Answer:
Repression
Explanation:
Repression is the act of directing one's experiences and memories towards their unconscious mind. It is a defense mechanism that filters a persons memories and determines which memories remain in the conscious mind. The memories which cause anxiety are generally repressed.
Here the memory of Mrs. McBride of criticizing her children causes anxiety so, these memories have been repressed.
How do the governments of South Africa and Nigeria differ? A. South Africa has an authoritarian government; Nigeria is a democracy. B. South Africa has a written constitution; Nigeria does not. C. South Africa is a parliamentary democracy; Nigeria is a presidential democracy. D. South Africa has a democratically elected government; Nigeria is a dictatorship.
Answer:
A) South Africa has an authoritarian government, Nigeria is a democracy
The correct answer is C. South Africa is a parliamentary democracy; Nigeria is a presidential democracy.
Explanation:
Both South Africa and Nigeria are countries located in Africa; additionally, in terms of government they are both guided by the principles of democracy and both have constitutions, although there are some differences between the political systems in both.
In South Africa's government is based on parliamentary democracy, this means the parliament which in South Africa includes 400 members is the entity that takes most of the decisions regarding government and holds the power, although there is also a President in the Parliament. On the other hand, in Nigeria the government is based on presidential democracy which implies the people elects the President and other representatives, also, in Nigeria there is a bicameral legislature.
One of the basic facts of life is that people must make choices as they try to attain their goals. This unavoidable fact comes from a reality an economist calls?A. economics.B. scarcity.C. rationality.D. the market.
Answer:
B. scarcity
Explanation:
According to my research on different economic terminology, I can say that based on the information provided within the question this unavoidable fact according to economists is called scarcity. Scarcity refers to the fact that resources are very limited, and because of this fact, people must make choices in order to attain their goals in life.
I hope this answered your question. If you have any more questions feel free to ask away at Brainly.
Scarcity is a concept in economics where human wants exceed what is available. It means that resources are limited and people have to make choices. This concept applies to people's pursuit of goals.
Explanation:Scarcity is a concept at the center of economics. It means that human wants for goods, services, and resources exceed what is available. Resources are necessary to produce the goods and services we want, but they exist in limited supply. Ultimately, everyone has a finite amount of resources, including time. This concept is the reason why people must make choices as they try to attain their goals.
How does First Amendment support civic discourse?
~ AP U.S. Government & Politics
(BRO THIS IS CLASS IS SOOO HARDD :(
While you develop calloused feet when you go barefoot for a summer, your neighbor remains a tenderfoot by protecting her feet with shoes. The differences in skin toughness between you and your neighbor are best attributed toA)the molecular structure of genes. B)person-to-person genetic variations. C)the impact of epigenetic marks on gene expression. D)the interaction of genetic and environmental influences
Answer:
D)the interaction of genetic and environmental influences
Explanation:
Here, the neighbor takes care of her feet as she knows that her feet will develop callous if she does not take protection. You on the other hand knowing that your feet will develop callous do not take the necessary steps to protect your feet.
The genetic and environmental influences of both of you are different. In one case the person takes protection while in the other case the person walks barefoot knowing that they will develop callouses on the feet.
Caleb feels very discouraged upon learning that he had been cut from the varsity football team and now will play with the junior varsity. Which of the following would be the most positive emotion-focused coping response?
a. He has several beers with his friends who do not play football.
b. He takes a brisk run until he is completely exhausted.
c. He contemplates life by himself, at home, with a bottle of wine.
d. He and a friend go to see a comedy at the movie theater
Answer:
d. He and a friend go to see a comedy at the movie theater
Explanation:
According to my research on studies conducted by various sociologists, I can say that based on the information provided within the question the best coping response would be to go see a comedy movie with a friend. This is because laughter is the best medicine, and being with a friend that you can talk two will relieve the anger and stress that he has from the news he got earlier that day.
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Answer:d. He and a friend go to see a comedy at the movie theatre
Explanation: He will be entertained which may emotional revive him as he tries to forget what happens and focus on the comedy .
It is said that laughter is like medicine so he will emotional get uplifted as he laughs and enjoys the company not his friend .
As he goes home he will be most likely be thinking about what happened at the movie theatre and probably discussing that more and little forgetting what happened to him.
