Answer:
b. Emerging and reemerging disease
Explanation:
Emerging and reemerging disease are infectious diseases which showed growth in last two decades by targeting large populations, spreading in many geographical areas and demonstrating an increased fatality rate. For example, Ebola and HIV AIDS.
These infections emerged because of presence of many favorable factors at the same time. Increasing population made it easier for the infection to spread because it is difficult to maintain a distance between people now. Increase in global travel also increased the chances of contacting the virus as the carrier can take it to a new unaffected region. Change in temperature also made it favorable for many viruses to propagate.
A 13-year-old girl is brought to the clinic with the complaint of emotional lability and restlessness. Other symptoms include gradual weight loss despite a good appetite; warm, moist skin; heat intolerance; and unusually fine hair. These manifestations are most suggestive of which of the following?
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Hypoparathyroidism
D. Hyperparathyroidism
Answer: B) Hyperthyroidism
Explanation: Hyperthyroidism is a situation where thyroxine hormone is produced in higher quantity than the body will usually need by the thyroid gland in the neck region. This usually leads to increase in the metabolism of the body, although the elderly individuals often don't experience any symptoms, some of the symptoms in younger individuals are as follows; Weight loss, excess sweating, excessive hunger, fatigue, heat intolerance, restlessness, hyperactivity, abnormal heart rhythm, fast heart rate, warm skin, weakness of muscles, diarrhea, insomnia, palpitation as well as mood swings.
With the series of symptoms been experienced by the 13 year old girl, these manifestations suggest she is suffering from Hyperthyroidism.
What is the purpose of Good Samaritan Laws?
A-To help protect people who voluntarily give care without accepting anything in
return.
B-To discourage people from helping others in an emergency situation.
C-To protect people who give care beyond their level of training.
D-None of the above.
The answer would be A :D
Good Samaritan Laws primarily exist to protect people who voluntarily assist others in emergency situations, encouraging them to help without fear of legal retaliation should something unintentionally go wrong.
Explanation:The purpose of Good Samaritan Laws is primarily Option A: to help protect people who voluntarily provide aid in an emergency situation without expecting any return.
These laws are designed to encourage bystanders to lend a helping hand without fear of legal repercussions if something unintentionally goes wrong.
They serve to shield individuals who give care within their level of training and expertise. However, protection may not be provided if care is delivered negligently or recklessly, or extends beyond the person's level of knowledge.
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7. Which statement about the Spanish flu of 1918 is true? A. It killed about 100 million people. B. It could kill within hours. C. It mainly spread through air travel for leisure. D. It was not a pandemic.
Dr. Kabir, an emergency room doctor, is starting to evaluate a patient who has a limp of the right leg. What should Dr. Kabir do first? A. Ask the patient to describe the leg pain. B. Order an x-ray of the leg. C. Prescribe physical therapy. D. Research other cases where patients have experienced similar leg pain. E. Contact an orthopedic specialist
Answer:
Letter E
Explanation:
I truly wouldn't take this advice from me; I'm a high school freshman who's dream is to become a surgical nurse. However, letter E is the most logical. You wouldn't order an x-ray first. You definitely wouldn't prescribe pt. You wouldn't have the time to do the research if the patient is in pain and if it's limp. And if the leg is limp, then the patient might not be able to feel it. If they can, then the ortho specialist can ask questions about the pain.
Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?A) ascending tracts in the cervical region of her spinal cord.
B) descending tracts in the cervical region of her spinal cord.
C) ascending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord.
D) descending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord.
E) the anterior white commissures.
Final answer:
The spinal cord injury that caused Mary to lose feeling in her lower body likely involves the compression of ascending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord. Option C is correct.
Explanation:
Mary has lost feeling in her lower body due to a spinal cord injury. The loss of sensation suggests that the injury is impacting parts of the spinal cord responsible for sensory information. Considering that the sensations lost are in her lower body, the ascending tracts in the lumbar region of the spinal cord are likely compressed. These tracts carry sensory information from the body to the brain, and because the lumbar region corresponds to the lower part of the spinal cord, it controls sensations in the lower extremities. Therefore, the correct answer is C) ascending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord.
