European nations sought a water route to Asia to engage in profitable trade dominated by Italy. The caravel was beneficial as it enabled faster travel. Prince Henry trained many sailors, boosting Portugal's exploration endeavors. Ferdinand Magellan's significant accomplishment is circumnavigating the globe.
Explanation:European nations started looking for a water route to Asia (C) to take part in the profitable trade that Italy controlled. It was hoped that finding a sea route would help bypass the land-based trade routes that were monopolized by Italian merchants.
A caravel offered numerous benefits to explorers. Primarily, (B) it enabled them to travel faster. Its design made it quicker and more maneuverable, impacting long-distance voyages significantly.
Prince Henry the Navigator's contribution to Portugal's leading role in exploration primarily lies in (D), training many sailors in navigation and mapmaking. His establishment of a school for navigation was a significant step in promoting and sustaining exploration.
Ferdinand Magellan's major accomplishment is (C) sailing west around the world. He is credited as the first person to circumnavigate the globe, highlighting the truly global nature of the earth.
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European nations sought a water route to Asia to participate in the lucrative trade that Italy controlled. The caravel offered advantages like faster travel, while Prince Henry the Navigator helped to train sailors in Portugal in navigation and map-making. Ferdinand Magellan achieved the feat of the first circumnavigation of the Earth.
Explanation:European nations started looking for a water route to Asia, primarily to take part in the profitable trade that Italy controlled. This was because the control of the land routes was under the hold of the Turks and Italy. They sought to bypass the land routes by finding a direct sea route to Asia.
The caravel was a type of ship that was developed in the 15th century and offered many benefits to explorers. It was lighter, smaller, and faster than traditional ships, and its design allowed it to navigate even against the wind, which drastically increased its speed, making it a faster mode of travel.
Prince Henry the Navigator played a significant role in promoting and developing exploration for Portugal. He was instrumental in launching many voyages of discovery along the west coast of Africa. Moreover, His establishment of a navigation school vastly improved navigation techniques, aiding Portugal in becoming a leading country in exploration.
Ferdinand Magellan's major accomplishment was his expedition which resulted in the first circumnavigation of the Earth. His voyage started sailing west, proving that Asia could be reached by sailing west from Europe, thus, achieving a major milestone in the history of exploration.
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a map drawn or used from recollection is called a
A map created from memory, known as a mental map, is a cognitive representation of a person's spatial awareness and geographical knowledge. These maps are unique to individuals and are shaped by personal experiences and interactions with specific places.
Explanation:A map drawn or used from recollection is commonly referred to as a mental map. Mental maps are not just informal sketches; they are cognitive illustrations of one's spatial awareness and geographic knowledge. When we visualize our journey or give directions based on what we remember about a place, we rely on these mental representations. This process underlines the significance of mental maps in everyday life, helping us navigate and organize information about our environments.
For instance, if a friend asks for assistance in navigating your hometown, you might draw a rudimentary map on paper to aid them. This act of sketching your environment from memory relies on the mental map you've constructed over time. It's important to note that these cognitive maps aren't universal; they are uniquely shaped by our individual experiences, knowledge, and relationships with particular places.
Exploring the concept of mental maps not only highlights your understanding of your local geography but also reveals insights into how humans spatially perceive and prioritize certain locations within their daily lives.
Which process of the water cycle involves the movement of water in the liquid state
Answer,
Precipitation
Explanation
Water cycle involves movement of water between atmosphere,land and the ocean.Through evaporation water changes to gas state from liquid form.Through transpiration water enters atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves.Most of earth water is held in the ocean and the sun causes the water to evaporate as water vapour which later cools to condense into droplets.Through precipitation water droplets return to the earth surface whereby plant gain water the roots.Most groundwater is derived from precipitation that has drained through the soil.
Which is India’s major religion?
A.judaism
B. Zoroastrianism
C. Buddhism
D. Husuism
According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practices Hinduism and 14.2% adheres to Islam, while the remaining 6% adheres to other religions (Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism and various indigenous ethnically-bound faiths). Christianity is the 3rd largest religion in India.
PLEASE HELP ASAP!!! 99 POINTS FOR 6 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS!!! PLEASE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS!!!