Gina and Tina are identical twins. Gina has had a series of traumas and has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Tina is demonstrating no symptoms of schizophrenia. Because schizophrenia tends to run in families, the difference between the twins can be explained through
a) the stress of childbirth.
b) cultural influences.
c) the medical model
d) epigenetics.
Answer:
d) epigenetics.
Explanation:
Epigenetics: In psychology, epigenetics gives a framework for apprehension about how the genes are influenced by the environment and experiences to produce individual differences in cognition, personality, mental health, and behavior. Epigenetic changes the physical composition of the DNA.
Example: Histone modification.
Epigenetics has a very strong influence or effect on the development of a human being or any organism and can even alter the expression of the individual traits.
Joe and Morris have been friends for over 50 years. Now in their seventies, Joe still plays golf 3 times a week but Morris has physical limitations that prevent him from doing so. The differences in the way that these men are aging reflects the concept of __________.
Answer:
heterogeneity
Explanation:
A population can be similar in traits or it can be different in nature. The populaiton which is diverse in traits is called a heterogenous population while a population which is similar in traits nature is called a homogenous population.
The traits can be the language they speak, the skin tone of the people, the religion they follow etc.
Here, the statement describes how aging is different for different people in the same population hence this refers to the concept of heterogeneity.
The variations in aging between Joe and Morris can be explained by the concept of social aging, which includes theories such as disengagement theory, activity theory, and conflict theory.
Explanation:The differences in the way that Joe and Morris are aging reflects the concept of social aging, which refers to changes in people's roles and relationships in a society as they age. This concept is part of a broader sociological discussion that includes theories such as disengagement theory, activity theory, and conflict theory. Disengagement theory posits that as people age, they naturally withdraw from societal roles and relationships, which can be exemplified by Morris' physical limitations that prevent him from engaging in golf, a pastime he possibly once enjoyed. Contrastingly, activity theory suggests that staying active, as Joe does by playing golf thrice a week, can be beneficial for physical and mental health in old age. Furthermore, conflict theory emphasizes the structural barriers and discrimination, termed as ageism, that the elderly face, impacting their overall well-being.
An upscale restaurant in New York, New York paid a considerable sum for the entire harvest of ice wine from a small grower in Vermont. After receiving and testing the wine cases, the restaurant realized the grapes used to make the wine had spoiled, probably upon re-thawing, when ice crystals can disrupt the fruit. They requested to return the wine, but the grower refused to believe that there was a problem. The restaurant files a claim against the winery in federal court, citing diversity as the basis for subject matter jurisdiction. The amount in controversy is over $75,000 and both the restaurant and the grower are incorporated in Delaware. Can the federal court hear this case?
Answer:
No, The federal court wouldn't be able to hear this case.
Explanation:
After the reading the case, I believe the requirements for diversity jurisdiction are not met.
According to the Law, there are two basic requirements for diversity jurisdiction:
- 1st Requirement is that the monetary value of the dispute exceeds $75,000 (they passed this requirement)
- 2nd Requirement is that both the accuser and the accused cannot shares a state of citizenship. (They do not passed this Requirement )
Pay attention to this sentence:
". . .both the restaurant and the grower are incorporated in Delaware"
The law considered corporation to be a citizen. Its citizenship is determined by the place where the corporation was incorporated. In this case, both of them are considered to be citizens of Delaware.
Yes, the federal court can hear this case based on diversity jurisdiction. In this case, the federal court can hear the claim based on diversity jurisdiction. Diversity jurisdiction allows federal courts to hear cases where the parties are from different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.
Explanation:In this case, the federal court can hear the claim based on diversity jurisdiction. Diversity jurisdiction allows federal courts to hear cases where the parties are from different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. In this situation, both the restaurant and the grower are incorporated in Delaware, and the amount in controversy is over $75,000, satisfying the requirements for diversity jurisdiction.
Learn more about Diversity jurisdiction here:https://brainly.com/question/12541361
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Rachel is surprised when her friend Sarah consistently interrupts her while she is speaking. Rachel believes her friend should not continually disrupt her. Rachel's perception of her friend's behavior is based on a __________.
a. hypothetical situations
b. personal contact
c. constitutive rule
d. regulative rules
Answer: D) Regulative rules.
Explanation: The social norm of not interrupting of the other seems to be only authorized for children, because adults do not stop doing it constantly, if we observe any conversation we will check how everyone is eager to speak, that listening happens to the background and it seems that interrupting is inevitable, so we must learn to speak, not only as a social rule, but also for improve the active listening.