1. Review the remittance advice (Figure 4-13), and circ
ittance advice (Figure 4-13), and circle the payment
2. Determine whether each payment denial
other each payment denial reason code would result in writing an):
• Appeal letter to the third-party payer (Figure 4-14)
• Collection letter to the patient (Figure 4-15)
3. Refer to the sample letters in Figures 4-14 and 4-15, and prepare apped
gures 4-14 and 4-15, and prepare appeal letter(s) and/or
collection letter(s) for each payment denial re
etter(s) for each payment denial reason code. (Do not prepare provider letters
of medical necessity.)
to wa
Answer:
???????
1. Review the remittance advice (Figure 4-13), and circExplanation:
Final answer:
The student is asked to review remittance advice, determine if an appeal or collection letter is needed, and prepare letters for payment denial reason codes.
Explanation:
The subject of this question is Health. The question asks the student to review a remittance advice, determine if each payment denial reason code would result in writing an appeal letter to the third-party payer or a collection letter to the patient, and prepare appeal letters and/or collection letters for each payment denial reason code.
what are the components of epithelial cell membranes?
Epithelial cells are held together by tight junctions, adhering junction and desmosomes and attach to a specialized form of extracellular matrix called the basement membrane. Epithelial cells are polarized with an apical surface facing the lumen or external environment and a basal surface facing the basement membrane.
What are the possible mechanisms by which obesity increases the risk of osteoporosis?
Sixteen-year-old Melody Carson is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after being a passenger in a car struck by a train. Two of her friends, also in the car, were killed in the accident. Melody is unconscious at this time. She also has a broken right femur, two broken ribs, and a fractured pelvis. (Learning Objectives 7 and 10)
A. What continuing assessments would the nurse focus on in caring for the neurologic injury Melody has sustained?
B. What complications would it be important for the nurse to assess Melody for?
C. What psychosocial implications could this injury have on Melody and her family as she enters rehabilitation?
Answer: C. What psychosocial implications could this injury have on Melody and her family as she enters rehabilitation?
Explanation: That would be your answer
The nurse would focus on monitoring Melody's level of consciousness, assessing her pupils, and monitoring vital signs. Complications to consider include increased intracranial pressure and infection. The injury could have psychosocial implications for Melody and her family.
A. Continuing assessments for the neurologic injury:The nurse would focus on monitoring Melody's level of consciousness using the Glasgow Coma Scale. They would also assess her pupils for any changes in size or reaction to light, and watch her vital signs to detect any worsening of her condition.
B. Complications to assess for:The nurse should watch for signs of increased intracranial pressure, such as headache, vomiting, or changes in behaviour. They should also monitor for any signs of infection at the site of her injuries, such as redness, swelling, or drainage. Additionally, they should assess for signs of deep vein thrombosis or blood clots in her legs.
C. Psychosocial implications:This injury could have significant psychosocial implications for Melody and her family. They may experience grief and trauma from losing their friends, as well as anxiety and fear about their recovery and long-term outcomes. Rehabilitation will likely involve adjustments to her daily activities and routines, which could impact her sense of independence and self-esteem.
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What may be a problem with racial self-identification for the future of medicine and pharmacogenomics (drugs tailored to suit one's genome)? A. It may be linked to cultural associations. B. It may be defined by the possession of extreme physical traits. C. It may have traditional or historical bias. D. It may have a religious bias. E. Incorrect identification of ancestral background because of all of the above.
Answer:
I well go with the (A). It may be linked to cultural associations.
Explanation:
The term goiter means:
Anemia is a condition where the blood does not have enough healthy, normal red blood cells. There are many anemias caused by factors not related to nutrition, but nutrient deficiencies can also be the culprit. The most common nutrient deficiencies that result in anemias are deficiencies of iron, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6.
Identify the types of Anemia given the symptoms below:
1) A form of this anemia, called pernicious anemia, occurs when inadequate intrinsic factor is secreted into the stomach.
2) This type of anemia is caused by a recessive mutation that causes hemoglobin molecules to fold incorrectly.
3) Treatment may involve injections of vitamin B12.
4) Red blood cells may abnormally formed into half-moon shapes.
5) A deficiency of vitamin Bs or iron may cause this type of anemia.
6) Treatment often involves supplementation with iron and vitamin C.
7) This may be caused by a deficiency of folate.