Use the following image to answer the question.
Johnny loses his case in an Ohio trial court. He wishes to appeal his case decision. Which section of the diagram represents the next court he could request to hear his case?
D
A
C
B
Use the following image to answer the question.
Tati was involved in a car accident. The first court to hear the case ruled the accident was her fault. She believes the first court made an error and wants a higher court to review her case. Which section of the diagram represents the next type of court to hear Tati’s case?
F
C
B
E
Use the following image to answer the question.
Which section of this image represents a court that would have jurisdiction over an appeal from a state trial court?
A
B
F
D
Use the following image to answer the question.
The name of the court with final authority on the Constitution should appear in the section labeled
A
C
F
D
Use the following image to answer the question.
Which of the following sections represent state-level courts?
D, E, F
B, E
A, B, C
A, F
Use the following image to answer the question.
Which of the following sections represents a federal court that would hear cases for the first time?
E
A
F
B
A: STATE TRIAL COURTS
B: INTERMEDIATE APPELATE COURTS
C: STATE SUPREME COURTS
D: U.S. SUPREME COURT
E: U.S. COURT OF APPEAL
F: U.S DISTRICT COURTS
1) ANSWER: B
After the state court he should request hearing from The Intermidiate Apellate Courts.
2) ANSWER: B
After the state court he should request hearing from The Intermidiate Apellate Courts.
3) ANSWER: D
The supreme court of justice has jurisdiction over ALL of the mentioned courts in the country.
4) ANSWER: D
The supreme court of justice has jurisdiction over ALL of the mentioned courts in the country.
5) ANSWER: A,B,C
A: State trial courts. B: Intermediate appellate courts. C: State Supreme Courts
6. ANSWER:
F: Federal courts that hear cases for the first time are the U.S District courts.
Answer:number 1 and 2 is b I know that
Explanation:
Who did hitler blame for Germany’s problems
Hitler often blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. He mainly expressed this in his Mein Kampf.
Hitler blames the Jews, communists, and his political opponents for Germany's problem.
Hitler largely blamed Jews, particularly Jewish bankers and businessmen, whom he perceived as profiting from the conflict. He also noticed a significant link between Bolshevism and the Jewish community, which he regarded as further evidence of where conflict originated.
Hitler criticizes communist ideology for wreaking societal ruin and causing economic instability. He also accuses the opposing Nazi party, the social democrats, of undermining national unity. Hitler believed the myth: Jews and communists had abandoned the country, bringing to power a left-wing government eager to throw in the towel.
Thus, for Hitler's agenda, he blames the Jews, communists, and his political opponents for Germany's problem.
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hich adaptions did early humans make during the last ice age in order to survive varied environments? Select all that apply.
A.
created religions to offer sacrifices to gods
B.
made shelters out of available materials
C.
worked in larger networks of communities
D.
planted crops to have an available supply of food
E.
made stone tools such as hand axes
F.
tamed large animals to do work for them
G.
used fire for heat, protection, and cooking
The correct answers are:
B. made shelters out of available materials;
E. made stone tools such as hand ax;
G. used fire for heat, protection, and cooking;
The early humans that lived during the last ice age faced very harsh climate conditions. That made them adapt and to use to the maximum everything they had available in order to survive.
That led to the daily usage of the fire. The fire offered heat in the cold climate, it was used for cooking the meat so that it can be processed easier, as well as for protection from predators as the animals in general are afraid from fire.
They started to use materials for building shelters, mostly including leather and wood as materials.
The creation of new tools started to develop quickly, and more and more tools that were providing advantage were created and used, such as the hand ax.
Answer:
pls don't make me beg
Explanation:
Where did the Huns not invade?
The huns most likely did not invade Xiongnu, a tribe who lived on the steppes of eastern Asia near modern-day Mongolia because they might of been related. Hope it helps
Answer:
Most authors have commented that the Huns did not invade the Xiongnu.
Explanation:
This groups were nomadic warriors who terrorized much of Europe and the Roman Empire around the 4th and 5th century A. D.
There is a theory that the Huns are related to the Xiongnu, who were a Mongolian people and that they came later that the Xiongnu but is not verified yet.
