Answer: A (catabolism and Anabolism)
Explanation:
Metabolic pathway are basically divided into two categories.
1. Catabolic
2. Anabolic
Catabolic (degradation) pathways, where energy rich complex macramolecules are degraded into smaller molecules. Energy released during this is trapped as chemical energy, usually as ATP.
Anabolic (biosynthesis) pathways. The cells synthesize complex molecules from simple precursors. This needs energy.
You insert a gene for tetracycline resistance into one plasmid and a gene for ampicillin resistance into another plasmid. You successfully introduce both plasmids into a sample of E. coli cells, but fail to grow any of them in culture medium with both antibiotics present in it. What could best explain the problem?
A. Random mutation has inactivated the antibiotic resistance genes
B. Plasmid incompatibility will not allow both plasmids to persist
C. E. coli cannot maintain two plasmids
D. The plasmid(s) have integrated into the bacterial chromosome
E. A phage has neutralized one of the plasmids
F. None of the above is correct
Answer:
B. Plasmid incompatibility will not allow both plasmids to persist
Explanation:
The two possibilities of why the plasmids are incompatible are:
1) Both plasmids contain the same origin of replicon and compete for the same Rep proteins.
2) Tetracycline: inhibits protein synthesis by binding and inhibiting ribosomal proteins, thus ampicillin target proteins may also be inhibited.
Ampicillin: Causes cell lysis which may lead to inactivation of tetracycline activity since tetracycline needs to diffuse through membrane porin channels prior binding and inhibiting ribosomal proteins.
Northern blot analysis is performed on cellular mRNA isolated from E. coli. The probe used in the northern blot analysis hybridizes to a portion of the lacY sequence. Above is an example of the autoradiograph from northern blot analysis for a wild-type lac+ bacterial strain. In this gel, lane 1 is from bacteria grown in a medium containing only glucose (minimal medium). Lane 2 is from bacteria in a medium containing only lactose. Determine the appearance for northern blots of the bacteria listed below. In each case, lane 1 is for mRNA isolated after growth in a glucose-containing (minimal) medium, and lane 2 is for mRNA isolated after growth in a lactose-only medium.a. lac+ bacteria with the genotype I+P+OCZ+Y+b. lac- bacteria with the genotype I+P+O+Z-Y+c. lac- bacteria with the genotype I+P-OCZ+Y+d. lac+ bacteria with the genotype I-P+OCZ+Y+e. lac- bacteria with the genotype I+P+OCZ-Y-
Answer: the answer to this question contains pictures and can be found in the attachment below.
Explanation:
a.
In the situation, the bacteria have the genotype I+ P+ OC Z+ Y+. The bacterial organism, has all functional genes and the operator is constitutive in nature, which will not allow the action of repressor and thus, the operon will be transcribed constitutively. However, in the absence of glucose, the CAP (catabolite activator protein)-cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) complex will be formed, which will further activate beta-galactosidase production. Hence, in absence of glucose, transcription rates will be higher.
The autoradiograph for this situation can be found in the attachment below:
b.
Here, The bacteria has the genotype I+ P+ OC Z- Y+. It is clear that this bacterium has a mutated beta-galactosidase and as such, no mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) for beta-galactosidase will be produced in presence of glucose or lactose.
The autoradiograph for this situation can be found in the attachment below:
c.
The genotypic composition of the bacteria given is I+ P- OC Z+ Y+. In this situation, the operator is constitutive but the promotor element is mutated, which will not allow binding of RNA (ribonucleic acid) polymerase and thus, no transcription will be observed in any condition. The autoradiograph for this situation can be found in the attachment below:
d.
The genotype composition here is I- P+ OC Z+ Y+. It is clear that the operator is constitutive and thus, operon will be expressed in presence of glucose as well as lactose. However, in presence of glucose, CAP-cAMP complex will not associate with the operon and thus, the only basal level of transcription will be observed.
The autoradiograph for this situation can be found in the attachment below:
e.
The genotype of the organism is I+ P+ O+ Z- Y-. The gene for beta-galactosidase is mutated and thus no mRNA will be produced for beta-galactosidase.
The autoradiograph for this situation can be found in the attachment below:
. You have constructed four different libraries: a genomic library made fromDNA isolated from human brain tissue, a genomic library made from DNAisolated from human muscle tissue, a human brain cDNA library, and a humanmuscle cDNA library.A) Which of these would have the greatest diversity of sequences?B) Would the sequences contained in each library be expected to overlapcompletely, partially, or not at all?
Answer:
A) Brain genomic library and muscle genomic library.
