Internal respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

Answer:

the activity of my protein will be highest in the presence of other protein,and not higher than my protein activity alone

Answer:

The glomerulus is a tiny structure which is made up of capillary blood vessels which filters the waste product from the blood to form urine.

The glomerulus makes the functional unit called the nephron. Each nephron is made up of structures through which urine passes in the following way :

1. Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)- capsule surrounding the glomerulus where fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood.

2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) -  tube where water and salt reabsorption takes place.

3. The Loop of Henle- U-shaped tube which transfers the fluid from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule.

4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)- tubule which is the final site of reabsorption in the nephron.

5. Collecting duct - duct which transfers the urine to the ureter.

6. Ureter- thin tube-like structures of 8 to 10 inches long which force urine to away from the kidney.

7. Urinary bladder- hollow, balloon-shaped organ stores urine for 3-5 hours.

Answer: Sulfonamides interfere with  folic acid synthesis in bacteria.

Explanation:

Sulfanilamide and other Sulfonamides are capable of inhibiting a variety of bacteria, interfering with a particular biochemical reaction (synthesis of the folic acid) which is essential for their survival. Sulfonamides are primarily used to treat urinary infections and for the treatment of otitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia; It is used in combination with trimethoprim. Sulfonamides derivatives exert a wide range of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Answer:

I think its one generation

Answer:

One generation

Explanation:

If two populations are merged, each with different frequencies of one allele at one location, and random mating occurs immediately; after a generation this population will be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, as there were no evolutionary processes within the population and mating occurred entirely at random.

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that in a population in which crossings occur at random and over which there are no evolutionary factors, gene and genotypic frequencies remain constant over the generations.

The importance of the Hardy-Weinberg Balance for natural populations lies in the fact that it establishes a model for gene behavior. Thus, it is possible to stimulate gene frequencies and genotypic frequencies over generations and compare them with those obtained in practice. If the observed values are significantly different from the expected values, it can be concluded that evolutionary factors are acting on this population and that it is evolving. If the values do not differ significantly, it can be concluded that the population is in equilibrium and therefore not evolving.

A controlled experiment in biology includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment. It is repeated many times to ensure accurate results.

In biology, a controlled experiment includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment. This helps to determine the effects of the treatment compared to a control group. It is important to repeat the experiment many times to ensure accurate results and account for any variability.

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A controlled experiment in biology uses at least two groups; an experimental group and a controlled group. The only variable that differs between these groups is the one being tested. Examining the results across these groups allows researchers to assess the impact of this variable.

A controlled experiment is a vital concept in scientific research. It involves at least two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group receives the experimental manipulation, which is the treatment or variable being tested, while the control group does not. The purpose of these two groups is to isolate and examine the effects of one variable.

In a controlled experiment, the one and only variable that differs between these groups is the independent variable, i.e., the treatment being tested. Observing changes in the dependent variable across these groups then allows the researcher to draw conclusions about the influence of the independent variable. Thus, if the results of the experiment reveal significant differences between the two groups, this is attributed to the impact of the independent variable.

These experiments can be lab-based or field-based depending on the nature of the study. Careful design, including random selection and assignment, along with proper ethical considerations are crucial for such experiments to yield reliable and accurate data.

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Answer: C. Involves the replication of environmental conditions and human responces to those conditions

Explanation:

The maintenance of homeostasis is a key feature of most levels of any organism’s biology.

In biology, homeostasis  is the state of steady internal, physical, chemical, and social conditions maintained by living systems.This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits .

Other variables include the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, and these need to be regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity. Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life.It is a key feature of most levels of any organism’s biology.

Thus, option D is correct.

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Answer: a.The individual always has the biometric in their possession.

Explanation:

Biometrics is a term that is used for the technology that is used to measure the bodily features and making a calculation on that basis. It is a method that can be used for the purpose of identification and authentication for the purpose of access control.