How did President Kennedy address civil rights?
He supported only state civil rights laws.
He proposed national civil rights legislation.
He refused to advocate civil rights.
He was indifferent to civil rights issues.
President Kennedy proposed national civil rights legislation, focused on voting rights, and intervened in desegregation efforts, culminating in a public demand for new civil rights laws.
Explanation:President John F. Kennedy proposed national civil rights legislation during his presidency. Kennedy initially approached civil rights issues with caution, due to concerns about the political fallout and his administration's focus on Cold War issues. Despite this, his presidency saw several key involvements in the civil rights movement. He was particularly focused on securing the voting rights of African Americans and took a significant step by reviving the push for a constitutional amendment to outlaw poll taxes, a tactic used to disenfranchise African American voters.
Moreover, President Kennedy's administration intervened in high-profile desegregation cases, such as sending federal troops to support the desegregation of the University of Mississippi. His civil rights efforts culminated in a nationally televised address demanding Congress pass new civil rights legislation, which was a defining moment in his presidential term.
In summary, while President Kennedy was initially restrained, his commitment to civil rights became more visible through legislative proposals and executive actions, including enforcing desegregation and proposing a comprehensive civil rights bill.
An example of a volunteer opportunity within ones community might be
Voulenteering:
- At a soup kitchen
- Cleaning up parks and local roads
- Doing trail work for the local forest service
- Volunteering at the animal shelter/wolf rescue/wildlife preserve/fish hatchery
- Volunteering at a community center
- etc.
Hope this helps!
Answer:
Voulenteering:
- At a soup kitchen
- Cleaning up parks and local roads
- Doing trail work for the local forest service
- Volunteering at the animal shelter/wolf rescue/wildlife preserve/fish hatchery
- Volunteering at a community center
- etc.
Hope this helps!
Explanation:
What statement best describes the role of steel in Great Britain during the industrial revolution
Answer:
It's role cannot be over emphasized but it played a very important role especially due to it's cheapness and other qualities.
Explanation:
Britain led the world's Industrial Revolution with its early commitment to coal mining, steam power, textile mills, machinery, railways, and shipbuilding. Britain's demand for iron and steel, combined with ample capital and energetic entrepreneurs, made it the world leader in the first half of the 19th century.
Steel was important to the second Industrial Revolution because it was a better material to use then iron. Steel is lighter, cheaper and stronger than iron, making it ideal for all sorts of purposes.
why did the pilgrims and puritans leave europe for the americas?
Q: why did the pilgrims and puritans leave europe for the americas?
A: the pilgrims left europe because they wanted to escape persecution. the puritans left europe because they wanted to reform the anglican church.
hope this helps! ❤ from peachimin
The Pilgrims and Puritans, both groups of English Protestants, left Europe for the Americas during the 17th century due to their dissatisfaction with the corruption within the Church of England. They aimed to create new communities where they could practice their own version of Reformed Protestantism free from persecution. The Pilgrims, also known as Separatists, were adamant about completely severing ties with the Church of England.
Explanation:The Pilgrims and Puritans left Europe for the Americas largely due to religious reasons. Both of these groups were English Protestants who were dissatisfied with the Church of England, which they perceived as corrupt and too similar to the Roman Catholic Church. They sought to practice their own version of Reformed Protestantism in an environment free from the persecution and pressures they faced in England.
One of the first groups of Puritans, known as Pilgrims, initially moved to the Netherlands before eventually sailing to North America in 1620 in order to maintain their English identity among the Dutch. They settled at Plymouth, making it the first English settlement in New England. Unlike other Puritan groups, the Pilgrims or Separatists insisted on severing ties completely with the Church of England.
A large group of Pilgrims and Puritans migrated to the Americas in the 1620s and 1630s, dreaming of creating communities in the New World where they could freely practice their religion and provide an example to the rest of the Christian world. Their commitment to their faith led to the establishment of towns built around the church and the Congregational Church is a product of their endeavors in America.