Rachel's perception of Sarah's behavior reflects a regulative rule, which specifies the appropriate conduct in social situations. Rachel expects Sarah to follow conversational norms, which when broken, highlight the fragility and construction of social order.
Explanation:Rachel's perception of her friend's behavior is based on a regulative rule. Regulative rules are the explicit or implicit norms that govern the behavior of individuals in various social situations, dictating what is considered appropriate or inappropriate conduct. These are the guidelines we follow in social interactions, such as taking turns in a conversation and not interrupting others, which Rachel expects her friend to adhere to. These social constructions of reality rest on shared assumptions about roles and behaviors in social encounters.
Harold Garfinkel's experiments further underline how regulative rules support the social order by dictating expectations in interactions. When these expectations are not met, it can lead to confusion and discomfort, as demonstrated both by daily experiences of etiquette violation and Garfinkel's more extreme examples of social experiments.
When we encounter a stressor, the _____ nervous system accelerates the automatic processes in our body, and after the stressor is over, the _____ nervous system returns us to normal functioning.
Answer:
sympathetic; parasympathetic
Explanation:
A stressor is any stimulus that causes stress in an organism.
The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic nervous system. It is responsible for regulating the homeostatic mechanisms in the body which are the automatic processes in our body.
The parasympathetic nervous system is also part of the autonomic nervous system. It monitors the internal activities of the organs in the body and is responsible for the unconscious actions of the body.
Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because "the questions required only common sense." However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates
a) A confounding variable.
b) Random assignment.
c) Hindsight bias.
d) Overconfidence
Answer:
d) Overconfidence
Explanation:
What is Overconfidence?
This occurs when your subjective confidence in your own ability exceeds that of your objective or actual performance.
This is when someone overestimate their abilities to do things , they believe they can do more than they can in reality .
Some people become overconfident because they have been told that they are the best at something, some are just driven by their ego .
Carlie is the proud mother of two children. Her oldest is 2 years old and the youngest is now 6 months old. Both are girls. Carlie is amazed at how different they are. The oldest is reserved and quiet. Her youngest is outgoing and happy most of the time. These differences can be attributed to ___________
Answer:
differences in temperament
Explanation:
Answer:
differences in temperament
Explanation:
The children mentioned in the question above have differences in temperament.
When we speak of temperament, we refer to that innate part of our personality that is determined by our genetic heritage. Therefore, the biological and instinctive dimension of the personality is considered. In fact, temperament is the first personality factor to manifest.
Because it is of genetic origin and the result of a hereditary constitution, temperament can hardly be modified, manipulated or changed by circumstances. In some way, this tendency will always exist; although it is no less true that we can use resources to increase or inhibit its manifestation. If we were an iceberg, the temperament would always be part of the submerged portion, being able to exercise some control to modify the way it manifests itself in the uncovered portion.
When an increase in the population of prey occurs, which of the following usually occurs in the population of its predator?When an increase in the population of prey occurs, which of the following usually occurs in the population of its predator?The population of the predator increases.The population of the predator remains unchanged.The population of the predator decreases.The population of the predator will become extinct.
Answer:The population of the predator increases
Explanation:
When there is increase in their food supply predators will also increase in order to feed on their preys and they will be concentrated in that are where there are preys.
The increase in food means the increase in those who feed on it, it is the same as where there is lot of green grass you will always find more herbivores in that area grazing on that ground.
Winnie is attracted to her best friend's boyfriend. Despite her friendship, when her friend isn't around, Winnie tries to steal him away. According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the personality would be responsible for this behavior?a. Collective unconsciousb. Idc. EgoD. Superego
Answer:b)Id
Explanation:Id works with pleasure principle according to Freud which is a drive to fulfill our gratifications and desires.
This is the part which says go and get what you want when you want it .
It doesn't stop you and say this is wrong don't do it .
It just pushed you to get what you want when you want it .
Middle adulthood is
- marked by feelings of chaos and crisis.
- a contemporary phenomenon, basically nonexistent before the twentieth century.
- hard to define because few variations in attitudes and behaviors exist from early adulthood.
- more about aging mentally than physically.
Answer: Option C.
Explanation:
Middle adulthood (or midlife) refers to the period between the age of 45 to 65 years.
Middle adulthood is is a stage which is hard to define because there are few variations in attitudes and behaviors exist from early adulthood.