Among the given options, a.The individual always has the biometric in their possession. is the correct option. This is because of the fact that biometric measurements can be based upon physical characteristics such as fingerprints, retinal scans, and facial recognition. These features are common and unique to every human being. Hence, biometric system can be advantageous for physical access control.

Answer:

a. RER, microtubules, cytoplasm

Explanation:

The axoplasmic transport or axonal transport that moves the material at the rate of 1-5 mm/day is called slow axoplasmic transport. This system serves to deliver the materials required for regeneration of axons and axoplasm. It includes the movement of proteins from cytoplasm along the axon.

On the other hand, the fast axoplasmic transport moves the material at the rate of 200-400 mm/day. It serves to transport integral membrane proteins and secretory proteins formed on RER. The fast movement occurs with the help of motor proteins that move the material along the surface of microtubules present in the cytoskeleton of neurons.  

Answer: False

Explanation: The COMPLEMENT SYSTEM consists of proteins synthesized in the liver. They are activated by inespecific harmful substance (antigen) and begins a cascade of proteins that finally forms an attack complex against bacteria.

The COMPLEMENT is part of the INNATE IMMUNITY, because it is an inherent response, something all humans born with, and it is part of the first defense barrier against any antigen. Part of the innate immunity are too: natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages.

On the other hand, the ADAPTATIVE IMMUNITY, is the response that the body develops after being exposed to an antigen before. It is like something that the body recognizes, and then "learns" how to act against it. Part of the adaptative immunity are: lymphocyte T and B, and the antibodies (substances called Immunoglobulins). The immunoglobulins (Ig) are glycoproteins present in the blood.

Answer:

Skin

Explanation:

The tissues with high mitotic index have a number of cells undergoing mitosis. Among the given options, cells of skin exhibit the highest mitotic index. The skin forms the outer most covering of the body surface. Its cells are exposed to various agents of wear and tear.  

To replace the damaged cells, the cells of the skin undergo mitosis. So, skin exhibits the highest mitotic index.  

The skin tissue would have the highest mitotic index among the tissues listed. This is because skin is constantly exposed to environmental damage and needs frequent cell replacement, which requires a high rate of cell division. Muscle, kidney, and lung tissues generally have lower mitotic indices due to less frequent cell division.

The term mitotic index refers to the ratio of cells in a population undergoing mitosis. It is often used as an indication of the proliferative activity of the cell population. Mitosis is most frequently found in tissues that are dividing and growing or being replaced. Among the tissues listed, skin tissue would have the highest mitotic index.

This is because the skin is constantly being exposed to the external environment and is thus often damaged and needs to be replaced. The dead or damaged skin cells on the surface are frequently shed and need to be replaced by newer cells from the lower layers. This process requires a continuous cycle of cell division, hence a high mitotic index.

In contrast, the other tissues listed, such as muscle, kidney, and lung tissues, typically have lower mitotic indices. These tissues rarely undergo cell division, except for repairing damage or during growth. Thus, their mitotic indices are significantly lower than the skin's.

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Answer:

cytoplasmic, transmembrane

Explanation:

Pulse chase experiment is an important technique used to analyze the cellular process by labeling the cells with radioactive compound.

The radioactive amino acids is injected into the rabbit's retina. Two different moving peaks are observed during the experiment.  The first peak moved at 0.5-2 mm/day and second peak at 200-400 mm/day. These peaks are observed due to difference in the synthesis and transport rate of the protein. Cytoplasmic protein has slow transport and sorting rate, indicates the first peak. The second peak corresponds to transmembrane protein.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Answer:

[tex]96[/tex]Pa

Explanation:

Let "n" represents the normal flow condition and "a" represents the abnormal flow condition.

