PLEASE THINK ABOUT THIS AND EXPLAIN FULLY :)

A 2-kg object accelerates as a net external force is applied to it. During the 5-second interval that the force is applied, the object's velocity changes from 3 m/s East to 7 m/s West. Several students discussing the impulse on this object state the following:

Student #1: "The impulse is equal to the change in momentum, which is (2 kg)(3 m/s + 7 m/s) = 20 kg m/s."

Student #2: "But the change in velocity is 4 m/s. We multiply by the mass to get the change in momentum, and also the impulse, which is 8 kg m/s."

Student #3: "The change in momentum of this object during these 5 seconds was 8 kg m/s, so the impulse applied to this object during these 5 seconds was 8/5 kg m/s."

Student #4: "The impulse is the force F times the time t, and since we don't know the force, we can't find the impulse for this situation."

With which, if any, of these students do you agree? Explain your choice and your reasoning.

Answer:

Velocity is 2.17 m/s at an angle of 9.03° above X-axis.

Explanation:

Mass of object 1 , m₁ = 300 g = 0.3 kg

Mass of object 2 , m₂ = 400 g = 0.4 kg

Initial velocity of object 1 , v₁ = 5.00i-3.20j m/s

Initial velocity of object 2 , v₂ = 3.00j m/s

Mass of composite = 0.7 kg

We need to find final velocity of composite.

Here momentum is conserved.

Initial momentum = Final momentum

Initial momentum = 0.3 x (5.00i-3.20j) + 0.4 x 3.00j = 1.5 i + 0.24 j kgm/s

Final momentum = 0.7 x v = 0.7v kgm/s

Comparing

1.5 i + 0.24 j = 0.7v

v = 2.14 i + 0.34 j

Magnitude of velocity      

       [tex]v=\sqrt{2.14^2+0.34^2}=2.17m/s[/tex]

Direction,  

       [tex]\theta =tan^{-1}\left ( \frac{0.34}{2.14}\right )=9.03^0[/tex]

Velocity is 2.17 m/s at an angle of 9.03° above X-axis.

Answer:

[tex]5.32\cdot 10^4 g[/tex]

Explanation:

First of all, we need to find the volume of the room, which is given by

[tex]V=2.50 m \cdot 5.50 m \cdot 3.00 m =41.3 m^3[/tex]

Now we  can find the mass of the air by using

[tex]m=dV[/tex]

where

[tex]d=1.29 g/dm^3[/tex] is the density of the air

[tex]V=41.3 m^3 = 41,300 dm^3[/tex] is the volume of the room

Substituting,

[tex]m=(1.29)(41300)=5.32\cdot 10^4 g[/tex]

Final answer:

The mass of the air in a room with dimensions 2.50 m x 5.50 m x 3.00 m and an air density of 1.29 g/dm³ is calculated to be 53.2 kg.

Explanation:

The mass of the air in the room can be calculated by using the formula for density, which is mass (mass) equals density (density) times volume (volume), or m = ρV. Given that the density of air is 1.29 g/dm³, first we need to convert the measurements of the room to dm³ (decimeters cubed) as the given room dimensions are in meters. The volume of the room is 2.50 m x 5.50 m x 3.00 m which equals 41.25 m³. Converting from cubic meters to cubic decimeters results in 41,250 dm³ (1 m³ = 1,000 dm³). Therefore, the mass of air is calculated as 1.29 g/dm³ * 41,250 dm³, which equals 53,212.5 grams or 53.2 kg.

Answer:

Torque = -1799.52 Nm or 1799.52 Nm (clockwise direction)

Explanation:

Torque =  Force x Perpendicular distance

Here force is given as 18.4 N and Perpendicular distance = 97.8 m

Substituting

Torque =  Force x Perpendicular distance = 18.4 x 97.8 = 1799.52 Nm

Torque = 1799.52 Nm (clockwise direction)

Usually anticlockwise is positive

So torque = -1799.52 Nm

Answer:

The torque is 1799.52 N-m

Explanation:

Given that,

Force = 18.4 N

Length = 97.8 m

We calculate the torque,

Torque is the product of the force and perpendicular distance.