B) Brain genomic library and muscle genomic library - overlap completely.
Human brain cDNA library, and a human muscle cDNA library and other library is partially overlap.
Explanation:
A) The genomic library contains the whole genome content of the organism whereas cDNA library contains the coding genome of the organisms. Brain genomic library and muscle genomic library will constitute the all the genomic sequences of brain and muscle. The cDNA library is prepared from the mRNA and the coding regions are present in this library.
B) The overlapping in the genome library might occur due to the common sequences present in the genome. Brain genomic library and muscle genomic library might completely overlap with each other as they have more sequence common among each other. All the other library may be partially overlap with each other as they have some common DNA sequences and neither library can have unique sequences.
Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? A. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. B. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. C. It manufactures three hormones. D. It is controlled by the anterior part of the pituitary gland. E. All of the above are true.
Answer: Option E. All the statements are correct.
Explanation:
Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that is found in front of the neck, it consists of two lobes connected by isthimus. It is in front of the neck lying against and around the front of larynx and trachea. Thyroid gland secretes three hormones which are thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin. Thyroxine and trio doth tribune are thyroid hormone. The parathyroid glands are tiny structures found in the thyroid gland. A thick connective tissue separates the parathyroid glands from thyroid tissues. The thyroid gland is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone called thyrotropin which is released from the anterior pituitary gland which triggers the release of thyroid hormones.
We wish to address is whether cells we have tentatively identified as cued fear conditioning cells increase their responses to the CS because the synapses between CS-representing neurons and the conditioning cells are subject to LTP. If this is in fact the case, would you expect these cells to respond to a US priorto conditioning? (a) yes (b) no
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
At first the response would probably be very weak or faint and not very detectable. After sometime the connection may become stronger and thus more recognizable.
According to social identity theory
A. teams are never as productive as individuals working alone.
B. the most effective teams have a large number of members.
C. the team development process occurs more rapidly for heterogeneous teams than for homogeneous teams.
D. people define themselves by their group affiliations.
E. teams are less productive in performing complex tasks
Answer:
D. people define themselves by their group affiliations.
Final answer:
Social identity theory primarily posits that d) individuals define their selves by their group affiliations rather than focusing on team effectiveness or size.
Explanation:
According to social identity theory, the correct answer is D. people define themselves by their group affiliations. This theory suggests that people categorize themselves and others into various social groups which provide a source of pride and self-esteem. These affiliations help to define individuals and differentiate them from others. Team effectiveness, size, and development processes, as mentioned in the other options, are related to group dynamics but are not directly related to the social identity theory's central focus on self-identification within groups.
You and a friend are in line for a movie when you notice the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you have been equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquires flu-like symptoms and is ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?
A. You have an innate immunity to that virus.
B. You have an adaptive immunity to that virus.
C. Your friend has an autoimmune disorder.
D. Your friend has allergies.
Answer:B
Explanation:
Only one of the two people gets the disease. This indicates that the non-flu person already has adaptive immunity. Option B is the correct answer.
What is immunity?Immunity is the body's defence mechanism. There are two types of immunity: adaptive immunity and innate immunity. Innate immunity is already present at birth. Cells such as neutrophils, skin, and mucus layers are examples of innate immunity.
Adaptive immunity develops after the attack of the immunogen. Immunogens are molecules or pathogens that can activate the body's immunity. T cells and B cells are examples of adaptive immunity. B cells make antibodies and memory cells after they come across immunogens like viruses, bacteria, etc. These are specific.
If a person gets the viral flu, the adaptive immune system produces antibodies against it and destroys it. When the body encounters the same virus a second time, memory cells proliferate and produce antibodies to destroy it. As here, one person gets the disease because in his body there were no prior antibodies. Another person didn't because he had the antibodies.
Hence, option b is the correct answer. The non flu person has adaptive immunity to that virus.
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Bacteria and other microbes can be used to "clean up" an oil spill by breaking down oil into carbon dioxide and water. Two samples isolated from the Deepwater Horizon leak in the Gulf of Mexico were labeled A and B. The DNA of each was isolated and the percent thymine measured in each sample. Sample A contains 17.7 17.7 % thymine and sample B contains 28.9 28.9 % thymine. Assume the organisms contain normal double‑stranded DNA and predict the composition of the other bases.
Answer:
For sample A, A=17.7 %, T=17.7 %, G=32.30%, C=32.30%
For sample B, A= 28.9%, T=28.9%, G= 21.10%, C= 21.10%
Explanation:
The composition of nitrogenous bases in DNA is calculated using the suggestions proposed by the results of the experiment performed by Erwin Chargaff.