As per continuity equation -

[tex]v_{n}*A_{n}= v_{a}*A_{a}[/tex]----------- Eq (1)

Where "v" represents the velocity and "a" represents the area of artery

Given-

[tex]A_a=\frac{A_n}{4}[/tex]

Substituting the above relation in equation (1), we get -

[tex]v_a = \frac{v_n*A_n}{A_a}\\ v_a= 4v_n\\[/tex]

As per Bernoulli's theorem, we know that -

[tex]P_a-P_n= \frac{1}{2}pv_a^2-\frac{1}{2}pv_n^2\\P_a-P_n=\frac{1}{2}p[\frac{v_a*A_a}{A_n} ]^2\\P_a-P_n=\frac{1}{2}pv_n^2[16-1]\\P_a-P_n=\frac{1}{2}*1060*(0.11)^2*15\\P_a-P_n=96[/tex]Pa

The blood pressure difference between the normal and constricted segments of the artery can be calculated using Bernoulli's equation. As the cross-sectional area is reduced in the constricted segment, the blood speed increases and the pressure decreases. The difference in blood pressures can be determined by comparing the pressure energy per unit volume in the two segments.

The blood pressure difference between the normal and constricted segments of the artery can be calculated using Bernoulli's equation, which states that the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy per unit volume is constant along a streamline in an ideal fluid flow. In this case, as the cross-sectional area of the artery is reduced to one-fourth in the constricted segment, the blood speed increases. As a result, the pressure in the constricted segment decreases due to the conservation of energy. The difference in blood pressures between the normal and constricted segments can be determined by comparing the pressure energy per unit volume in the two segments.

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Answer: the correct answer is d. all of the above must happen for defecation to occur.

Explanation:

In response to the distention of the rectal wall, the receptors send sensory nerve impulses to the sacral spinal cord. Motor impulses from the cord travel along parasympathetic nerves back to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The resulting contraction of the longitudinal rectal muscles shortens the rectum, thereby increasing the pressure within it. This then opens the internal sphincter.

Answer: All collagen family members consist of peptide chains arranged in a parallel chain to an axis, forming the collagen fibers.

Explanation:

The term “collagen” is used to denote a family of 27 isoforms proteins found in the connective tissues of the body. It is the most important compound in the connective tissue and is an important structural element in multicellular organisms. It contains peptide chains amino acids glycine, proline, lysine, hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, and alanine. These chains are organized in parallel to an axis, forming the collagen fibers, that provides strength and elasticity to the structure. The collagen molecule has 280 nm of length, with molecular weight 300,000 Da, stabilized by hydrogen bridges and intermolecular bonds.

the mitral valve, between the left atrium and left ventricle; and. the aortic valve, between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Mitral valve: This valve has two leaflets. They allow blood to flow from the lungs to the left atrium. And they prevent regurgitation from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

Usually, mitral valve prolapse is not life-threatening and does not require treatment or lifestyle changes. However, some people may need medication or surgery, especially if escape causes severe belching. Another name used to describe mitral valve prolapse are Barlow Syndrome.

Mitral valve disease occurs when the mitral valve is not functioning properly and allows blood to flow back into the left atrium. As a result, the heart does not pump enough blood from the left ventricle to supply the body with oxygen-rich blood.

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Answer:

The CRA-cAMP complex increases the rate of expression of lac operon when glucose is absent and lactose is present as nutrient.

Explanation:

CRP is the catabolite gene activator protein that forms a complex with cAMP. The CRP-cAMP complex facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region of the lac operon. This robust binding as stimulated by CRP-cAMP complex is followed by the formation of open complex and initiation of gene expression.  

Hence, the CRP-cAMP complex positively regulates the lac operon and increases its expression when glucose is not present.

Answer:

Feathered shanks is an example of  duplicate dominant epistasis and gives F2 phenotype ratio 15:1.

Explanation:

Presence of feathered shanks in chickens is an example of duplicate dominant epistasis. The trait is controlled by two dominant genes (A and B). Presence of at least one copy of any of these two dominant alleles results in feathered shanks. The homozygous recessive genotype (aabb) exhibits "unfeathered shanks".