[tex]\tau =Fl\sin\theta[/tex]

Where, F = force

l = length

Put the value into the formula

[tex]\tau =18.4\times97.8\sin90^{\circ}[/tex]

[tex]\tau =1799.52\ N-m[/tex]

Hence, The torque is 1799.52 N-m

Answer:

(N x π x r^2 x Cosθ) / R x dB(t) / dt

Explanation:

radius = r , Number of turns = N, B = B(t), Angle = θ, Resistance = R

induced emf = rate of change of magnetic flux

e  = - N x dΦ / dt

e = - N x d(B A Cosθ) / dt

e = - N x A x Cosθ x dB(t) / dt

e = - N x π x r^2 x Cosθ x dB(t) / dt

where, negative sign shows the direction of induced emf in the coil.

induced current, i = induced emf / resistance

i = - (N x π x r^2 x Cosθ) / R x dB(t) / dt

Answer:

Part a)

[tex]\phi' = 9943.5 Nm^2/C[/tex]

Part b)

[tex]\phi' = 4971.75 Nm^2/C[/tex]

Explanation:

Part a)

Total electric flux due to charge contained in a closed surface is given as

[tex]\phi = \frac{Q}{\epsilon_0}[/tex]

now we have

[tex]Q = 88 nC[/tex]

now from above equation total flux is given as

[tex]\phi = \frac{88 \times 10^{-9}}{8.85 \times 10^{-12}}[/tex]

[tex]\phi = 9943.5 Nm^2/C[/tex]

Part b)

Now we need to find the flux through the hemispherical surface

so we will have

[tex]\phi' = \frac{\phi}{2}[/tex]

here we have

[tex]\phi' = \frac{9943.5}{2}[/tex]

[tex]\phi' = 4971.75 Nm^2/C[/tex]

(a) The total electric flux through the surface of the shell is 9943.5[tex]\frac{Nm^2}{C}[/tex]  

(b) The total electric flux through any hemispherical portion of the      shell's surface is 4971.75 [tex]\frac{Nm^2}{C}[/tex]

Electric flux is the measure of the electric field through a given surface. It helps us to describe the strength of an electric field at any distance from the charge.

(a) The formula for the electric flux is given by,

[tex]\rm{\phi=\frac{Q}{\varepsilon_0}}[/tex]      

Where , Q= 88.0 nC = [tex]88\times10^{-9}[/tex]

             [tex]\varepsilon_0[/tex] =[tex]{8.85\times10^{-12} }[/tex]

[tex]\phi=\frac{88\times10^{-9} }{8.85\times10^{-12} }[/tex]

[tex]\phi=9943.5\frac{Nm^{2} }{C}[/tex]

The total electric flux through the surface of the shell is 9943.5[tex]\frac{Nm^2}{C}[/tex]

(b) For the spherical surface electric flux is taken as [tex]\phi_2[/tex]

[tex]\rm{\phi_2=\frac{\phi_1}{2}}[/tex]

[tex]\rm{\phi_2=\frac{9943.5}{2}}[/tex]

[tex]\phi_2 =4979.5\frac{Nm^2}{C}[/tex]

The total electric flux through any hemispherical portion of the shell's surface is 4971.75 [tex]\frac{Nm^2}{C}[/tex]

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Answer:

846 km

Explanation:

Speed = 47 m/s

time = 5 hours = 5 x 60 x 60 seconds

Distance = speed x time

Distance = 47 x 5 x 60 x 60

Distance = 846000 m

Distance = 846 km

Final answer:

The coefficient of static friction is determined by setting up equations based on the static equilibrium conditions of the ladder leaning against a wall, resulting in a coefficient of approximately 0.869 when using the ladder's angle of 41° with the horizontal.

Explanation:

To determine the coefficient of static friction between the ladder and the floor, we can analyze the forces acting on the ladder at the point of slipping. The forces involved in this problem are the weight of the ladder (W), the normal force exerted by the floor (N), the static frictional force (f), and the force exerted by the wall, which is horizontal due to the frictionless contact (H).

The ladder makes a 41.0° angle with the horizontal floor (θ), so we can use trigonometry and Newton's laws to set up equations. First, the sum of vertical forces must be zero, as the ladder is not moving vertically:

N = W * cos(θ)

Next, the sum of horizontal forces must be zero, as the ladder is not moving horizontally:

f = H

Now, since the wall is frictionless, the horizontal force the wall exerts on the ladder is equal to the horizontal component of the ladder's weight:

H = W * sin(θ)

At the point of slipping, the static frictional force (f) is at its maximum value and is given by:

f = μ * N

Using the fact that f = H at the point of slipping, we can solve for the coefficient of static friction (μ) using the following equation:

μ = W * sin(θ) / (W * cos(θ))

μ = tan(θ)

Substitute the value of θ = 41.0° into the equation:

μ = tan(41.0°) ≈ 0.869

Therefore, the coefficient of static friction is approximately 0.869.

Explanation:

In order to solve this problem, the Stefan-Boltzmann law will be useful. This law establishes that a black body (an ideal body that absorbs or emits all the radiation that incides on it) "emits thermal radiation with a total hemispheric emissive power proportional to the fourth power of its temperature":  

[tex]P=\sigma A T^{4}[/tex] (1)  

Where:  

[tex]P[/tex] is the energy radiated by a blackbody radiator per second, per unit area (in Watts).