There are several biological changes during this age which affects attitudes and behaviors of an individual. Physical changes involves aging which is inevitable; cognitive changes involves decline in intelligence and continued its descent; and great emotional upheaval, anxiety, and drastic changes in behavior with psychological changes.
Hence, the correct option is C.
A man has a dream about a train traveling through a tunnel, which represents his unhidden desire to engage in sexual intercourse. According to Freud’s view of dreaming, what would be the latent content of this dream?
Answer:
Sexual intercourse
Explanation:
Interpretation of the dream was given by Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, in which the author introduced his theory of the unconscious concerning dream analysis and discusses what would later become the theory of dream interpretation.
Latent content:
The latent content refers to psychoanalytic theory. He also believed that the symbolic meaning of dreams that lies behind the literal content of the dream. The hidden meaning of the dream played an important role in Sigmund Freud,s psychoanalytic theory.He also believed that bringing the hidden meaning of a dream into conscious awareness could relieve psychological analysis.
Economic efficiency A. is a market outcome in which the marginal benefit to consumers of the last unit produced is equal to its marginal cost of production. B. is a market outcome in which the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus is at a maximum. C. is a market outcome in which every individual is better off than they would be at any other market outcome. D. both a and b. E. all of the above.
Answer: Option (D) is correct
Explanation:
Economic efficiency is referred to as the situation where all commodities and factors of production residing within an economy are allocated or distributed in most efficient way in order to eliminate or minimize waste. It also implies to an state(economical) where resources are being optimally allocated in order to serve individuals or other entity in best way possible while trying to minimize inefficiency and waste.
Dr. Ali is a psychologist who believes that psychology should not attempt to understand the mind, but rather focus on understanding the observable actions that people and animals engage in. Dr. Ali’s point of view is most compatible with the approach to psychology known as ____.
Answer:
behaviorism
Explanation:
Behaviorism is the approach to psychology which states that all behavior is the result of exposure to stimuli or the organisms past experience to a stimuli. They focus mostly on the environmental factors while studying behavior and less on the hereditary aspect of psychology.
Behaviorism studies behavior in itself and behavior is thought not to be caused due to the state of the mind. So, Dr. Ali's approach is the behaviorism approach.
Taobao, an Alibaba company, is a Chinese online shopping website similar to Amazon or eBay. When Alibaba goes public, Taobao shop owners will be able to sell their goods to customers in the U.S. and other countries. Taobao shop owners will be _________ their goods to other countries.
Answer:
The correct answer is exporting.
Explanation:
Exporting refers to when the goods are sent to other countries. The given scenario best describes exporting because when Alibaba goes public, Taobao shop owners will be able to sell their goods to customers outside the country. Exporting is highly beneficial because it tends to open up more opportunities as the customer base widens. Moreover, it is also good for the country's economy and the business' sales and revenue.
Final answer:
Taobao shop owners will be exporting their goods to other countries, allowing them access to international markets and the potential to expand their businesses beyond China.
Explanation:
When Alibaba goes public, Taobao shop owners will be exporting their goods to other countries. This involves sending their products across international borders, typically for the purpose of selling and distribution in foreign markets. Exporting is a common practice in global trade and can lead to increased sales and revenue for businesses seeking to expand their customer base beyond their domestic market. For Taobao shop owners, this opportunity means accessing the vast consumer markets of the U.S. and other nations, potentially growing their businesses significantly.
At a price of $0.50, how many more or fewer cups of lemonade do Caroline and Emily sell when the temperature is 50 degrees than when the temperature is 80 degrees?
When the temperature is 50 degrees, Caroline and Emily would sell 10,000 fewer cups of lemonade than at 80 degrees at a price of $0.50.
When the temperature is 50 degrees:
Using the demand curve, if the price is $0.50, and the previous operator would sell 26,000 units at $2.00, there would be 10,000 fewer sales compared to selling at $1.50.Therefore, at 50 degrees, Caroline and Emily would sell 10,000 fewer cups of lemonade than they would sell at 80 degrees if the price remains at $0.50.Justin and Edwardo were hired by the same network support firm. One year later, Edwardo receives a promotion to team leader. Justin believes he has stronger technical skills and asks his supervisor why he did not get the promotion. The supervisor says that Edwardo has better people skills. Having ____ can enable a person’s promotion.