8) Red blood cells are smaller than normal.
a) Microcytic Anemia
b) Macrocytic Anemia
c) Sickle-Cell Anemia
Answer:
1_vitamin B12
2_thalassemia
3_cyanocobolamine
5_iron diffecency anemi
6_
7_megaloblastic anemia
8_a
Final answer:
There are different types of anemia that can be identified based on specific symptoms. Pernicious anemia is caused by inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor in the stomach. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation. Macrocytic anemia is associated with deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate, while microcytic anemia is caused by iron deficiency.
Explanation:
Identifying Types of Anemia:
Type of Anemia: Pernicious Anemia (b)Which of the following is a possible delay in in-hospital care to definitive treatment for patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction?
What is the correct answer?
1. Door to data
2. Data to decision
3. Decision to terminate treatment
4. Door to vital sign exam
A heart attack, or acute myocardial infarction, is a potentially fatal disorder that develops when the blood supply to the heart muscle is suddenly interrupted, resulting in tissue damage. Door-to-data delay in in-hospital care, hence option 1 is correct.
What is myocardial infarction?Acute myocardial infarction, often known as a heart attack, is a potentially deadly condition that arises when the blood supply to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off, causing tissue damage.
A blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries frequently causes this.
The following three areas of delay in the care of patients with in-hospital STEMI warrant special attention: ECG acquisition delays, delays in the interpretation of the ECG, and the activation of the current STEMI care systems.
Therefore, for Door-to-data delay in in-hospital care, hence option 1 is correct.
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A single mother and her male child are sitting alone watching a news report that is showing the damage from the storm. You observe the child getting more nervous and upset.
Answer:
Comfort the child and ask what is wrong.
Explanation:
Calm the child and then if has a headache then give the child water and Tylenol
The ______ conducts impulses toward the soma. The______ conducts impulses toward the synaptic terminals. The ______ is the region surrounding the nucleus. The ______ is the enlarged end of an axon. The contains neurotransmitters. The ______ is a cluster of RER and free ribosomes. The______ is another term for the soma of a neuron. The______ is the membrane of the axon. The______ is a cell that forms the blood 13 brain barrier. The ______ is a fine branch of an axon.
Answer:
1. dendrite = directs impulses toward the soma.
2. axon = conducts impulses toward the synaptic terminal.
3. perikaryon = region surrounding nucleus.
4. collateral branches = main branches of an axon.
5. synaptic terminal = enlarged end of an axon.
6. synaptic vesicles = contains neurotransmitters.
7. axon hillock = connects the cell body and axon.
8. Nissl bodies = clusters of RER and free ribosomes.
9. telodendria = fine branches of an axon.
10. myelinated internode = part of axon covered by Schwann cell.
11. neurilemma = Schwann cell's plasma membrane.
12. axolemma = membrane of the axon.
13. astrocyte = Forms the blood-brain barrier.
14. cell body = soma.
The missing parts in the question refer to the various parts of a typical neuron.
The dendrite directs electrical impulses toward the soma. The Axon conducts impulses towards the synaptic terminal. The perikaryon is the region surrounding the nucleus.The synaptic terminal is the enlarged end of an axon.
The synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. The Nissl bodies contain clusters of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes. The cell body is another term for the soma of a neuron. The Axolemma is the membrane of the axon. The endothelial cell is a cell that forms the blood-brain barrier. The Telodendria is a fine branch of the axon.
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An agent would make a good antibiotic if it affected a structure or process only found in bacterial cells and not in our (eukaryotic) cells. Which of the following actions would theoretically make a good antibiotic:
Answer:
A good antibiotic would effect the structure in which the bacteria is forming, and not the structure of the Eukaryota cells.
Explanation:
Categorize the scenarios as either a discretionary act or the result of automatic stabilizers. are called
Answer:
I dont understand if your trying to categorize these or not but That's what i'm doing.
Explanation:
(Discretionary Spending)
Legislators increase the generosity of unemployment benefits
A law is enacted that increases government spending on health care programs
(Automatic Stabilizers)
Economic growth increases personal and corporate income increasing tax payments
A recession increases the number of recipients of unemployment benefits
Final answer:
Automatic stabilizers respond to economic fluctuations automatically, with no new legislation required, and include tax code elements and social service programs. Discretionary policies involve intentional government actions such as new laws or spending programs, and tend to have significant time lags.