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what did many europeans do to many islamic countries in the middle east
Islam in Europe
by percentage of country population[1]
< 1%
AndorraArmeniaBelarusCzech RepublicEstoniaFinlandHungaryIcelandLatviaLithuaniaMaltaMoldovaMonacoPolandPortugalRomaniaSan MarinoSlovakia
1–2%
CroatiaIrelandUkraine
2–4%
LuxembourgSloveniaSpain
4–5%
ItalySerbia
5–10%
AustriaSwedenBelgiumFranceGermanyGreece LiechtensteinNetherlandsSwitzerlandUnited KingdomNorwayDenmark
10–20%
BulgariaCyprusGeorgiaMontenegroRussia
30–50%
Macedonia
50–70%
Bosnia–HerzegovinaAlbania
70–80%
Kazakhstan
90–100%
AzerbaijanKosovoTurkey
Islam is the second largest religious belief in Europe after Christianity.[citation needed] Although the majority of Muslim communities in Europe are of recent migrations, there are pre-Modern ones in the Balkans.
Islam entered southern Europe through the invading "Moors" of North Africa in the 8th–10th centuries; Muslim political entities existed firmly in what is today Spain, Portugal, South Italy and Malta for several centuries. The Muslim community in these territories was converted or expelled by the end of the 15th century (see Reconquista). Islam expanded into the Caucasus through the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century. The Ottoman Empire expanded into southeastern Europe, invading and conquering huge portions of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. Over the centuries, the Ottoman Empire also gradually lost almost all of its European territories, until the empire collapsed in 1922. The countries of the Balkans continue to have large populations of native Muslims, though the majority are unobservant or secular.
The term "Muslim Europe" is used for the Muslim-majority countries of Albania, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Transcontinental countries, such as Turkey, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan have large Muslim populations, as does Russia in the North Caucasus.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries substantial numbers of Muslims immigrated to Western Europe. By 2010 an estimated 44 million Muslims were living in Europe (6%), including an estimated 19 million in the EU (3.8%) They are projected to comprise 8% by 2030.[citation needed] They are often the subject of intense discussion and political campaigns. These have been periodically revived by events such as terrorist attacks by Islamists, the cartoons affair in Denmark, debates over Islamic dress, and ongoing support for populist right-wing parties that view Muslims as a threat to European values, culture and ways of life. Such events have also fueled growing debate regarding the topic of Islamophobia, attitudes toward Muslims and the populist right
According to the graph, how much of their income would peasants pay in taxes? How much would aristocrats pay?
Both commoners and nobility were compelled to donate one-tenth of their earnings or harvest to the church.
What is taxes?
A tax is a financial contribution that citizens make to the government in exchange for the services it offers.
It was particularly challenging for large families to raise the money because the tax applied to everyone above the age of fifteen.
Hence, the significance of the taxes is aforementioned.
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From the graph that is seen peasants pay 50% of their income in taxes, while aristocrats do not pay anything or the paid percentage is 0%.
Who are peasants and who are the aristocrats
Peasants and aristocrats represented contrasting social classes in historical societies. Peasants, the lower class, were primarily engaged in agricultural labor, lacked access to education and power, and formed the majority of the population. They worked the land and lived in rural areas, often subject to taxes and obligations.
In contrast, aristocrats, the upper class, held elevated social status and power due to birthright. They enjoyed wealth, education, and political influence, holding positions in government and administration. Aristocrats lived luxurious lives, owning estates, and possessing legal and social privileges.
Equations with Variables on both sides
help
How have scientists and historians been able to learn about the lives of Paleolithic peoples
Scientists and historians have learned about the lives of Paleolithic peoples through archaeological finds, material remnants, fossils, and analysis of skeletal and dental remains. They have also used various research methods and techniques to gain insights into the Paleolithic era. However, some aspects of their lives remain unknown.
Explanation:Scientists and historians have been able to learn about the lives of Paleolithic peoples through various research methods. Archaeologists, anthropologists, genetic scientists, and historians have studied archaeological finds, material remnants, fossils, tools, and artifacts left behind by our distant ancestors.
They have also used techniques such as zooarchaeology, human anatomy and physiological studies, ethnographic studies of contemporary hunters and gatherers, and analysis of skeletal and dental remains to gain insights into the Paleolithic era. However, it is important to note that some aspects of their lives, such as social structures and cultural values, remain unknown due to the limitations of the archaeological record.