Genotype of parents:  Black Langhans (feathered shanks; AABB) and Buff Rocks (unfeathered shanks; aabb). F1 has genotype AaBb and crossing the F1 gives F2 chickens with feathered shanks to unfeathered shanks in a ratio of 15:1.

Final answer:

The observed 15:1 ratio of feathered to unfeathered shanks in the F2 generation of chickens suggests a gene interaction between two dominant genes. The only recessive phenotype results from having both recessive alleles for the two genes, which occurs in 1 out of 16 offspring.

Explanation:

The question is asking for an explanation of the genetic inheritance pattern observed in chickens with regards to feathered shanks. The F1 generation resulting from a cross between a Black Langhans (feathered shanks) and Buff Rocks (unfeathered shanks) are all feathered, indicating that feathered shanks are a dominant trait. However, when these F1 chickens are crossed, the F2 generation shows a 15:1 ratio of feathered to unfeathered. This ratio is much greater than the typical 3:1 ratio seen in a simple Mendelian monohybrid cross, suggesting that the inheritance of the trait is not controlled by a single gene.

A likely explanation is that the feathered shanks trait is controlled by two dominant genes that are interacting in such a way that having one or both genes results in the feathered phenotype. This is an example of gene interaction or epistasis, where different genes contribute to the expression of a single trait. The 15:1 ratio suggests that when crossing two F1 heterozygotes (RrSs), the only way to get unfeathered shanks (the recessive phenotype) is if the offspring inherits two recessive alleles for both genes (rrss), which occurs only in 1 out of 16 cases.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

the boat has a lower density therefore allowing it to float

Answer:

False.

Explanation:

The ship is capable of floating because its average density (considering the steel part and the air filled part) is less than the water density. Moreover, it is in equilibrium, partially immersed and subject to the action of two forces of the same and opposite modulus, the weight P and the thrust E, exerted by water.

But the stability of the ship does not depend on it alone. It also depends on the point of application of these forces. The weight force is applied to the center of gravity (CG), which is fixed, and the thrust is applied to the center of thrust (EC), which is variable.

Answer:

The liver have a hepatic portal vein and a hepatic vein for blood flow and transport of nutrients.

Explanation:

Hepatic portal vein is also known as portal vein that carries blood from the organs (gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and gallbladder) to the liver. The nutrients are also transfer by the hepatic portal vein.

Hepatic vein: This vein carry deoxygenated blood into the inferior vena cava from the liver. Total three hepatic veins brings deoxygenated blood from right, left and middle part of liver.

Answer:

Proteins are broken down into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars and fats into simple fatty acids.

Explanation:

Digestion may be defined as the process of breakdown of biomolecules into simpler substances with the help of enzymes and digestive juices.

The process of breakdown of carbohydrates starts in the mouth with the help of enzyme salivary amylase. Carbohydrates are broken into simple sugars and later absorbed by the body. The absorption and digestion of proteins is completed into the small intestine.  Proteins are broken converted into amino acids after complete digestion. Lipase enzyme breaks down the fat into simple fatty acids and glycerol.

In digestion, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are broken down into amino acids, monosaccharides, and glycerol and fatty acids respectively, which are then absorbed by the body.

During the process of digestion, different types of macromolecules are broken down into their smaller components for absorption. Proteins are broken down into amino acids, carbohydrates into monosaccharides, such as glucose, and fats, or triglycerides, are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. This breakdown is crucial for the molecules to be small enough to be transported across the mucosal membrane and be utilized by the body.

The complex carbohydrates are first acted upon by enzymes like amylase, which break them down into simpler sugars, or monosaccharides. Proteins are degraded into amino acids by enzymes such as trypsin, pepsin, and peptidase. Lipids are broken down by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids. The smaller molecules resulting from the actions of these enzymes can then be absorbed by the cells lining the small intestine and used for various bodily functions including energy production, cellular repair, and growth.