He found that in a DNA sample the composition of purine to pyrimidine is 1:1. This indicates that the amount of purine equals pyrimidine. This can be presented as purines + pyrimidines= 100. Also, adenine binds thymine and cytosine binds guanine.
In the given question,
For sample A
A= 17.7 %, Therefore, thymine will be = 17.7 %,
A+T= 35.40%
Now, G+C=100- 35.40%
G+C= 64.60%
content of G= 64.60/2= 32.30%
content of C= 32.30%
For sample B
T=28.9%, A will be= 28.9%
A+T= 57.80%
G+C=100-57.80%
G+C= 42.20%
Thus content of G will be= 42.20/2=21.10
content of C= 21.10%
Thus,
For sample A, A=17.7 %, T=17.7 %, G=32.30%, C=32.30%
For sample B, A= 28.9%, T=28.9%, G= 21.10%, C= 21.10%
Complete the sentences about DNA packaging. Some terms may be used more than once.
The less condensed form of chromatin is ______.
The inactive form of chromatin is ______.
A core composed of _____ proteins interacts with DNA through hydrogen bonding and ionic bonds.
If DNA structure is described as "beads-on-a-string," a "bead" is a _____.
The more darkly-staining form of chromatin is _______ .
If DNA structure is described as "beads-on-a-string," a "string" is the _____.
A ______ is a DNA–protein complex.
Answer:
the less condensed form of chromatin is... euchromatin
the inactive form of chromatin is... heterochromatin
a core composed of eight ___histone___ proteins interacts with DNA through hyrdogen bonding and ionic bonds.
if DNA structure is described as "beads on a string" a "bead" is a......nucleosome
The more darkly staining form of chromatin is.....heterchromatin
if DNA is described as "beads on a string" the "string" is the....
DNA molecule
A ___________ is a DNA protein complex.
nucleosome
Hope this help.. plz mark brainliest
The less condensed form of chromatin is euchromatin. The inactive form of chromatin is heterochromatin. A core composed of histone proteins interacts with DNA through hydrogen bonding and ionic bonds.
What is a chromosome?Chromosomes are thread-like structures that are found within the nucleus of animal and plant cells.
Protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid make up each chromosome (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.
The primary function of chromosomes is to transport DNA and genetic information from parents to offspring.
During cell division, chromosomes play an important role. They keep DNA from becoming tangled and damaged.
Euchromatin is the less condensed form of chromatin. Heterochromatin is the inactive form of chromatin. A core made up of histone proteins interacts with DNA via hydrogen and ionic bonds.
The string is made of DNA, and each bead is a "nucleosome core particle," which is made of DNA wound around a protein core made of histones.
Heterochromatin is the darker-staining form of chromatin. Chromatin is a DNA-protein complex with two main functions: tight DNA packaging and gene expression regulation.
Thus, this way one can complete the given scenario.
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Phytoplankton form the base of food webs, but are only present in the upper few hundred meters of the ocean. A number of factors here can limit their growth and hence limit the amount of biomass in higher trophic levels.
Which of the items below is not one of these limiting factors to phytoplankton?
a. Nitrogen
b. Light
c. Phosphate
d. Oxygen
Answer:
The correct answer is d. Oxygen
Explanation:
Phytoplanktons are responsible for the fixation of approximately half of the global carbon therefore seawater has high CO2 concentration which is required by phytoplanktons to make their food.
They are the primary producers of oceans and they are responsible to support the food chain of oceans. Factors that can limit their growth are mainly sunlight and nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.
As phytoplanktons are photosynthetic they release oxygen itself as a byproduct therefore oxygen is not a limiting factor to phytoplanktons. So the right answer is d.
What is Vaginosis? List some of the members of the normal microflora of the female reproductive organs and discuss factors that may contribute to an abnormal increase in these organisms.
Answer:
It is a common condition that includes overgrowth of atypical bacteria in the vagina
Explanation:
It is characterized by vaginal discharge that is when a fluid flows out from the vaginal opening with an abnormal odor or consistency and sometimes pain, the normal microflora of the female reproductive organs includes Gardenella, lactobacillus, Bacteroides, peptostreptococcus, fusobacterium , eubacterium, as well as a number of other types, some of the factors that may contribute to an abnormal increase of these bacteria or make them become unbalanced can be multiple or new sexual partners although some experts are skeptical about this; IUDs , recent antibiotic use, vaginal douching, and smoking. It is not dangerous but can cause discomfort symptoms.