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In what ways did americans spend their leisure time in the era after the civil wR are similar to popular activites today
In the era right after the civil war, Americans used to spend their leisure time by reading books, specially novels, and newspapers which is still a common activity in today's time.
Other than that, they took a keen interest in arts and history and visited museums to explore more about it. Amusements parks were also an attraction for them.
Shows like Wild West (travelling theoretical performance show) were very popular back then which are equivalent to today's concert and theater shows. Most of these activities are very similar that people of this time like to practice in their leisure time.
As into the era right after the civil war, Americans on the whole spend their leisure time by way of reading books, as well as novels, and newspapers.
Explanation:Americans after the civil war used to take much interest in the history and also arts and used to make the visit in museums. For them amusement parks were their main attractions. They used to do enough reading of the books as well as novels and newspapers too.
Have you seen examples of politicians from other racial groups using racial wedges for political gain? If so, describe the impact that the racial wedge strategy has on the community.
A wedge issue is a political or social problem with a controversial nature. It divides a demographic or population group. They´re often used to weaken the unity of a population. In cases of a racial wedge, it refers to the intent to separate population groups attending to their ethnic group.
For example:
George W. Bush’s presidential campaign was in danger in February of 2000. John McCain had just scored an unexpected victory in New Hampshire, and his candidacy tended to triumph in numbers.
The Bush campaign was fighting to survive, so members of the political section start using a racial wedge for political gain.
South Carolina voters started suggesting that McCain’s adopted daughter from Bangladesh was really a Negro child he fathered out of his marriage. By the end, Bush scored a primary victory.
During World War II, the United States opposed which Axis dictatorships?
Germany (primarily), Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Vichy France, and Slovakia.
Correct Answer Gets Brainliest
Which statement best describes the outcome of the Persian Wars?
A. The Greeks were able to stop a Persian invasion, and the Persian Empire stopped trying to conquer Greece.
B. The Persians conquered Greece, and the people who lived there joined the Persian Empire.
C. The Persians and Greeks signed a treaty and created an alliance known as the Delian League.
D. The Greeks fled to the surrounding islands, where they remained until the Persian Empire declined.
Answer:
A - The Greeks were able to stop a Persian invasion, and the Persian Empire stopped trying to conquer Greece.
Explanation:
As a result of the war with Persia, the Greeks defended their freedom, freed their Minor Asian and island ‘brothers’ from the Persian rule, and established their dominance in the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea straits. Persia was unable to resume offensive operations against the Greeks. In 449, after a new defeat of Persia by the Greeks, a peace was made near the Cypriot city of Salamis. The rampant expansion of the Achaemenid dynasty was halted for the first time, and the ancient Greek state entered the era of its highest cultural achievements.
Answer:
I agree its A
Explanation:
In order for the constitution to be accepted it had to be approved by
On September of 1787, the constitution was sent to the states for ratification. Nine of the 13 states would have to ratify it for the Constitution.
According to Locke, what have “all peaceful beginnings of government” had in common? Why do you think that might lead to a more peaceful government
Answer:
Locke said all the governments should seek equality, social justice and an state which was not absolute but was ruled abiding human rights. A peaceful beginning of government should be based on the people´s consent, enforcing freedom and the protection of all the citizens. As per Locke, a government must use its power to protect all the rights instead of impose on its power, thus, leading to a more peaceful government.
Explanation:
Who would make the following statement "The purpose of the Constitution is to limit the power of the federal government, not the American people" ?
1). Anti-Federalists =====> a group of people in the early United States who opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution because they feared a strong national government and a lack of protection for individual rights.
2). Federalists =====> a group of people in the early United States who favored the establishment of a strong national government and who worked for ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Answer I believe is, ======> The FEDERALISTS
Hope that helps!!! : )
Read the following passage about the Chichen Itza, and then answer the question that follows. Chichen Itza is among the most celebrated of the Maya ruins. This ancient city was built in the eastern part of the Yucatan state in Mexico. The Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice) is one of the most fascinating parts of Chichen Itza. Archaeologists excavated this well in the early 1900s and found jade, incense, and gold artifacts. They also found human remains. Researchers who examined these remains found that their wounds resembled those found in ritual murders. What can be concluded about the Maya people based on the passage?