[tex]\sigma=5.6703(10)^{-18}\frac{W}{m^{2} K^{4}}[/tex] is the Stefan-Boltzmann's constant.  

[tex]A[/tex] is the Surface of the body  

[tex]T[/tex] is the effective temperature of the body (its surface absolute temperature) in Kelvin.

However, there is no ideal black body (although the radiation of stars like our Sun is quite close).   Therefore, we will use the Stefan-Boltzmann law for real radiator bodies:  

[tex]P=\sigma A \epsilon T^{4}[/tex] (2)  

Where [tex]\epsilon[/tex] is the star's emissivity  

Knowing this, let's start with the answer:

We have two stars where the emissivity [tex]\epsilon[/tex]  of both is the same:

Star A with a radius [tex]r_{A}=200000km[/tex] and a surface temperature  [tex]T_{A}=6000K[/tex].

Star B with a radius [tex]r_{B}=400000km[/tex] and a surface temperature  [tex]T_{B}=3000K[/tex].

And we are asked to find the ratio of the rate of energy radiated by both stars:

[tex]\frac{P_{A}}{P_{B}}[/tex]   (3)

Where [tex]P_{A}[/tex]  is the  rate of energy radiated by Star A and [tex]P_{B}[/tex]  is the  rate of energy radiated by Star B.

On the other hand, with the radius of each star we can calculate their surface area, using the formula for tha area of a sphere (assuming both stars have spherical shape):

[tex]A_{A}=4\pi r_{A}^{2}[/tex]   (4)

[tex]A_{B}=4\pi r_{B}^{2}[/tex]   (5)

Writting the Stefan-Boltzmann law for each star, taking into consideration their areas:

[tex]P_{A}=\sigma (4\pi r_{A}^{2}) \epsilon {T_{A}}^{4}[/tex] (6)  

[tex]P_{B}=\sigma (4\pi r_{B}^{2}) \epsilon {T_{b}}^{4}[/tex] (7)  

Substituting (6) and (7) in (3):

[tex]\frac{\sigma (4\pi r_{A}^{2}) \epsilon {T_{A}}^{4}}{\sigma (4\pi r_{B}^{2}) \epsilon {T_{B}}^{4}}[/tex]   (8)

[tex]\frac{P_{A}}{P_{B}}=\frac{{r_{A}}^{2} {T_{A}}^{4}}{{r_{B}}^{2} {T_{B}}^{4}}[/tex]   (9)

[tex]\frac{P_{A}}{P_{B}}=\frac{{(200000km)}^{2} {(6000K)}^{4}}{{(400000km)}^{2} {(3000K)}^{4}}[/tex]   (10)

Finally:

[tex]\frac{P_{A}}{P_{B}}=4[/tex]  

Final answer:

The argon temperature at the heater exit is determined to be 348.08 ℃, while the argon volume flow rate at the heater exit is calculated to be 3769.23 m³/s.

Explanation:

To determine the argon temperature and volume flow rate at the heater exit, we can use the principles of thermodynamics. The problem states that heat transfer in the rate of 150 kW is supplied to the argon. Since there is no information given about the heater efficiency, we can assume it to be 100%, meaning all the heat is transferred to the argon. Therefore, the heat transfer can be equated to the change in internal energy of the argon, which is given by:

Q = m * Cp * ΔT

Where Q is the heat transfer, m is the mass flow rate, Cp is the specific heat capacity of argon, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Given that Q = 150 kW, m = 6.24 kg/s, and Cp = 0.52 kJ/kg·℃ (specific heat capacity of argon), we can rearrange the equation to solve for ΔT:

ΔT = Q / (m * Cp)

Substituting the values, we have ΔT = (150 * 10³ J/s) / (6.24 kg/s * 0.52 kJ/kg·℃), which equals 48.08 ℃.

Therefore, the argon temperature at the heater exit is 300 ℃ + 48.08 ℃, which equals 348.08 ℃.

To calculate the argon volume flow rate at the heater exit, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature. Rearranging the equation to solve for V, we have:

V = (nRT) / P

Given that the initial conditions are 300 K and 100 kPa, and a mass flow rate of 6.24 kg/s, we can calculate the number of moles of argon:

n = m / M

Where M is the molar mass of argon. The molar mass of argon is 39.948 g/mol, so n = 6.24 / (39.948 * 10⁻³) = 156.172 mol.

Substituting the values into the ideal gas law equation, we have V = (156.172 mol * 8.314 J/mol·K * 300 K) / 100 kPa. Converting kPa to Pa, we have V = (156.172 mol * 8.314 J/mol·K * 300 K) / 100,000 Pa, which equals 3769.23 m³.

Therefore, the argon volume flow rate at the heater exit is 3769.23 m³/s.