The mRNA codons 5'-CAA-3' or 5'-CAG-3' are translated as the amino acid glutamine by _____.a) the tRNA with an anticodon 5'-GUU-3' and glutamine at its other endb) by tRNA molecules that have been charged with glutamine by two different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetasesc) separate tRNA molecules with anticodons 3'-GUU-5' and 3'-GUC-5', respectivelyd) the same tRNA with the anticodon 3'-GUU-5'e) the small and large ribosomal units
Answer:
c) separate tRNA molecules with anticodons 3'-GUU-5' and 3'-GUC-5', respectively.
Explanation:
Glutamine would be covalently linked to two different tRNA molecules encoding the 3'-GUU-5' and one containing the 3'-GUC-5'. Only one would be allowed to bind to the P-site of the ribosome at a time.
The mRNA codons 5'-CAA-3' or 5'-CAG-3' specify the amino acid glutamine, which is translated by the same tRNA molecule with the anticodon 3'-GUU-5', due to the wobble base pairing at the third position of the codon.
Explanation:The mRNA codons 5'-CAA-3' or 5'-CAG-3' are translated as the amino acid glutamine by the same tRNA with the anticodon 3'-GUU-5'. Both codons CAA and CAG specify the amino acid glutamine according to the genetic code. The reason why a single tRNA molecule can recognize both codons is due to the phenomenon known as wobbling, where the base at the 5' end of the tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the 3' position of the mRNA codon. This is possible here because the first two bases of the codons are the same (CA), and it's just the third base that differs (A or G), which is the 'wobble' position. Therefore, the tRNA with the anticodon 3'-GUU-5' can base-pair with both codons, carrying glutamine to be added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
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Please match the Key Word to the correct definition.
Column A Column B
1. ___ chemical reaction a. element or compound produced by a chemical reaction
2. ___ endergonic reaction b. a chemical reaction that releases energy
3. ___ exergonic reaction c. element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
4. ___ Photosynthesis d. a process that transforms two different sets of chemicals into a new set of chemicals when they come in contact with one another
5. ___ Product e. a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy
6. ___ Reactant f. process used by organisms to break down high energy molecules to capture the energy in a form that can be used to power metabolic reactions
7. ___ respiration g. process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions
Answer:
a. element or compound produced by a chemical reaction : 5.Product b. a chemical reaction that releases energy : 2.Endorgenic reaction c. element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction: 6.Reactantd. a process that transforms two different sets of chemicals into a new set of chemicals when they come in contact with one another : 1.Chemical reactione. a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy: 3.Exorgenic reaction f. process used by organisms to break down high energy molecules to capture the energy in a form that can be used to power metabolic reactions: 7.Respiration g. process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions: 4.PhotosynthesisThe matched pairs are: 1) d. a process that transforms two different sets of chemicals into a new set of chemicals when they come in contact with one another - chemical reaction, 2) e. a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy -endergonic reaction, 3) b. a chemical reaction that releases energy - exergonic reaction, 4) g. process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions - Photosynthesis, 5) a. element or compound produced by a chemical reaction - Product, 6) c. element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction - Reactant, 7) f. process used by organisms to break down high energy molecules to capture the energy in a form that can be used to power metabolic reactions - respiration.
Let's look at each term and its corresponding definition:
Chemical reaction: Matching: d. a process that transforms two different sets of chemicals into a new set of chemicals when they come in contact with one another
Endergonic reaction: Matching: e. a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy
Exergonic reaction: Matching: b. a chemical reaction that releases energy
Photosynthesis: Matching: g. process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions
Product: Matching: a. element or compound produced by a chemical reaction
Reactant: Matching: c. element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
Respiration: Matching: f. process used by organisms to break down high energy molecules to capture the energy in a form that can be used to power metabolic reactions
Scientist think colonies of Cyanobacteria called stromatolites were responsible for the introduction of oxygen into earths atmosphere ) true or false
Answer:
Scientist think colonies of Cyanobacteria called stromatolites were responsible for the introduction of oxygen into earths atmosphere is true.
Explanation:
In primeval earth’s atmosphere, stromatolites (colonies of Cyanobacteria) are believed to have increased the level of oxygen by their photosynthesis process. These are the first known organisms that started photosynthesis process and produced the oxygen to the earth’s atmosphere. There is a theory that, these organisms produced oxygen in the environment and the organism disappeared that couldn’t live in the atmosphere with the oxygen.Scientists gave this a name called as “great oxygenation event”.Your professor (Sam) and his wife (Becca) both have normal color vision, but their son is colorblind. What do you know about Sam's and Becca's genotypes?