The answer is A.The Maya offered material goods as well as humans as sacrifices to their gods.
The Maya offered material goods as well as humans as sacrifices to their gods is concluded about the Maya people based on the passage.
What are material goods?Material goods are the tangible goods which can be touch and feel by the person. Material goods can be anything's which come to use in life frequently. It also depend on how people see the material goods. Some examples are tickets, remote, bottle and others.
Thus, option A is correct.
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Use the map below to answer the following question:
In the Geographic Information System (GIS) map shown above, colors have been added to show terrain and elevation. What does the brown color indicate?
A. trees on the mountains
B. highest points on the mountains
C. lowest points on the mountains
D. snow on top of the mountains
PS: has something to do with mountains
It should be the highest points on the mountain because when your in an airplane you can only see the the tops of the mountains not the the bottom
( B. )
Which is a likely reason why minor pharaoh like Tutankhamen was buried in such a magnificent tomb?
Because they were of such greatness and importance. Compared to others in the pyramids.
what date was puerto rico discovered?
Final answer:
Puerto Rico was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 during Christopher Columbus's second voyage. It remained a Spanish colony for 400 years until 1898 when it was ceded to the United States after the Spanish-American War.
Explanation:
The island of Puerto Rico was claimed by the Spanish Crown on the voyage led by Christopher Columbus in 1493, specifically during his second voyage to the Americas. Before the arrival of Columbus, the island was already populated by Amerindian peoples for centuries.
Following its discovery, Puerto Rico remained under Spanish colonial rule for 400 years until it was ceded to the United States as a consequence of the Spanish-American War in 1898. The inhabitants of Puerto Rico were granted US citizenship in 1917, and the island has since retained its commonwealth status through several referendums.
Compare the world war 1 and 2
The First World War (WWI) was fought from 1914 to 1918 and the Second World War (or WWII) was fought from 1939 to 1945. They were the largest military conflicts in human history. Both wars involved military alliances between different groups of countries.
World War I (a.k.a the First World War, the Great War, the War To End All Wars) was centered on Europe. The world warring nations were divided into two groups namely ‘The Central Powers’ and ‘The Allied Powers’. The central powers group consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. The Allied powers group consisted of France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and (from 1917) the U.S.
World War II (a.k.a the Second World War), the opposing alliances are now referred to as ‘The Axis’ and ‘The Allies’. The Axis group consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allies group consisted of France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China. World War II was especially heinous because of the genocide of Jewish people perpetrated by the Nazis.
In an essay, discuss how the ways in which American spent their new leisure time in the ear after the Civil War are similar to popular activities today.
Answer: Right after the Civil War, the most popular pastime for American people was sports; mainly baseball. Although at first, it was only meant for rich people, the opening of publick gymnasiums, courts and fields allowed the working and middle class to also do sports. Other activities included reading newspapers and books, visiting museums, amusement parks and vaudeville shows such as the "Wild West shows".
Compared to popular activities today, there is some resemblance with the post-Civil War era, like reading, doing sports, etc... although nowadays vaudeville shows don´t exist anymore. Other important pastimes nowadays are playing videogames or watching movies, which didn´t exist in the 1800´s.
Why is it difficult for a bill to become a law
It's difficult , because the congressmen has to introduce the bill in order for everyone to agree. Even when everyone agrees with the bill, the president can veto the bill.
A bill is difficult to become a law due to the lengthy process in Congress, the president's power to veto, and the possibility of being ruled unconstitutional.
Explanation:It is difficult for a bill to become a law because it has to go through a long process where it can be debated, amended, and voted on by both houses of Congress. Additionally, the president has the power to veto a bill, which means it can be rejected and sent back to Congress for further consideration. Finally, even if a bill is able to pass through Congress and gain presidential approval, it can still be challenged in court and potentially ruled unconstitutional.
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blank supported the enlightenment idea that people are naturally selfish
Thomas Hobbes, author of "Leviathan" supported the enlightenment idea that people are naturally selfish. He said that human beings are very selfish and willing to hurt others for gain.
Answer:
Thomas Hobbes.
Explanation: