Answer:
immune
infected
immune to the disease
infected by the disease
Answer:
immune
infected
immune to the disease
infected by the disease
the total number of people
the series of people who exchanged liquids with each other
the number of individuals who were initially infected
Explanation:
An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which channels?
Answer:
Calcium channels.
Explanation:
The arrival of action potential at the presynaptic neuron, cause the opening of Ca+ channels, at the presynpatic neuron membranes. This leads to influx of Ca+ . The latter caused the Acetycholine contained vesicles in the presynaptic neuron to migrate to the tip of the presynaptic neurons, and fused with the neuronal membrane to empty their contents into the synaptic cleft.
Which actions are involved in the immune response
The steps in immune response are;
RecognitionActivationPhagocytosisAntibody productionT cell activationInflammationCytokine releaseMemory formationWhat is immune response?The immune system identifies and recognizes foreign substances, such as pathogens or antigens, that enter the body. Once recognized, the immune system triggers an immune response by activating immune cells, such as white blood cells (leukocytes), to take action against the invader.
Certain immune cells, called phagocytes (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils), engulf and destroy pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. They recognize, engulf, and break down the foreign particles.
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Which of the following is an example of sustainability?
A) cutting down all the trees in a forest without replanting any
B) consuming more cattle than are being born
C) recycling a metal can so it can be reused
D) leaving the lights on in a room you are not in
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Recycling a metal can so it can be reused.
The statement that is an example of sustainability is; "recycling a metal can so it can be reused".
Sustainability is the fact that resources are used in a way in which they can be replaced in order to enable their continuous use and a continued availability of resources.
The statement that is an example of sustainability is; "recycling a metal can so it can be reused". Recycling reduces the stress placed on he environment by extracting new resources from the environment.
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All scientific investigations are initially founded upon
Answer:
a hypothesis
any scientific investigation must be started on a theory, or hypothesis
Normally, in corn, genes for waxy and virescent kernel appearance are in the same chromosome. In a certain stock, however, it was found that these two genes are in different chromosomes.
Which chromosomal aberration would explain this?
A) translocation
B) inversion
C) duplication
D) deletion
Answer:
Translocation
Explanation:
Changes occur to the nuclear material from time to time. These changes are referred to as MUTATIONS. A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. Mutations are of different types depending on how it occurs.
According to this question, the kind of mutation/abberation described is TRANSLOCATION. Translocation is a kind of chromosomal abnormality in which one segement of a chromosome containing certain genes breaks off and reattaches to a different chromosome.
This is the case in this question regarding the genetic composition of corns where genes for waxy and virescent kernel appearance occur in the same chromosome. It was found out that, in a stock of corn, these two genes are now on different chromosomes. This means that a segment of the chromosome containing one of the genes broke off and got reattached to a different chromosome. Hence, TRANSLOCATION MUTATION has occurred in this stock of corn.
In cats, being awesome (A) is dominant to being average (a), and being bashful (B) is dominant to being boring (b). A male cat that is homozygous dominant for the A trait and heterozygous for the B trait is mated with a female cat that is homozygous recessive for both. Both the A and B traits assort independently from one another. What is the probability that they will have an offspring who is heterozygous for both traits? Choose 1 answer:
(Choice A)
50%
(Choice B)
100%
(Choice C)
0%
(Choice D)
25%
The probability that both cats described will have an offspring who is heterozygous for both traits is 50%.
Explanation:
When a cat awesome and bashful is crossed with a cat average and boring, it is a crossing where two traits are taken into account that will be segregated independently by the parents, and the result will be produced by the analysing the genotypes and making crossing in a punnett square.
The genotypes are given as for male cats AA Bb and for female cats aa bb. The crossing is done based on punnett square and it is denoted as
Alleles AB Ab
ab AaBb Aabb
ab AaBb Aabb
The offspring is AaBb awesome and bashful(it is heterozygous for two traits 50%) whereas in Aabb awesome and blashful( it is heterozygous for trait A and homozygous for trait B).
Thus The probability that both cats described will have an offspring who is heterozygous for both traits is 50%.