A. Sam = c+c+ Becca = c+c+
B. Sam = c+c Becca = c+c
C. Sam=cY Becca=cc
D. Sam = c+Y Becca = c+c
Answer:
D. Sam = c+Y Becca = c+c
Explanation:
Colorblindness is a X-linked trait. Since Sam is a male and not colorblind, there's only one possible genotype he could have which is:
[tex]Sam:\ X^{c+}Y[/tex]
Being c+ the dominant allele for not being colorblind while c is the recessive allele associated with colorblindness.
As for Becca, in order for her to not have colorblindness but her son do, she needs to have a heterozygous genotype and pass down the recessive Y allele to her son. Becca's genotype is:
[tex]Becca:\ X^{c+}X^{c}[/tex]
Therefore, the answer is D. Sam = c+Y Becca = c+c
In the Brookhaven beetle, straight antenna(S) are dominant over curly antenna(s). Green wings(G) are dominant over red(g).A beetle with straight antenna and green wings is crossed with a beetle that has curly antenna and red wings. 25% of the offspring will have straight antenna and green wings.What is the genotype of the parent with straight antenna and green wings?
Answer:
the genotype of beetle with straight antenna and green wings SsGg
Explanation:
Allele "S" represents straight antenna
"s" represents curly antenna
"G" represents green wings
"g" represents red wings
G is dominant over g
S is dominant over s
Genotype of beetle with curly antenna and red wings is ssgg
SG Sg sG sg
sg SsGg Ssgg ssGg ssgg
sg SsGg Ssgg ssGg ssgg
sg SsGg Ssgg ssGg ssgg
sg SsGg Ssgg ssGg ssgg
Hence the genotype of beetle with straight antenna and green wings SsGg
The parent beetle with straight antenna and green wings has a heterozygous genotype, SsGg, since 25% of the offspring express both dominant traits when crossed with a beetle having recessive traits for both antenna shape and wing color.
The question pertains to a genetic cross involving the Brookhaven beetle, where straight antenna are dominant (S) over curly antenna (s), and green wings are dominant (G) over red wings (g). Given that 25% of the offspring have straight antenna and green wings, we can deduce the genotype of the parent beetle with straight antenna and green wings. Since the other parent has a completely recessive phenotype (curly antenna and red wings, with genotype ssgg), and considering the classical Mendelian genetics, the only way to achieve a 25% occurrence of the dominant phenotype in the offspring is if the dominant parent is heterozygous for both traits. This means the genotype of the dominant parent must be SsGg.
A population of individuals was exposed to lead contamination in drinking water at the concentration of 27 parts per billion (ppb). The following represents a small sample set from the population indicating the level of response to the contaminant rated on a scale from 1–20. Within your response, please explain how you calculated your answer (1 indicating minimal effects and 20 indicating maximum effects to the lead exposure). Given the data set 9, 12, 7, 15, 8, 9, 10, calculate the following results:a. mean,b. mode,c. median, andd. standard deviation.Your response should be at least 300 words in length.
Answer:
a) Mean - 10
b) mode - 9
c) Median - 9
d) SD - 2.708
Explanation:
A) Mean is the average of a given set of number in which the sum of all the number is divided by the number of entries
Thus, mean is equal to
[tex]\frac{9+12+7+15+8+9+10}{7} \\= \frac{70}{7} \\= 10[/tex]
B) Mode is the most common number in a given series
Thus, mode is equal to 9 as it has appeared twice
C) Median
Number are arranged in ascending order
7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 12, 15
The middle number is the median i.e 9
D) Standard Deviation
Formula is square root of sum of [tex](X - mean )^2[/tex] divided by [tex]N-1[/tex]
[tex](9-10)^ 2+ (12-10)^2 + (7-10)^2 + (15-10)^2 + (8-10)^2+ (9-10)^2+ (10-10)^2\\= 1 + 4+ 9+ 25+ 4+ 1+ 0\\= 44[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{\frac{44}{7-1} } \\= 2.708[/tex]
Which statement regarding behavioral genetics is accurate? Select one: a. The genotypes and phenotypes of behavioral problems or deviations follow Mendelian autosomal recessive inheritance patterns. b. A genetic predisposition toward a specific behavior can be modified by altering environmental influences. c. The genetic susceptibility or predisposition toward a behavioral disorder requires the trigger of an infectious disease for expression. d. Genes and gene products have been discovered that directly control behavior.
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
A genetic predisposition toward a specific behavior can be modified by altering environmental influences.
Identify the incorrect statement:(a) The Tropic of Cancer lies to the north of the equator.(b) The summer solstice in the Northern hemisphere occurs in the month of June.C) During the winter solstice, the sun is right overhead in the Antarctic region.(d) The Tropic of Capricorn passes through India.