Answer:
soft skills
Explanation:
According to my research on studies conducted by various behaviorists, I can say that based on the information provided within the question having soft skills can enable a person's promotion. Soft Skills are defined as personal attributes that enable someone to interact effectively and harmoniously with other people.
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A scientist is interested in the processes of cognitive change during childhood and decides to see how many words children of various ages can remember after one exposure to a list of words. What type of research is this scientist conducting?
Theoretical Research is the correct answer.
Differently from the Empirical Research, Theoretical Research takes place when the scientist decides to explore or discuss the research object on the basis of a system of beliefs or assumptions. They do not contain experimental data nor develop knowledge based on real experiences.
An organization requires users to provide their fingerprints to access an application. To improve security, the application developers intend to implement multifactor authentication. Which of the following should be implemented?A. Use a camera for facial recognitionB. Have users sign their name naturallyC. Require a palm geometry scanD. Implement iris recognition
Answer:
A. Use a camera for facial recognition
Explanation:
According to my research on information technology and cyber security, I can say that based on the information provided within the question the company should implement facial recognition. This is because other than fingerprint scanning, facial recognition is the safest option because of the difficulty of hacking as well as the ease of access for the consumer.
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A child who has constructed a schema characterized by the belief that all police officers are men adjusts and expands his schema when a female officer comes to address her kindergarten class. According to Piaget, the child has successfully _____ her schema to incorporate the new information.
Final answer:
The child has accommodated her schema about police officers upon learning that there are female officers, in alignment with Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Explanation:
A child who has constructed a schema characterized by the belief that all police officers are men adjusts and expands his schema when a female officer comes to address her kindergarten class. According to Piaget, the child has successfully accommodated her schema to incorporate the new information. This concept is part of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which proposes that when children are exposed to new information, they may engage in either assimilation or accommodation.
In assimilation, children incorporate new information into existing schemas without changing the schemas. In contrast, accommodation requires an adjustment of the schema to include new, different information. The encounter with a female police officer challenges the child's existing gender schema related to the occupation, leading to an accommodation process where her understanding of police officers broadens to include both men and women.
According to Piaget, the child has successfully accommodated her schema to incorporate the new information.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the process of accommodation involves altering one's existing schemas, or mental frameworks, to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated into the old schema.
In this scenario, the child initially believes that all police officers are men, which is a schema based on her past experiences and knowledge. When the child encounters a female police officer, this new information does not fit into her existing schema.
Therefore, the child must adjust her schema to include the possibility of female police officers. This process of modifying the schema to fit the new information is known as accommodation.
Rosanna, age 65, describes her 40-year marriage to Rodolfo: "For the first few years, it was wonderful. We were so in love. Then, during the next decades, things became rocky until the kids left the house and we fell in love again." According to the U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction, this marriage is:
A. typical.
B. unusual.
c. destined to get worse if Rosanna or her husband become ill.
d. prone to fall apart in the old years.
Answer:A) Typical
Explanation:
People always say the first few years are like honey moon of course because the couples are still enjoying their first time permanently together or without kids at first in most cases.
Years goes by and they start to have kids and responsibilities start to pile up as they struggle with bills and raising kids .
The focus starts to shift from the two of them to focus more on raising kids.
They have to raise kids , discipline them, split responsibility , save for college ,attend to their kids individual in whatever activity their kids get involved in hence their solo time ends.
When the kids go to College they can then go back to having their own time with undivided attention because the kids are no longer at home .
This is the situation that almost everyone goes through ;it's a typical situation that most people face.
For each bottle of wine that Italy produces, it gives up the opportunity to make 10 pounds of cheese. France can produce 1 bottle of wine for every 25 pounds of cheese it produces. Which of the following is true about the comparative advantage between the two countries?
Italy has the comparative advantage in cheese.
France has the comparative advantage in wine.
France has the comparative advantage in wine and cheese.
Italy has the comparative advantage in wine.
Answer:
The correct answer is: Italy has the comparative advantage in wine.
Explanation:
Comparative advantage can be defined as the ability to produce at a lower opportunity cost.
Here, we see that the opportunity cost of making a bottle of wine for Italy is 10 pounds of cheese.
While the opportunity cost of producing one bottle of wine for France is 25 pounds of cheese.
This implies that Italy has a lower opportunity cost for producing a bottle of wine. So we can say that it has a comparative advantage in producing wine.
The first time José sees a cat, his mother tells him, "That's a cat. Can you say cat?" He repeats the word gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He points at the tiger and says, "Cat!" This is an example of ________.