Explanation:
When categorizing economic scenarios, it is important to distinguish between automatic stabilizers and discretionary policy. Automatic stabilizers are fiscal mechanisms that naturally respond to economic fluctuations without the need for new legislation. They include aspects of the tax code and social service programs that adjust based on the economic cycle to stabilize aggregate demand automatically. For example, during an economic downturn, unemployment benefits may increase due to higher joblessness without any new government action, acting as an automatic stabilizer.
In contrast, discretionary policy involves intentional and often time-consuming legislative actions taken by the government in response to specific economic changes. These could include new spending programs or tax adjustments that require debate, design, passage of laws, and implementation by relevant agencies. An example might be a targeted government stimulus package designed to jumpstart economic growth during a recession, which would be a result of discretionary policy.
Automatic stabilizers are known for their lack of time lags since they operate instantly with changing economic conditions. On the other hand, discretionary policies often involve significant time lags due to the need for government identification, action, legislation, and implementation. Notably, economists like Milton Friedman have argued that discretionary fiscal policy could potentially be destabilizing due to these lags.
In many biomedical devices, the role of a transducer is... Group of answer choices to convert the output from a MEME into an electrical voltage or current. to digitize heart rate. to estimate blood oxygenation. to filter the MEMS output. to amplifier the MEMS output
Answer:
convert the output from a MEME into an electrical voltage or current.
Explanation:
A transducer is a device that converts certain energy into a useful electrical current, in other words, it transforms energy. A good example of a transducer can be the keyboards in a machine that transform the energy of pressing a button into a code that instructs the machine.
Artesian wells rely on pressure to bring water to the surface
Answer:
True:
Artesian wells rely on pressure to bring water to the surface
Explanation:
Artesian wells ware very similarly to regular wells, however, they use the force of pressure to bring the water from the groundwater to the surface. The way it uses its a combination of the effects of the materials and the pressure water exercise on the small space available in the artesian wells.
Answer: T
Explanation:
The _____ conducts impulses toward the synaptic terminals.
The _____ is the enlarged end of an axon.
The _____contains neurotransmitters.
The _____ is a cluster of RER and free ribosomes.
The_____ is another term for the soma of a neuron.
The _____ is the membrane of the axon.
The _____ is a cell that forms the blood 13brain barrier.
The _____is a fine branch of an axon.
Answer:
axon
synaptic end bulb
neurons
Nissl bodies
cell body of a neuron
axolemma
BB-endothelial cells
telodendria
Explanation:
Answer:
The _axon_ conducts impulses toward the synaptic terminals.
The _synaptic end bulb _ is the enlarged end of an axon.
The _neurons _contains neurotransmitters.
The _Nissl bodies _ is a cluster of RER and free ribosomes.
The_cell body of a neuron _ is another term for the soma of a neuron.
The _axolemma _ is the membrane of the axon.
The _BB-endothelial cells _ is a cell that forms the blood 13brain barrier.
The _telodendria_is a fine branch of an axon.
Explanation:
Axon (or nerve fibre): is a long projection of a nerve cell or neuron in vertebrates animals, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body.
Synaptic end bulb: They contains synaptic vesicles that are filled with a neurotransmitter substance. The neurotransmitter substance is responsible for the transmission of impulses from axon to muscle fibers through the synapse.
Neurons: They are nerve cells and nerve fibers, which are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that transmit and process information. Neurons are the basic working unit of the brain.
Nissl bodies: They synthesize proteins for intracellular use, they are responsible for the manufacture and release of proteins and amino acids in the body system.
Cell body of a neuron: The cell body is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and as well connects the dendrites, that bring information into the neuron and the axon which sends information to other neurons. They control all of the functions of the cell.
Axolemma: it is the cell membrane of an axon, it is responsible for maintaining the membrane of the axon and contains ion channels through which ions flows rapidly.
BB-endothelial cells : They are the main regulator of vascular homeostasis, they interacts with circulating cells on one hand and the cells present in the vascular wall on the other hand.
Telodendria: It is the branched ends of nerve cells, they establishes the functional contact with other nerve cells.