Answer:
(d) The Tropic of Capricorn passes through India.
Explanation:
The tropic of cancer is the southernmost latitude that is parallel to the tropic of cancer (Tropic of Cancer- North / Tropic of Capricorn – South). It is the tropic that is the nearest to the Antarctica. The Tropic of Capricorn passes through: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
ATP donates energy through (select all that apply)
A. Phosphate ester bond hydrolysis
B. Coupling with an endergonic reaction
C. Phospho Anhydride bond hydrolysis
D. Enzyme-mediated reactions
E. none is correct
Some anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria are able to use _______ as an electron source.
A. light
B. CO2
C. H2S
D. H2O
E. Nitrate
__________pathogens only cause diseases under certain circumstances, e.g. in immune compromised hosts
Answer:
ATP donates energy through C phospho anhydride bond hydrolysis.
Explanation:
ATP or adenosine triphosphate is an energy rich compound which contain 3 phosphate moiety that are linked by 2 high energy phospho anhydride bonds.
The hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds releases high amount of free energy which is used by cellular system of our body to exhibit various cellular,biological and physiological functions.
Some anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria are able to use H2S or hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor.
Opportunistic pathogens only cause infection under certain circumstances eg in immune compromised hosts.
Recall Mendel's pea plants: the allele for purple flowers, P, is dominant to the allele for white flowers, p. A very large number of offspring from a cross of two plants are observed. If ALL of those offspring have purple flowers, what are the possible genotypes of the parents in the cross?
A. PP × PP only
B. PP×PP, PP×Pp, or PP x pp
C. PP×PP, PP×Pp, PP x pp, or Pp x Pp
D. pp×pp only
E. Not enough information is given
Answer:
B. PP×PP, PP×Pp, or PP x pp
Explanation:
The allele for the purple flower (P) is dominant over the one for the white flowers (p). To be a purple-flowered plant, the progeny must have homozygous dominant (PP) or heterozygous dominant (Pp). A cross between two homozygous dominant purple-flowered parents (PP x PP) would produce all the homozygous dominant progeny (PP) having purple flowers.
A cross between a homozygous dominant (PP) and a heterozygous dominant (Pp) parent plant would produce homozygous and heterozygous dominant progeny in a 1:1 ratio (PP x Pp = 1 PP: 1 Pp). Similarly, a cross between a homozygous dominant (PP) and homozygous recessive (pp) parent plant would produce all heterozygous dominant (Pp) progeny with purple flowers.
Answer:
pp
Explanation:
Which of the following is not an example of adaptation? A) A plant population that is very drought-resistant due to the action of natural selection B) The process by which a plant population becomes drought-resistant C) The increased ability of an individual plant (above baseline) to withstand further drought after it has received a heat shock, which causes the expression of specific proteins that enable more efficient use of water D) A mammal species that has evolved an increased ability to store water through the operation of natural selection E) A mammal species that has evolved measures to use water more efficiently through the operation of natural selection
Answer:
C) The increased ability of an individual plant (above baseline) to withstand further drought after it has received a heat shock, which causes the expression of specific proteins that enable more efficient use of water
Explanation:
In biology, adaptations refer to the characteristics of organisms that allow them to survive and reproduce better in their environment than if they did not possess them. Many of these adaptations are very easy to recognize, such as bird beaks that are highly specific to the food they eat, for example. It is now accepted by science that only natural selection can consistently produce adaptations, although it is important to note that it is not the only evolutionary mechanism. Natural selection, whose idea is mainly attributed to Charles Darwin, acts directly on the phenotypic characteristics of individuals in a population, favoring those who are most likely to survive and reproduce in a given environment over those who are less adapted.
Based on this, we can conclude that adaptation is a biological process that occurs without human manipulation. Thus, we can conclude that among the options given in the above question, the letter C does not represent an example of adaptation. This is because the letter C, shows a plant that showed characteristics favorable to its survival in an inhospitable environment, after human intervention, which, through a thermal shock, caused the expression of specific proteins for that characteristic.
GTP hydrolysis and whether GTP or GDP is bound to tubulin is an important mechanism to control the dynamic instability of microtubules. Certain aspects of dynamic instability can be viewed using GFP-EB1. Which process(es) is it useful for visualizing and why?