The probability that they will have an offspring who is heterozygous for both traits in this cat with being awesome (A) is dominant to being average (a), and being bashful (B) is dominant to being boring (b) -is - 50%
Cross between two independent assorted allele
In cats, being awesome (A) is dominant to being average (a), and being bashful (B) is dominant to being boring (b). Here the cross is between A male cat that is dominant for the A trait and heterozygous for the B trait is mated with a female cat that is wild type for recessive for both
Male cat - AA Bb
Female cat - aa bb
Cross - AA Bb x aa bb
Gametes: AB, Ab and ab
Punntte:
AB Ab
ab AaBb Aabb
A trait probability for a heterozygous trait is 1 or 100%
For b trait, the probability of heterozygous trait is 50% or 1/2
So the total probability is 50%
= 50%
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What cell types within bone are responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue to permit reabsorption of calcium?
Answer:
Explanation: Osteoclasts are responsible for resorbing bone matrix and releasing key minerals, including calcium, back into the bloodstream. They are stimulated by parathyroid hormone when blood calcium levels are low.
Explanation:
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A 29 year old baseball player whose head is hit by a high speed baseball is brought to an emergency room. Physical examination and radiogram reveal fracture of the temporal bone and damage to the lesser petrosal nerve. Which of the following conditions could occur as a result of injury to the lesser petrosal nerve?
A. Lack of lacrimal secretion
B. Lack of submandibular gland secretion
C. Lack of parotid gland secretion
D. Constriction of the pupil
E. Ptosis of the upper eyelid
Answer:
C. Lack of parotid gland secretion
Explanation:
Based on the scenario being described within the question it can be said that this injury could cause a lack of parotid gland secretion. This is because parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that exist within the lesser petrosal nerve go into the otic ganglion, here they start to synapse which causes posterior parasympathetic fibers to join the auriculotemporal nerve which therefore supply the parotid gland for secretion of saliva. Which may otherwise not happen if the petrosal nerve is damaged.
A biologist conducts an experiment designed to determine whether a particular type of molecule is transported into cells by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport. He collects the following information: 1) The molecule is very small. 2) The molecule is polar. 3) The molecule can accumulate inside cells even when its concentration inside the cell initially is higher than it is outside the cell. 4) Cells use up more energy when the molecule is present in the environment around the cells than when it is not present. The biologist concludes that the molecule moves across cell membranes by facilitated diffusion. Do you agree with his conclusion?
Answer:
No, this is not a facilitated diffusion but an Active transport process.
Explanation:
This is an active transport process because -
The molecules are moving against the concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration. It is using up energy. The energy is stored in the form of ATP. To move across the concentration gradient ATP is needed.So, we can say that the whole experiment undergoes the Active transport process.
Final answer:
No, the biologist's conclusion is incorrect; the described properties suggest that the molecule is transported across cell membranes by active transport, not facilitated diffusion.
Explanation:
The conclusion drawn by the biologist does not appear to be correct based on the information provided. When considering the information given:
The molecule is polar and small in size.It can accumulate inside cells even when its concentration inside the cell is higher than outside, suggesting movement against the concentration gradient.More energy is used by cells when the molecule is present, indicating an energy-requiring process.These observations are not consistent with facilitated diffusion which is a form of passive transport requiring no energy and occurs down a concentration gradient. Instead, the characteristics described fit active transport, where molecules move against a concentration gradient with the use of energy (ATP).Plants keep runoff water from reaching aquifers. What happens to most of this water?
Answer&Explanation:
Most of water become absorbed and transpired(process by which plant loose water through leaves) or by guttation(loss of water inform of drops especially during night which appears as dew through hydathodes)
Humans have changed the selective landscape of Plasmodium, the infectious agent that causes malaria, by developing drugs that kill this parasite. To which drugs have resistant strains of Plasmodium been identified?
Answer:
Doxycycline Drugs in the quinine family ArtemesinsExplanation:
Malaria, a mosquito-borne illness that is life-threatening due to the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, affects more than 200 million people worldwide every year. Several medications are used in the procedure like artemisinin, doxycycline and quinine.
All three drugs artemisinin, doxycycline and quinine carry resistant strains of P. falciparum which prevents malaria.
Cells grown in the laboratory are mixed with a charged dye molecule that is unable to pass through the plasma membrane. If a ligand is added to the cells, the dye is observed entering the cells. What type of receptor did the ligand bind to on the cell surface
Answer: ion channel receptor
Explanation:
Ion channel receptors appear to be multimeric proteins in the plasma membrane. Growing of these proteins organise itself to form a pore or passage which extends from one side of the membrane to the other.
when the ligand is added to the cells, ion channel receptors allows the dye to enter into the cell.
The LPS, or endotoxin, of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is slightly different from most Gram-negative organisms because of the absence of repeating O-antigens; hence, it is called LOS instead of LPS. How could LOS be a major virulence factor for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Answer:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae the human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea and is commonly transmitted by exchanging needles through the use of medications or by infected blood products.
LOS is a major virulence factor in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, since LOS causes autolysis during infection and the release of LOS endotoxin damages the host cells is the main cause of most gonorrhoea symptoms including greater frequency or urgency of urination, swelling or redness at the opening of the penis, and swelling or pain in the testicles..
An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. If this is the case, which of the following population effects could be expected in this rabbit-owl pair?
A) A fall in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population.
B) A fall in the rabbit population should cause an increase in the owl population.
C) An increase in the diseases in the rabbit population should not change the owl population.
D) An increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population.
D) An increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population.
In homeotic mutants: Group of answer choices one body structure is missing. one body structure has been changed into another. one body structure has been duplicated. one body structure has significantly increased in size. the organism is infertile.
Explanation:
In homeotic mutants, one body structure has been changed into another
Homeotic genes provide identity of organ and they become permanently switch off after completion of their workIn Drosophila, these genes are tightly regulated by the activity of polycomb genes and is present in two patches, one path constitute antennapedia complex whereas another patch constitute bithorax complexAntennapedia complex expresses in the second thorax segment and is responsible for the formation of legsBesides formation of thorax legs it also expresses in the area of headA mutation in antennapedia lead to the formation of legs on the place of antennaFinal answer:
In homeotic mutants, a mutation in Hox genes can result in the transformation of one body structure into another, such as legs growing where antennae should be in the Antennapedia mutant of the fruit fly.
Explanation:
In homeotic mutants, one body structure has been changed into another. This can occur due to the mutation in the Hox genes, which are a subset of homeotic genes. Hox genes play a crucial role in determining the layout of body structures during embryonic development. For instance, a mutation in these genes can result in the appearance of one organ or appendage in place of another. An example is the Antennapedia mutant where a fruit fly had legs growing from its head instead of antennae.
Therefore, in the given choices, the phenotype most likely to result from a Hox gene mutation would be an appendage growing in an inappropriate location, such as legs where antennae should be. These mutations have significant implications since they can alter basic body plans and structures, which make these genes very important from an evolutionary and developmental viewpoint.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning cancer cells? A. They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture. B. They stop dividing after the first checkpoint in the cell cycle. C. They are not subject to cell cycle controls. D. A and C only E. A, B, and C
Answer:
Cancer cells D. A and C only. A. They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture and C. They are not subject to cell cycle controls
Explanation:
When Cancer cells stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle, not as it is said in option B, after the first checkpoint in the cell cycle. They are not subject to cell cycle controls; and they do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture. The thing is that, in cancer, the genetic control of cell division is altered.
Cancer cells do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture, and are not subject to the usual cell cycle controls. They bypass the checkpoints in a cell's life cycle that would normally regulate cell division, leading to uncontrolled growth.
Explanation:The TRUE statement concerning cancer cells is D. A and C only. Option A is accurate as cancer cells do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture. In normal cells, density-dependent inhibition prevents cells from becoming too densely packed and growing uncontrollably, however, cancer cells do not adhere to this regulation and continue dividing even when they are in close contact with each other. This results in the formation of a tumor.
Option C is also true. Cancer cells are not subject to regular cell cycle controls. Normally, internal controls called checkpoints monitor the cell cycle to regulate cell division. There are three major checkpoints during a cell cycle: one near the end of G₁, a second at the G₂/M transition, and the third during metaphase. However, with cancer cells, these checkpoints become nonfunctional due to mutations altering the cell-cycle control. This enables the cells to continue dividing in an uncontrolled way, leading to tumorous growth.
Option B is incorrect, cancer cells do not necessarily stop dividing after the first checkpoint in the cell cycle. Instead, they bypass these checkpoints and keep proliferating.
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. If a person comes in contact with this same virus years later, what does our body produce to get rid of or kill the virus
If a person comes in contact with this same virus years later, our body produces antibodies to get rid of or kill the virus
Explanation:
When a person is infected by a virus, the infected person's body develops antibodies as an immune response to act against the virus. Antibodies are produced as part of humoral immunity.
Antibodies work by neutralizing the viral activity, agglutination, phagocytosis or by complement system.
Antibodies are protein compounds which can recognize the invading pathogens and attack them.
Antigens or viral proteins in the virus leads to the production of antibodies in the host's body.
The specific antibodies triggers innate immune response upon detecting specific viral antigens when infected and will help the body to get rid of or kill the virus.
How many sex chromosomes does a human haploid cell contain?
Answer:
2
Explanation:
A human haploid cell has two sex chromosomes, a XX (female) and a XY (male)
Why are biotechnology companies eager to design genetically modified organisms to express therapeutic proteins, particularly ones that would otherwise have to be isolated from blood products (e.g., human antithrombin) or animal organs (e.g., insulin, originally isolated from pig pancreas)?
Answer:
This is because of reasons of-
safety,
cost-effectiveness and
difficulty in accessibility of needed protein
Explanation:
In order to reduce cost of production for maximal profit, bio.companies usually design their production of therapeutic proteins in possible cost -effective way.This is to ensure maximal yields from production sales. Therefore maximum cost effectiveness is achieved through GMO rather through isolation from blood products or other sources which are expensive and capital intensive to get
In addition safety concerns during production is of ultimost importance to theses companies.Therefore when using of protein from different sources high safety measures are needed to be put in place to achieve best results. whereas GMO comes with little risks.
These companies experiences difficulty in collecting required amount of low abundant protein needed for the synthesis of therapeutic proteins, thus they will rather prefer the design of GMO for abundant supply.
The lateral compartment of the leg contains which muscles?
Peroneus longus, extensor digitorum longus
Abductor hallucis, lumbricals, interossei
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus,
Peroneus brevis, peroneus longus
Final answer:
The lateral compartment of the leg contains the fibularis longus (peroneus longus) and the fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis), which are responsible for eversion and plantar flexion of the foot and stability of the ankle joint.
Explanation:
The lateral compartment of the leg contains the fibularis longus (peroneus longus) and the fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis). These muscles are responsible for eversion and plantar flexion of the foot, as well as providing stability to the ankle joint.
Which of the following statements about bryozoans (ectoprocts) is correct? a. Adult bryozoans are sessile, but their larvae make up much of marine plankton. b. Bryozoans are colonial, build reefs, and are related to corals. c. Bryozoans build reefs and have lophophores that extend through a hard exoskeleton. d. Bryozoans are colonial and live amongst mosses.
Answer:
c. Bryozoans build reefs and have lophophores that extend through a hard exoskeleton.
Explanation:
Bryozoans are sessile and colonial, typically settling on hard substrate including sand grains, rocks, and shells, as well as on blades of kelp or other algae, although some species settle on softer sediment.
The correct statement about bryozoans (ectoprocts) is b. Bryozoans are colonial, build reefs, and are related to corals.
To determine the correct statement, let's analyze each option:
a. Adult bryozoans are sessile, but their larvae make up much of marine plankton.
- This statement is true. Bryozoans, also known as ectoprocts, are primarily marine and freshwater sedentary (sessile) animals. Their larvae are indeed planktonic, meaning they drift in the water column as part of the plankton. However, this statement alone does not fully characterize bryozoans.
b. Bryozoans are colonial, build reefs, and are related to corals.
- This statement is correct. Bryozoans are colonial organisms, meaning they live in groups of interconnected individuals. Some species of bryozoans do contribute to reef formation, although they are not the primary reef-builders in modern oceans (that role is primarily filled by corals). Bryozoans are distantly related to corals as both are members of the phylum Lophotrochozoa, but they belong to different classes
c. Bryozoans build reefs and have lophophores that extend through a hard exoskeleton.
- This statement is partially true. While bryozoans do have lophophores (a crown of tentacles surrounding the mouth, used for filter feeding), these structures do not extend through a hard exoskeleton. The lophophore is typically withdrawn into a protective skeletal structure called a zooecium when not feeding. While some bryozoans contribute to reef structures, they do not build reefs in the same way that corals do.
d. Bryozoans are colonial and live amongst mosses.
- This statement is misleading. While the name ""bryozoan"" means ""moss animal,"" this is a historical misnomer. Bryozoans do not live amongst mosses; they are aquatic animals and the ""moss"" in their name likely refers to their colonial, branching appearance that might superficially resemble moss.
Given the information above, option b is the most accurate statement regarding bryozoans. They are indeed colonial, some species contribute to reef structures, and they are related to corals within the Lophotrochozoa phylum.
A child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy is to receive prednisone as part of his treatment plan.
After teaching the child's parents about this drug, which statement by the parents indicates the need for additional teaching?
A) "We should give this drug before he eats anything."
B) "We need to keep a close eye for possible infection."
C) "The drug should not be stopped suddenly."
D) "He might gain some weight with this drug."
Answer:
The preferable option will be - A.
A. "We should give this drug before he eats anything."
Explanation:
Prednisone can be used for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy disease. Prednisone is a corticosteroid and can cause gastric upset, for that the medicine should be given with food to reduce this risk. The drug has some side effects such as weight gain, osteoporosis, and mood changes. The drug may also cause some infections, so the parents need to monitor the child closely for any changes. Treatment should not be stopped abruptly due to the risk of acute adrenal insufficiency.The nurse is providing instructions to the mother of a child with human immunodeficiency virus infection regarding immunizations.
Which statement by the mother indicates an understanding of the immunization schedule?
1. "The hepatitis B vaccine is not to be given to my child."
2. "My child will receive all the vaccines like any other child."
3. "Family members in the household need to receive the influenza vaccine."
4. "Blood tests are needed before any immunizations are given to my child."
Answer:
Family members in the household need to receive the influenza vaccine."
Explanation:
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS, which is a viral disease which can destroy lymphocyte , thereby increasing susceptibility to infection and malignancy. A child with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will receive the same immunizations as other children, apart from live vaccines. All household members will also receive the influenza vaccine. Blood tests prior to immunizations are unnecessary and inaccurate.
Answer:
3.Family members in the household need to receive the influenza vaccine.
Explanation:
The nurse provides home care instructions to the parent of a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), she gave instructions that
1.The inactivated influenza vaccine will be given yearly.
The nurse anticipates that which laboratory study will be prescribed for the infant
2. p24 antigen assay
The nurse should make which most appropriate response to the mother that
3. Most children infected with HIV develop symptoms within the first 9 months of life, and some become symptomatic sometime before they are 3 years old
Which of the following is a natural driver of climate change?(1 point)
solar radiation
changes in land use
emissions of gases from products
burning fossil fuels
Final answer:
The natural driver of climate change is solar radiation. Option A
Explanation:
The natural driver of climate change among the options provided is solar radiation. Solar radiation from the sun is a major source of energy for our planet, and it plays a crucial role in regulating our climate.
When the sun's rays reach the Earth, they warm the planet's surface. This warmth is then radiated back into the atmosphere as heat. However, certain gases in the atmosphere, called greenhouse gases, trap some of this heat, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps our planet warm enough to support life.
In contrast, the other options mentioned - changes in land use, emissions of gases from products, and burning fossil fuels - are not natural drivers of climate change. They are human activities that contribute to the release of greenhouse gases and hence, the acceleration of climate change.
Some scientists feel that dinosaurs became extinct when a cloud of dust and gas kept sunlight from penetrating the atmosphere for a long period of time. Based on what you now know about photosynthesis, is this a reasonable conclusion? Support your answer.
Answer:
Yes, it is a reasonable conclusion.
Explanation:
The long lasting gas that kept sunlight from penetrating the atmosphere was the key factor that promote a disturbance on the chain food. Without sunlight, plants could not produce their own energy, therefore they could not resist to this environment condition and die. That way, the herbivores could not feed and die as well. Also the carnivore could not survive because their supply of food of herbivores are not alive anymore. This scenario would promote a mass extinction of every dinosaur.
The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called
Answer:
transduction
Explanation:
Sensory transduction is the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages which are communicated to our nervous system. It can involve stimuli being compared with or integrated with other stimuli or memories of previous stimuli. Different systems perform sensory transduction, involving either sensory receptors or sensory nerve endings responding to the stimuli.
Explanation:The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called sensory transduction. This process is carried out by our senses, which convert different types of stimuli into chemical or electrical signals, which are then transmitted to our central or peripheral nervous system. This kind of sensory input involves stimuli being compared with or integrated with other stimuli or memories of previous stimuli.
Just as an example, consider a baseball player at bat. Seeing a baseball pitched does not automatically cause the batter to swing. The trajectory and speed of the ball, and other factors such as the count and the state of the game, are all stimuli that are communicated to the nervous system where they're integrated to generate the specific response - to swing or not swing.
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What kind of plant life dominates the coniferous forest biome?
Answer:
Gymnosperms (pine trees)
Explanation:
Gymnosperms, or trees that reproduce using cones instead of flowers, are the primary plane life in a coniferous forest.
Hypothesize as to why coronaviruses may have glycoproteins in their membranes. What may be the purpose and function of these structures?
Answer:
Viral glycoprotien play important role in virus entry to the cell and virus pathogenicity
They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane.
Explanation:
Viral glycoproteins play important roles throughout the life cycle of coronaviruses. Viral glycoproteins interact with receptors on the host cell membrane and are required for penetration of the viral genome into cells by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane or endosomal membrane
The viral glycoproteins participate in assembly of virions, and the intracellular location of viral glycoproteins may determine the location of Coronavirus budding. Viral glycoproteins on the surface of infected cells may permit fusion with adjacent cells, and may make the cell susceptible to immune cytolysis or cell-mediated cytotoxicity, or permit hemadsorption. Epitopes of viral glycoproteins may be recognized by neutralizing, non-neutralizing or hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Thus, elucidation of the structure and functions of Coronavirus glycoproteins is of central importance in understanding the replicative cycle and pathogenesis of coronaviruses.
Final answer:
Glycoproteins in coronavirus membranes serve critical functions in the viral lifecycle, including attachment to host cells, penetration of the cell membrane, replication inside the cell, and release of new virions.
Explanation:
Coronaviruses may have glycoproteins in their membranes to facilitate attachment to host cells. These glycoproteins recognize and bind to viral receptors on the cell surface, allowing the virus to infect specific cell types. For instance, HIV makes use of the CD4 molecule on T lymphocytes. Glycoproteins serve not only for attachment but also play a role in the virus's ability to penetrate the cell membrane, inject its genome, and replicate within the host cell.
Spikes, such as those found on the influenza virus, are extensions of these glycoproteins that allow viruses to both attach and enter a host cell, or detach from it after replication. Known spikes like hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) greatly influence the identification and characterization of influenza viruses, denoting specific strains responsible for historical pandemics.
Therefore, these glycoproteins and spikes are vital for the virus's lifecycle, ensuring successful attachment, penetration, replication, and ultimately the release of new virions to infect other cells.
Who were the main astronomers that named the constellations?
Answer:
In 150 A.D., the Greek scientist Ptolemy published a book, known by its Arabic name, The Almagest, which contained a summary of Greek astronomical knowledge, including a catalog of 1022 stars, with estimates of their brightness, arranged into 48 constellations.
Explanation:
The ancient Greeks and Romans named the constellations based on mythology and cultural beliefs. Astronomers like Giovanni Riccioli and Johann Bayer also contributed to naming features on the Moon and stars in constellations. The brightest stars have names derived from ancient languages.
Explanation:The main astronomers that named the constellations were the ancient Greeks and Romans. They grouped stars into patterns or constellations and gave them names based on mythology and cultural beliefs. The Greeks named sections of the sky in honor of characters in their mythology and then fit the star configurations to animals and people as best they could. The Romans also named the planets after their chief gods.
Later, astronomers like Giovanni Riccioli and Johann Bayer played a role in naming features on the Moon and stars in constellations. Riccioli named lunar craters after famous astronomers, while Bayer assigned Greek letters to the brightest stars in each constellation.
The brightest stars have names that have been passed down from ancient times, with some derived from Greek, Latin, and Arabic languages. Examples include Sirius, which means "the scorched one," and Vega, which means "swooping Eagle."
A mutation takes place in a protein-coding gene that changes one codon resulting in a single amino acid replacement. Which type of replacement is least likely to result in a disruption of protein structure and function?
a) a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic amino acid
b) a polar amino acid to a hydrophobic amino acid
c) an acidic amino acid to a basic amino acid
d) a hydrophilic amino acid to a hydrophobic amino acid
e) a polar amino acid to a polar amino acid
Answer:
The answer is A
Explanation:
The least likely replacement is a polar amino acid to a polar amino acid ( e )
when a mutation takes place in a protein coding gene that changes a single codon ( replacement of an amino acid ) , the amino acid is either replaced with another amino acid with similar properties or it is replaced with an amino acid with different properties.
when a polar amino acid ( hydrophilic ) is replaced by non-polar amino acid ( hydrophobic ) the protein will loses its function ( i.e. the most effect is experienced ) but when a polar amino acid is replaced by another polar amino acid the protein will retain its function ( i.e. the least effect on the protein structure )
Hence the least likely replacement on the protein structure is the replacement of a polar amino acid to a polar amino acid
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