Answer:

The correct option is a. refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size

Explanation:

Sexual dimorphism refers to a specific condition in animals and plants, which includes difference in the secondary characteristics of the male and female sexes of the same species. Sexual dimorphism is seen in many animals and some plant species. The difference in the secondary characteristics includes size, color, behavior, etc.

Sexual dimorphism, a term in biology, refers to the differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species beyond reproductive organs. These differences may be manifested in body size, coloration, or other physical attributes. Such differences vary widely among species, and while some correlation between dimorphism and social behaviors is observed, it is not a universal rule.

Sexual dimorphism refers to differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species, beyond differences in reproductive organs. These differences can relate to body size, coloration, or other physical attributes. It is a product of variance in reproductive success, often driving the evolution towards larger, more decorated, or stronger males as these traits can provide them advantages in obtaining mates.

Sexual dimorphism varies widely among species. Some species display quite pronounced sexual dimorphism, such as gorillas, where the males are significantly larger than the females. Other species, such as gibbons, display a low level of sexual dimorphism, correlating with long-term monogamy. Additionally, there are some species where the usual roles are reversed, with females being larger or more elaborate than males due to variances in reproductive success. It's crucial to note that there's no universal rule linking physical traits with behavioral traits, and each species presents a unique mix of these differences.

Conventionally, in many primate societies, a higher level of sexual dimorphism is linked with stronger male dominance, rigid hierarchy, and male competition for mating. However, the correlation between size and behavioral features shouldn't be perceived as a rule, as this varies greatly depending on the species and the environmental factors at hand.

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Answer:

(D) H Vacuole

Explanation:

The vacuole is the organelle of the plant which contains water reserves of the plant and essential minerals required by the plant to grow. It also helps the plant to maintain its structure and provides rigidity

HOPE IT HELPS....

Answer:

The correct answer will be option D-H.

Explanation:

The eukaryotic cells contain organelles which help in the survival of the organisms.

The plant cell contains one of the largest organelle called vacuole which helps the plant cell to store the harmful as well as useful material inside the cell. The primary molecule it stores in the water which helps in maintaining the turgidity of the cell. It is due to this turgidity that vacuole determines the shape of the cell.

Thus, option D-H is the correct answer.

Answer: Chemotherapy kills the leukemia cells, but releases the content of the cell into the bloodstream which cannot be filtered at once by the kidney.

Explanation: Chemotherapy can be defined as the use of drugs to treat cancer. The drugs that is given in chemotherapy flows through the bloodstream to reach all over the body.

This treatment method is only used for the people suffering from acute lymphocytic leukemia. Because of its potential side effect it cannot be used for the person who is already sick.

The chemo cells are killed by leukemia cell and the contents are released into the blood stream which are not filtered by the kidney at once. Excess amount of these substances in blood can adversely affect the nervous system and heart.

This is how the chemotherapy enhances the effects of leukemia.

Chemotherapy can worsen leukemia by damaging normal cells, reducing white blood cell count, and increasing the risk of secondary cancers.

Chemotherapy aggravates the effects of leukemia by not only targeting cancer cells but also damaging normal rapidly dividing cells like those in the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in white blood cells. This can result in secondary immunodeficiency, making the patient more susceptible to infections. Additionally, chemotherapy drugs that damage DNA increase the risk of developing secondary cancers, including leukemia.

Answer:

Active transport

Explanation:

The process of transport of substances that uses energy and carrier proteins of the membrane is called active transport. Amino acids can not cross the hydrophobic core of the membrane and therefore, are transported through carrier proteins. The carrier proteins transport the amino acids using energy and the process is called active transport.