As reproductive technology advanced, headlines announcing "Couple Battles over Frozen Embryos" became more and more commonplace. For example, in the 1980s a man went to court and succeeded in preventing his ex-wife from using their frozen embryos to become pregnant. He maintained that after he and his wife had divorced, he no longer wanted to become a parent, and should not be forced to do so against his will.
In 1998, a divorced woman in New Jersey won a legal battle with her ex-husband over custody of seven frozen embryos the couple had created in vitro while still married. The wife wanted to have the embryos destroyed, while the ex-husband argued his right to adopt his own embryos to be implanted in a future partner or donated to an infertile couple.
(a) In your opinion, should frozen embryos be considered property to be awarded during a divorce? Why or why not?
(b) Should a man who loses custody of frozen embryos in a lawsuit be responsible for child support if his ex-wife is implanted with the embryos and becomes pregnant at a later date? Explain your answer.
(c) Should the husband or wife who wins custody of frozen embryos be allowed to destroy them, against the wishes of the ex-husband or ex-wife? Why or why not?
Answer:
1-In my opinion, they should not be the property of the components of the divorce, at a certain point they are the ones that contribute the genetics, but I think that they would have to remain in the hands of the state in a stand-by position or for the country's own scientific research.
2-No, since losing custody does not mean that you do not have the right to decide whether or not you want to keep those embryos in the future.
The causes of divorce are sometimes very limited, which the couple did not work and had great conflicts, I think that the woman implants the embryos, implants a male genetics that does not belong to her, forcing her ex-husband to support them.
Yes, I think it is very correct that she wants to implant embryos after separation but with a genetic load that is alien to her ex-husband.
Otherwise, if there is no other option in the marriage certificate, when they decided to be husband and wife, it would be good for this fundamental point to be clarified and for people to decide on this responsibility in the future in case of divorce.
3-No, since once a couple divorces, they separate and have no more relationship, with which it seems very absurd to allow the one who stays with the embryo to decide for himself or herself in a vengeful or damaging way ex partner.
In this way the ties will not be completely cut, the problems will continue, they will probably build the psyche of these embryos (future children) in a fighting environment, discussion complicating their cognitive development.
In addition to my simple opinion, I believe that embryos are not properties, not simple material things, but were life plans, with which their appropriation as integral materials is a very delicate subject.
I believe that the most correct thing is that they serve the utility of the evolution and advancement of the state, in science, health, or other branches.
Explanation:
These topics of discussion are considered very delicate in the field of health, or science, since when imposing certain rules there are rights on the part of the divorced couple that will not be fulfilled, also taking into account that it is very difficult to assign them. rights to a frozen embryo or maintain some respect for both parties.
In my opinion, it would be a solution to encourage divorces once they are processed, not to be granted power in common, nor to keep them united to both parties, a decision which does not coincide completely together, since sometimes this leads to problems of violence, bad education, depression, social inactivity, etc.
Answer: yes
Explanation:
A random sample of middle age sedentary males was selected from four census tracts, and each man was examined for coronary artery disease. All those having the disease were excluded from the study. All others were randomly assigned to either an exercise group, which followed for a two-year program of systematic exercise or to a control group, which had no exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for any difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
What type of study (study design) you would assign to this information? Why?
Answer: cohort study
Explanation:
Final answer:
The study described is a randomized controlled trial (RCT), which aims to provide strong evidence for causation between exercise and the incidence of coronary heart disease by using random assignment to control for confounding factors.
Explanation:
The study described in the question is a randomized controlled trial (RCT). An RCT is used when researchers are attempting to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment (in this case, systematic exercise) and an outcome (the incidence of coronary heart disease). In this design, participants are randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. Random assignment is crucial to eliminate confounding factors and to ensure that the differences in outcomes can be attributed to the treatment rather than other variables.
If the participants were not randomly assigned, it's possible that personal choices could introduce biases, such as participants with a pre-existing interest in exercise being more likely to join the exercise group, thereby affecting the results. The strength of an RCT lies in its randomization process, which aims to make the groups comparable in all aspects except for the intervention, thus providing stronger evidence for causation.
Biomes can be classified geographically.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answer:True
Explanation:
In quiet breathing, muscular effort is mainly in inspiration, and expiration is largely passive, due to elastic recoiling of the lung. Can you relate this fact to the pattern of expiratory and inspiratory flow? Hint: The normal pattern of breathing is efficient in that it requires muscular effort for only a short time.