Choose one:
A. growing and shrinking microtubules, because EB1 binds to the GTP-tubulin cap on microtubules
B. shrinking microtubules, because EB1 binds to the GTP-tubulin cap on microtubules
C. growing microtubules, because EB1 binds to the GTP-tubulin cap on microtubules
D. growing and shrinking microtubules, because EB1 binds to the GDP-tubulin cap on microtubules
Answer:
Growing microtubules, because EB1 binds to the GTP-tubulin cap on microtubules
Explanation:
Growing microtubules, because EB1 binds to the GTP-tubulin cap on microtubules. This process is useful for visualization because EB1 or it homolog recognize the GTP structural cap of growing microtubule ends.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true of the kidney? A. Each kidney is approximately the same size as an adult’s fist. B. Is located posterior to the abdominal peritoneum. C. Are well protected by ribs 10 – 12. D. Is very poorly vascularized. E. A, B, and C are correct
Answer: Option E.
A,B and C are correct.
Explanation:
Kidney is a bean shaped organ normally found in vertebrates. It is located posterior to the abdominal peritoneum. Kidney is well protected by ribs 10-12 , abdominal muscles, back muscles .kidney is about 11cm in length in adults. Kidney receives blood from the arteries and exist blood through the veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter which harbour and carries urine to the bladder .Each kidney is approximately the same size as adult clenched fist(10cm). The main function of the kidney is excretion of wastes and urine.
The first step in the catabolism of amino acids is the removal of the nitrogen as ammonia, forming a keto acid that can enter one of the carbon catabolic pathways. The alpha-keto acid pyruvate can be formed from the amino acids alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine and threonine. Consider the route for alanine catabolism. Anine reacts with to produce pyruvate and. This reaction is catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase. alanine aminotransferase. alanine dehydrogenase. The substrate for the first step can be regenerated by reacting with NAD^+ This reaction is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. alanine dehydrogenase. aspartate dehydrogenase. The coenzyme/prosthetic group required in the first reaction is thiamine pyrophosphate. biotin. pyridoxal phosphate. lipoic acid.
Answer:
Alanine, Alanine aminotransferase,glutamate dehydrogenase,pyridoxal phosphate.
Explanation:
The alpha keto acid pyruvate can be formed from the amino acid alanine
This reaction is catalyzed by Alanine aminotransferase enzyme whch catalyzes that reversible reaction that helps in the inter conversion of alpha amino acid to alpha keto acid and vice versa.
The substrate for the first step can be reacting with NAD+.This reaction is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme that catalyzes the first step of oxidative de amination process.
The coenzyme/prosthetic group required in the first reaction is pyridoxal phosphate.
Alanine is catabolized by alanine aminotransferase to pyruvate and glutamate, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase. The coenzyme required for the transamination is pyridoxal phosphate. These steps are essential for the proper catabolism of alanine.
The first step in the catabolism of amino acids, such as alanine, is the removal of the nitrogen atom as ammonia. This process, known as transamination, involves the transfer of the amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate, forming pyruvate and glutamate. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is alanine aminotransferase.
Once glutamate is formed, it undergoes oxidative deamination, where it reacts with NAD+ to regenerate alpha-ketoglutarate and releases ammonia. This oxidative deamination step is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase.
The coenzyme required in the initial transamination reaction is pyridoxal phosphate, which is vital for the enzyme's activity.
Key Points :
The conversion involves alanine reacting with alpha-ketoglutarate to produce pyruvate and glutamate.The enzyme responsible for this reaction is alanine aminotransferase.Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the subsequent reaction involving NAD+, leading to the regeneration of alpha-ketoglutarate.Pyridoxal phosphate is the necessary coenzyme in the transamination reaction.
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Question 1 (1 point)
How do glaciers form?
Question 1 options:
Snow accumulates on the ocean and freezes to become an iceberg.
Snow accumulates on water but does not melt.
Snow accumulates on land and does not melt.
Snow accumulates on land and then melts over the summer.
Question 2 (1 point)
Glaciers can form in all these areas except
Question 2 options:
on top of a mountain
near the equator
in the middle of a continent
over water
Question 3 (1 point)
Metal stakes were placed on the surface of the glacier in a straight line from position A to position B. Which diagram best shows the position of the metal stakes years later?
Question 3 options:
A
B
C
D
Question 4 (1 point)
Which force is primarily responsible for the movement of a glacier?
Question 4 options:
gravity
ground water
running water
wind
Question 5 (1 point)
What is happening to most glaciers all over the world?
Question 5 options:
They are advancing.
They are retreating as ice melts.
They are moving backwards.
They are staying the same size.
Answer:
1.) snow accumulates on land and does not melt
2.) over water
3.) C
4.) gravity
5.)They are retreating as ice melts.