Answer:

BLOOD PATHWAY:

Body > superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vien > left ventricle > bicuspid/mitral valve> left ventricle > Aortic semilunar valve > Aorta > Body

The pathway goes like this:

From the body (we don't say first because this is a cycle), unoxygenated blood collected goes to the heart via the INFERIOR and SUPERIOR VENA CAVA then it empties into the RIGHT ATRIUM from there it passess through a valve called TRICUSPID valve, which prevents backflow of blood to the right atrium. The blood goes to our first pumping chamber, RIGHT VENTRICLE. The right ventricle pumps the blood through the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE which leads to the PULMONARY ARTERIES, which happens to be the only arteries that carry unoxygenated blood. From there it goes to the lungs to pick up oxygen and rid itself of carbon dioxide. The blood then goes back into the heart via the PULMONARY VEINS and like the latter, they are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood.

The blood then goes back into the heart, emptying into the LEFT ATRIUM. From there it goes through the BICUSPID VALVE or MITRAL VALVE and to the last and thickest pumping chamber, the LEFT VENTRICLE. The left ventricle pumps the blood through the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE which opens out to the AORTA.

And at last, it goes back to your body.

Blood flows from the superior vena cava into the right atrium of the heart, from there it flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, and then to the lungs. After gas exchange in the lungs, blood returns to the heart's left atrium and then into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. Finally, the blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aortic valve to the aorta and to the rest of the body.

The pathway of a red blood cell as it passes into and through the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart, and to the body starts in the superior vena cava. From the superior vena cava, blood enters the right atrium of the heart, passes through the tricuspid valve, and moves into the right ventricle. The blood is then pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries, which lead to the lungs. Here, gas exchange occurs, oxygenating the blood. The oxygen-rich blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium. It then goes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, blood is pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta, the body's main artery. The blood is then transported to the rest of the body through a system of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Once the oxygen is delivered, the blood returns back to the heart via capillaries, venules, veins and finally the superior and inferior vena cava, ready to begin the journey again. Following this path, one can understand the flow of blood in the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

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Answer:

correct option a

Explanation:

movement of water molecule from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Answer:

Decimal reduction time [tex]= 990[/tex] cells per minute

Explanation:

Given -

Initial population of cells [tex]=10000[/tex]

Final population of cells  [tex]=100[/tex]

Total change in population of cells is equal to final population of cells minus the initial population of cells.

Total change in population of cells [tex]= 10000-100\\= 9900\\[/tex]

Total time taken by cell to reduce [tex]= 10[/tex] minutes

Decimal reduction  time

[tex]= \frac{9900}{10} \\= 990[/tex] cells per minute

Answer:

Parent Genotypes: RrYy x rrYy

Explanation:

"Because the cross produces green progeny (and both parents are yellow), both parents must be Yy: If either parent were YY, only yellow progeny would result.

The cross also produces wrinkled progeny, so the [round, yellow] parent must be heterozygous (Rr): If it were RR, all of the progeny would be Rr and have a round phenotype." - Mastering Genetics

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A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed is crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed. This is called parent genotype.

The type of variant present at a specific locus (i.e., region) in the genome is scored by what is known as a genotype. Symbols can be used to symbolize it.

The actual DNA sequence, such as CC, CT, or TT, can also serve as a representation of a genotype. In a single experiment, the genotypes at millions of sites in a genome can be determined using DNA sequencing and other techniques.

The cross also produces wrinkled progeny, so the [round, yellow] parent must be heterozygous (Rr): If it were RR, all of the progeny would be Rr and have a round phenotype." - Mastering Genetics.

Therefore, A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed is crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed. This is called parent genotype.

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Answer:

A. lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes.

Explanation:

A person with blood type O would lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes.

Answer:

Mutations and Genetic Drift

Explanation:

A mutation refers to the random changes in the genome of the organisms. Being a random event, it is not possible to calculate the effect of mutations on the allele frequency of a population.  

Genetic drift refers to changes in the allele frequency by chance event alone. Since the occurrence of chance events can not be predicted, the resultant changes in the allele frequency of the population can not be calculated.