Explanation:
during exercise,there is receptors which are present in skeletal muscle ,send sensory afferent to CAC ,in turn stimulate If,so amount of oxygen to muscles increase
A patient with an acute ischemic stroke is admitted to the emergency department. The nurse is teaching a student nurse about potential medications the patient may need. Which statement made by the student nurse shows ineffective learning?
Answer:
"A programmable pump should be used to deliver an initial dose of 120mg over 2hours with 10% if the dose given intravenously."
Explanation:Ischemic stroke is a type of stroke that is associated with the brain,it is usually caused by the blockage or blockages in the artery which supplies blood to the brain,when this is blockage occurs,the amount of blood flow into the brain is either reduced or stopped,this will in turn reduce or eliminate the flow of oxygen into the brain.
WHEN THE OXYGEN REACHING THE BRAIN IS MINIMIZED OR STOPPED,THE BRAIN WILL DIE.
Answer:
A programmable pump should be used to administer an initial dose of 120 mg for 2 hours with 10% of the dose administered intravenously
Explanation:
Stroke or cerebrovascular accident is considered an emergency pathology and more if it is acute and ischemic, this means that there is no blood supply to a brain area due to a thrombus or embolus, of microbial, platelet or other origin.
In order to treat this pathology, the aforementioned is used to reverse said acute condition, the faster it is removed from the acute situation, the less risk the patient will have of cerebral sequelae.
Robert Reid, a 48-year-old African American computer programmer, is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weight 240 pounds. He sits for long hours at work and is too tired to exercise when he gets home at night. His meals usually includes fatty meats, eggs, and cheese, and he likes dairy desserts such as pudding and ice cream. He has a family history of CHD and HTN. His recent laboratory tests show that his blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg, and LDL and HDL levels are 160 mg/dl and 35 mg/dl, respectively. He smokes a pack of cigarettes each day and usually has two glasses of wine at both lunch and dinner.
Identify Mr. Reid’s major risk factors for CHD and HTN. which can be modified? What complications might occur if he delays treatment for his blood lipids and blood pressure?
Final answer:
Identify Mr. Reid's major risk factors for CHD and HTN, which can be modified. Explain the complications that might occur if he delays treatment for his blood lipids and blood pressure.
Explanation:
Mr. Reid has several major risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Hypertension (HTN). These risk factors include high blood pressure, obesity, high blood cholesterol levels, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. Of these risk factors, the ones that can be modified are obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. If Mr. Reid delays treatment for his blood lipids and blood pressure, he may develop complications such as heart disease, heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and damage to the blood vessels.
For this presentation, your job in this presentation is to research the drug lovastatin and walk the audience through the cholesterol biosynthesis and how lovastatin inhibits high cholesterol. If lovastatin goes through any structural changes before becoming active, please discuss this. Feel free to use images from the book or the internet to illustrate your point. Presentations should be around 5-10 minutes.
Work of lovastatin in cholesterol reduction:
Explanation:
Cholesterol is necessary for the functioning of all human organs, however it has been associated that there is a relationship between increased blood cholesterol, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, thus drugs were developed that decrease cholesterol levels by decreasing also the incidence of myocardial infarction.
Since the 1950s when John Gofman, from the University of California at Berkeley studied the association between coronary heart disease and cholesterol, he discovered that there are more harmful forms of cholesterol called LDL or low-density lipoproteins and another with a protective effect, HDL or lipoproteins of high density, later the Framingham study confirmed this hypothesis, in the following decade in 1960, studies were continued by biochemists Konrad E. Bloch, Feodor Lynen, John Cornforth and George Popják who made them worthy of the Nobel prize by describing the Cholesterol synthesis in four stages, and gained importance in showing that the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is the main point in maintaining the cholesterol pathway, studies that were completed by Nobel Prize winners Bloch and Lynen.
The high cholesterol content in the diet prevents the simultaneous production of it by the liver, a mechanism regulated by HMG-CoA reductase that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA into mevalonate, an enzyme that, when reduced, can contribute to reducing cholesterol levels. in plasma. Later, after several attempts, the Merck laboratory was able to demonstrate the efficacy of a molecule under the name of lovastatin that produced a significant decrease in plasma LDL levels.
