the algae grows on the sloth, using it as a substrate for growth, while the sloth is unaffected by the presence of the algae.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can range from single-celled microscopic organisms to multicellular structures, such as seaweeds. They can be found in various habitats, including freshwater, marine environments, soil, and even in symbiotic relationships with other organisms like fungi in lichens.
Which of the fallowing is an example of adaptive radiation?
Answer:
An example of adaptive radiation is the development of mammals after all the dinosaurs became extinct.
After filtering by the nephron, where does the cleaned blood go?
ES
O
A. Ureter
O
B. Urinary bladder
.
HR
O
C. Renal artery
nike airline
O
D. Renal vein
Answer:
renal vein
Explanation:
The afferent arteriole collects blood from the glomerulus and extends o the renal tubule where it divides into capillaries that ramify the tubule. This blood is the collected by the venules that join into the renal vein which carries blood away from the kidneys. The filtrate in the collecting tubule becomes urine and trickles down into the collecting duct where it joins urine from other nephrons. The urine then flows into the pelvis via the urinary bladder through the ureter.
how can people conserve natural resources
1. reducing use of fossil fuels using materials as much as possible and recycling materials to make new products
2. reducing use of fossil fuels for using materials as much as possible and reducing recycling materials
3. using more fossil fuels reusing materials as much as possible are recycled materials to make new products
4. reducing use of fossil fuels reducing the use of public transportation from recycled materials to make new products
Answer:
The answer is A
Explanation:
The answer is A because the other answers include reducing recycling, which is good for the environment
Why are cells generally so small? Select all of the answers that apply.
A. As they grow, their volume increases faster than their surface area.
B. As they grow, their surface area increases faster than their volume.
C. Moving nutrients across their cell membranes is more efficient.
D. Moving waste materials across their cell membranes is more efficient.
A, C & D
Usually as cells, and even organisms get larger, their surface area to volume ratio decreases. This is why it is important for cells to retain their relatively small size to keep a larger surface area to volume ratio.
Explanation:
A larger Surface area to volume ratio ensures that the cell can efecitnyl take up nutrients and excrete toxic metabolites. This ensures that the biochemical activities in the ell continue effectively to support the life process.
If cells were too large, it would take time for important substances like nutrients and oxygen to reach the center of the cell. On the other hand, toxic metabolites would accumulate in the cells because the rate at which they are eliminated is very low.
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The correct options are (A) As they grow, their volume increases faster than their surface area and C. Moving nutrients across their cell membranes is more efficient.
Cells are generally small due to the relationship between their volume and surface area. As a cell grows, its volume increases at a rate that is proportional to the cube of the linear dimensions (length, width, height), while the surface area increases at a rate that is proportional to the square of the linear dimensions. This means that the volume increases faster than the surface area. This is mathematically represented by the formulas for the volume (V) and surface area (SA) of a sphere, which is a common shape for cells:
[tex]\[ V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 \][/tex]
[tex]\[ SA = 4\pi r^2 \][/tex]
where ( r ) is the radius of the sphere.
As the radius increases, the volume grows with [tex]\( r^3 \)[/tex], while the surface area grows with [tex]\( r^2 \)[/tex]. When the volume grows faster than the surface area, it becomes increasingly difficult for the cell to efficiently exchange nutrients and waste products with its environment. This is because the cell's metabolic needs, which are related to its volume, outpace the ability of its surface area to transport materials across the cell membrane.
Therefore, option A is correct because it accurately describes the geometric constraints on cell size due to the volume-to-surface-area ratio.
Option C is also correct because smaller cells have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows for more efficient transport of nutrients and waste products across the cell membrane. A high surface area-to-volume ratio ensures that all parts of the cell are close to the cell membrane, facilitating the diffusion of substances in and out of the cell.
Option B is incorrect because it states the opposite of what actually happens; the surface area does not increase faster than the volume as a cell grows. Option D is incorrect because it is a consequence of the efficient movement of nutrients. The efficient removal of waste materials is a result of the high surface area-to-volume ratio, which is a direct result of cells being small, as described in option C.
Which principle did Gregor Mendel discover about traits?
A. Units of genetic information that govern traits are located in cell membranes.
B. Traits are passed in discrete units from parent to offspring.
C. Traits exist in only one form or version.
D. Traits are passed from only one parent to the offspring.
Gregor Mendel was a biologist that gave the fundamental laws of genetics. He discovered the inheritance of the trait from the parent to the offspring in the form of discrete units. Thus, option B is correct.
What are traits?Traits are the discrete unit of the inheritance that was later termed as an allele that carries a distinctive character and attributes from parent to their offspring through reproduction. They are in pairs in the form of recessive and dominant.
Therefore, traits are passed in the form of discrete units.
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Scientists are testing substance L to determine how it enters mammalian cells in a culture. The cells maintain a 120 millimolar (mM) intracellular concentration of substance L. The scientists determined the rate of entry of substance L into the cells at various external concentrations of substance L (10 to 100 mM) in culture medium (Table 1). Table 1. Rate of entry of substance L into mammalian cells in culture External concentration of substance L (mM) Rate of entry of substance L into cell as a percent of maximum 10 5% 20 25% 30 45% 40 65% 50 80% 60 90% 70 95% 80 100% 90 100% 100 100% The cells maintain substance L at an internal concentration of 120 mM. (C) Predict the likely effect on the ability of substance L to enter the cells of substance L is attached to a large protein instead of free in the culture.
If substance L is attached to a large protein instead of being free in the culture medium, it will hinder its ability to enter mammalian cells.
Explanation:The ability of substance L to enter mammalian cells would be affected if it is attached to a large protein instead of being free in the culture medium. The rate of entry of substance L into the cells is determined by the concentration gradient between the external and internal concentrations. Diffusion is the process by which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. When substance L is attached to a large protein, it will hinder its ability to diffuse through the plasma membrane and enter the cells.
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below shows an example,
5.
Genetic variation can arise in a number of different ways. The picture below shows an en
When might the process take place that allows this genetic variation to occur?
XX-XX-X
A. during fertilization
B. during meiosis
C. during DNA replication
D. during binary fission
Which process makes it possible for the major organs of the body to be formed by week 10 of human development
The process that makes it possible for major organs of the body to be formed by 10th week of human development is differentiation.
Explanation:
Human development is started off by the process of fertilization in which the sperm and ovum fuse to form zygote. In human beings fertilization takes place in the oviduct of the female. The zygote that is formed undergoes mitosis to form the embryo.
The embryo then gets embedded in the uterine walls. It continues dividing and differentiating into several organs. Almost all of the organs are formed by tenth week of pregnancy even though they aren’t fully developed.
The embryo has three layers namely ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Ectoderm develops into outermost skin layer, central and peripheral nervous system, eyes and inner ears. Baby’s heart and circulatory system is formed from the mesoderm and the baby’s lungs and intestine develop from the innermost layer called endoderm.