Explanation:
A G:T base pair in DNA suggests that _____
(A) The T was originally a cytosine, which was deaminated to a T
(B) The T was originally a 5-methyl cytosine, which was deaminated to a T
(C) The T was originally a 5-methyl cytosine, which was oxidized to a T
(D) The G was originally an A, which was methylated to form an G
Answer:
(A) The T was originally a cytosine, which was deaminated to a T
Explanation:
Adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA.
Cytosine is found in both DNA and RNA.
Thymine is normally found in DNA.
In a CpG site (5'—C—phosphate—G—3') , that is, Cytosine and Guanine separated by only one phosphate group; phosphate links any two nucleosides together in DNA.
In a G:T base pair in DNA, Adenine pair with Thymine and Guanine pair with Cytosine.
Here in the question, The G:T base pair in DNA suggests that the T was originally a cytosine, which was deaminated to a T.
How methylation of CpG sites followed by spontaneous deamination leads to a lack of CpG sites in methylated DNA.
A Cytosine base followed immediately by a Guanine base (a CpG) is rare in vertebrate DNA because the Cytosine in such an arrangement tend to be methylated. This methylation helps to distinguish the newly synthesized DNA strand from the parent strand, which aids in the final stages of DNA proofreading after duplication. However, over time methylated cytosines tend to turn into Thymine because of spontaneous deamination.
A G:T base pair in DNA suggests that the Thymine was originally a 5-methyl cytosine, which has been deaminated to a Thymine.
Explanation:The correct answer to the question is (B) 'The T was originally a 5-methyl cytosine, which was deaminated to a T'. In normative conditions, Guanine (G) in DNA usually pairs with Cytosine (C), but the presence of a G:T pair suggests a mutation. This mutation generally occurs when a 5-methyl cytosine (a modified form of cytosine) undergoes deamination, a process where the amino group (-NH2) is removed, and the cytosine is converted into Thymine (T), thus, breaking the typical G:C pairing and resulting in a G:T pairing.
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Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population,ΔN/Δt=rN(K−N)K, which of the factors accounts for the effect on the moose population?
A) r
B) N
C) rN
D) K
E) dt
Answer:
The correct answer is option D) "K".
Explanation:
In this example the wolf population is described by the equation "ΔN/Δt=rN(K−N)K". Even tough the variables are not defined in the question, we can conclude that the effect of the moose population will be given by a factor that has a positive effect in the wolf's population because "as moose populations increase, wolf populations also increase". The factor "K" fits the description because it gives a positive effect on "ΔN/Δt". "K" is a factor that multiplies "rN" at two different levels, therefore the higher the value of "K", the higher value of "ΔN/Δt" will be.
In humans, MITOSIS directly accomplishes all of the following EXCEPT
A. growth
B. production of 4 haploid gametes from a single diploid parent cell
C. repair of damaged tissues
D. development of organs
E. production of 2 diploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B
Explanation:
A cell divides its nuclear content and cytoplasmic content by one of the two ways that are mitosis and meiosis.
The process of mitosis takes place in the somatic cells of the organism where mitosis divides the parent cell into two genetically similar daughter cells. The type of division is involved in the growth, development and repair of the damaged tissues and organs.
Since mitosis does not form four haploid cells from parent cells but forms two daughter cells therefore, Option-B is the correct answer.
Mitosis aids in growth, tissue repair, organ development, and production of 2 diploid daughter cells from a single parent cell. However, it does not directly accomplish producing 4 haploid gametes from a single diploid parent cell, as it is achieved by meiosis.
Explanation:In the process of mitosis, the cells undergo various stages that lead to the creation of duplicate cells for specific purposes. It plays an essential role in the growth, repair of damaged tissues, development of organs, and the production of 2 diploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell. However, the production of 4 haploid gametes from a single diploid parent cell is not directly accomplished by mitosis. This is done through another cell division process known as meiosis, which specifically aims to create cells for sexual reproduction.
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What is true concerning a quantitative trait? Multiple Choice Individuals fall into distinct classes for comparison The phenotypic variation for the trait is continuous The phenotypic variation for the trait falls into two to three classes The frequency distribution of the trait will have an asymmetrical shape
Answer:
The phenotypic variation for the trait is continuous
Explanation:
Genetically speaking, quantitative traits are controlled by many genes, classes are not easily distinguishable and there is a continuous distribution of the phenotype. These characteristics refer to measurements of quantities (weights, volumes, measurements: kg, m, cm, g, m2, etc.).
In other words, quantitative characteristics are those that exhibit continuous variations and are partly of non-genetic origin; that is, they are greatly affected by the environment.