Lovastatin is a selective and competitive inhibitor of the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A or HMG-CoA reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate which is the basis for the formation of sterols and among them the synthesis of cholesterol. Lovastatin in its inactive form is a closed ring of gamma-lactone that, when activated, hydrolyzes to an open ring of β-hydroxy acid, producing a reversible inhibitory binding of HMG-CoA, its main effect is to prevent the formation of mevalonate, an essential component for the formation of cholesterol. In the liver, triglycerides and cholesterol bind to VLDLs and go to plasma to reach peripheral tissues. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are created from VLDLs.
Approximately 10% of cholesterol is synthesized in the liver and 15% in the intestine, being carried out in the microsomes and cytoplasm, acetyl-CoA, is a product of oxidation in the mitochondria and by the synthesis of fatty acids is transported to the citoplasma mainly, the process has five important steps:
1. Acetyl-CoAs are converted to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA)
2. HMG-CoA is converted to mevalonate
3. Mevalonate is converted to the isoprene based molecule, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), with the concomitant loss of CO2
4. IPP are converted to squalene
5. Squalene is converted to cholesterol.
Lovastatin reduces plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis in the liver and increasing the number of liver LDL receptors on the cell surface, which in turn increases absorption and catabolism of LDL. Lovastatin reduces LDL production and the number of LDL particles, increases the activity of LDL receptors, decreasing their plasma levels.
Thus today, new molecules continue to be produced with different specific applications, seeking a longer half-life or reduction of side effects, what is certain is that the discovery of lovastatin marks a historical fact for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
A 17-year-old girl presents to the clinic for a sports physical. Physical examination findings reveal bradycardia, multiple erosions of tooth enamel, and scars on her knuckles. She appears healthy otherwise. You should ask her if she:
A 17-year-old girl presents to the clinic for a sports physical. Physical examination findings reveal bradycardia, multiple erosions of tooth enamel, and scars on her knuckles. She appears healthy otherwise. You should ask her if she:binges and vomits
Explanation:
In young girls, usually bradycardia, multiple erosion of tooth enamel, and scars on her knuckles are characteristics of chronic, self-induced vomiting which is a sign of bulimia.
Amenorrhea occurs due to an increase in the physical activity or anorexia. Constipation and cold intolerance are some common symptoms of anorexia nervosa.
A 17-year-old girl presents to the clinic for a sports physical. Physical examination findings reveal bradycardia, multiple erosions of tooth enamel, and scars on her knuckles. She appears healthy otherwise. You should ask her if she:binges and vomits
The symptoms described suggest the presence of bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors. Physical signs such as tooth enamel erosion and knuckle scars are common in individuals with bulimia.
Explanation:The symptoms described in the question, including bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), multiple erosions of tooth enamel, and scars on the knuckles, suggest the presence of an eating disorder called bulimia nervosa.
Bulimia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or the use of laxatives or diuretics, to prevent weight gain.
Individuals with bulimia often have physical signs such as dental erosion from the frequent exposure of tooth enamel to stomach acid during vomiting and scars on the knuckles from repeated trauma caused by inducing vomiting.
As Mrs. F stands up, you notice that she is limping She tells you that she banged her foot against a chair several days ago, and it is still sore. When you examine it, you see a swollen, dark purple little toe on her right foot. What is the significance of this sign? What further assessment would be most appropriate for 6. Mrs. F's bruised toe?
a. It might indicate that she is a drinker, so she should be tested with a breathalyzer
b. She may have trouble absorbing calcium, so you should check to see if the toe is broken.
c. It may indicate an inner ear problem, so she should be referred to an ear, nose, and throat specialist
d. It may indicate a cerebellar problem, so she should have a CAT scan
e. It was just a random accident, but her liver's ability to metabolize painkillers should be assessed before treating it.
Answer:
Hm, I think its b if not maybe e
Explanation:
Which of the following is a true statement?
A) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula.
B) The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint.
C) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process.
D) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
Answer:
The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
The true statement is D) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
This ligament is important as it stabilizes the proximal radioulnar joint, allowing the radius to pivot around the ulna which facilitates the forearm's ability to rotate. It does not involve the greater tubercle, humeral head, scapular acromion, or the scapular coracoid process.