A) generalization
B) categorization
C) discrimination
D) spreading activation
Answer:
The correct option is: A) generalization
Explanation:
Generalization is described as the idea or thought that is obtained by abstracting certain common properties from specific instances or events.
It involves the transfer of information or knowledge across various instances.
In this process, an individual uses previous situations to learn and respond to a similar present situation.
Therefore, generalization can be described as the tendency of an individual to respond in a similar fashion to a different but similar situation or event.
Therefore, this situation is an example of generalization.
Final answer:
José's action of calling a tiger a 'cat' is an example of stimulus generalization, a natural part of the learning process where a response to one stimulus is applied to similar ones. It contrasts with discrimination, which is distinguishing between similar stimuli. Thus, option A is correct.
Explanation:
When José points to the tiger and says "Cat!", he is demonstrating stimulus generalization. This occurs when an organism (like a child) applies a learned response (the word 'cat' for a cat) to similar but not identical stimuli (a tiger). The process of generalization allows learners to apply what they have learned to new but related situations without having to learn from scratch for every single new stimulus.
On the other hand, discrimination is when the learner becomes able to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each. For instance, if José learned over time that 'cat' is specifically for domestic cats and not for tigers, despite their similarities, he would be showing discrimination.
In the case of José, his calling a tiger a 'cat' is a natural step in the learning process. With time and experience, and perhaps correction from those around him, he may learn to discriminate between different members of the Felidae family (such as domestic cats, tigers, leopards) and call them by more specific names.
George just finished a poem and is very proud of his work. He knows he should ask his instructor for some constructive feedback to improve it, but chooses not to because he is afraid of losing his sense of accomplishment. In this case, which basic motive did George give in to?
Answer:
the need to feel good about oneself
Explanation:
According to my research on studies conducted by various psychologists, I can say that based on the information provided within the question George gave in to the need to feel good about oneself. This can be said because the only reason George did not ask for feedback was because he was feeling good about his accomplishment and did not want that to go away because of the possibility of negative feedback.
I hope this answered your question. If you have any more questions feel free to ask away at Brainly.
An informal group advocating for a $15 minimum wage collects 590,000 signatures from registered voters in their state. In the next election, this initiative appears on the ballot for voters to decide whether it becomes a state constitutional amendment. This is an example of what model of democracy?
Answer:
Participatory democracy
Explanation:
By the end of preschool, children develop a "moral self" where they think of themselves as people who want to do the right thing and feel bad after they, or another, misbehaves. What developmental feature is critical to this "moral self" that encourages children to act consistently with their internal standards of conduct?
Conscience is the correct answer.
Conscience is a developmental feature that encourages children to act a certain way. It can be an inner feeling or inner voice that guides them to the right or wrong behavior. Conscience is paramount for kids to develop a "moral self" that leads them to do the right thing even when the wrong alternative seems tempting.
The development of a moral self in preschool children involves conscience formation, influenced by social, emotional, and cognitive aspects, biologically based temperament, and parental interaction. This stage, which is foundational for moral development, is characterized by a shift from behavior motivated by obedience to one guided by internalized moral standards.
The critical developmental feature that encourages children to act consistently with their internal standards of conduct and contribute to their "moral self" development is conscience formation. Various factors contribute to this process, including social, emotional, and cognitive influences, parental interaction, and individual temperament. The development of a conscience is crucial as it ties together moral values, understanding of right and wrong, and emotions like guilt, which collectively guide behavior towards a socially accepted framework of conduct. Children learn to assess their actions and those of others against these internal standards, which can lead to feelings of satisfaction when acting in accordance with them, or guilt and discomfort when acting counter to them.
During preschool years, children experience a stage of preconventional justice, as described by Kohlberg, where their moral reasoning is guided more by adherence to rules out of obedience or to avoid punishment, and less by an internalized set of moral principles. Nevertheless, this sets the stage for the later moral development where they can understand and uphold societal norms out of a sense of right, beyond mere obedience.
Conscience development is impacted by the interaction between a child's biologically based temperament, such as effortful control, and their experiences with responsive parenting. A good fit between the child's temperament and the way parents communicate and reinforce expectations can lead to strong conscience development. This process can also be influenced by genetic factors. However, environmental responsiveness, particularly from parents, plays a significant role in shaping the moral development of young children.