Answer:

The height of father = 178 cm.

Explanation:

The height of your father is 70 inches.

There are 2.54 centimeters in an inch

1 inch = 2.54 cm

70 inches = 70 x 2.54 = 177.8 cm

Rounding to the nearest centimeter.

70 inches = 177.8 cm = 178 cm

The height of father = 178 cm.

Answer:

Mass of the stick = 139.04 gram

Explanation:

Let the mass of the meter stick be = M grams

given:

Attached mass, m = 50.0 gram

position of the fulcrum = 39.2 cm

The meter stick is balanced at 49.7 cm, therefore the center of mass of the stick will be at 49.7 cm

Now for the system to be balanced the moment due to all the masses about the fulcrum must be equal.

thus,

moment = Force × perpendicular distance from the point of movement

Force = mass × acceleration due to gravity(g)

therefore,

(refer figure for the distances)

50g × (39.2-10) = Mg × (49.7 - 39.2)

⇒[tex]M=\frac{50\times 29.2}{10.5}[/tex]

⇒M = 139.04 gram

Answer:

The change in internal energy and efficiency are 10000 J and 5.26%.

Explanation:

Given that,

Work = 500 J

Heat transfer = 9500 J

(a). We need to calculate the decrease in her internal energy

Using equation of internal energy of a system

[tex]\Delta U=Q-W[/tex]

Q = heat

W = work done

Put the value into the formula

She looses her heat -9500 J

[tex]\Delta U=-9500-500[/tex]

[tex]\Delta U=-10000\ J[/tex]

(b). We need to calculate the efficiency

Using formula of efficiency

[tex]e=\dfrac{W}{Q}[/tex]

[tex]e=\dfrac{500}{9500}[/tex]

[tex]e=0.0526\times100[/tex]

[tex]e=5.26\%[/tex]

Hence, The change in internal energy and efficiency are 10000 J and 5.26%.

By using the first law of thermodynamics, we calculate the decrease in the woman's internal energy to be -10000 J as a result of 500 J of work done and 9500 J of heat transfer into the environment. Her efficiency, defined as the ratio of work done to the absolute value of the decrease in internal energy, is found to be 5%.

Part (a), let's calculate the decrease in her internal energy. We'll use the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W, which stipulates that the change in internal energy (ΔU) in a system is equal to the heat transferred into the system (Q) minus the work done by the system (W). Here, the heat transferred is -9500 J (it's negative since it's transferred out of her body). The work done is 500 J. Hence, the decrease in internal energy is ΔU = -9500 J - 500 J = -10000 J.

For part (b), efficiency (η) is defined as the ratio of the useful output to the total input. In this case, the useful output is the work done, and the total input is the absolute value of the decrease in internal energy. Thus, her efficiency is η = 500 J / 10000 J = 5%.

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Answer:

9.82 m/s^2

Explanation:

T = 2 s, g = 9.8 m/s^2

T' = 1.99796 s

Let the acceleration due to gravity at new location is g'.

The formula for the time period of simple pendulum is given by

[tex]T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}[/tex]     .... (1)

here, length of the pendulum remains same.

Now at the new location, let the time period be T'.

[tex]T' = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{L}{g'}}[/tex]    .... (2)

Divide equation (2) by equation (1), we get

[tex]\frac{T'}{T} = \sqrt{\frac{g}{g'}}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{1.99796}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{9.8}{g'}}[/tex]

[tex]0.99796 = {\frac{9.8}{g'}}[/tex]

g' = 9.82 m/s^2

tT9.82 m/s².

Pendulum is the body which is pivoted a point and perform back and forth motion around that point by swinging due to the influence of gravity.

The time period of a pendulum is the time taken by it to complete one cycle of swing left to right and right to left.

It can be given as,

[tex]T=2\pi \sqrt{\dfrac{L}{g}}[/tex]

Here, (g) is the gravitational force of Earth and (L) is the length of the pendulum.

The time period of the pendulum with a period of 2 s in one location g=9.80m/s2 can be given as,

[tex]2=2\pi \sqrt{\dfrac{L}{9.8}}\\L=0.996468\rm m[/tex]      

Now, this pendulum is move to a new location where the period is now 1.99796 s. Thus, put the value in the above formula as,

[tex]1.99796=2\pi \sqrt{\dfrac{0.996468}{g}}\\g=9.82\rm m/s^2[/tex]

Thus, the acceleration due to gravity at its new location for the pendulum is 9.82 m/s².

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Answer:

The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the car is 0.22 m/s².

Explanation:

t= 380 sec

r= 3.27km= 3270m

d=π*r=π*3270m

d= 10273m

d=Vt*t

Vt= d/t = 10273m/380s

Vt= 27.03 m/s

ac= Vt²/r

ac= (27.03 m/s)²/3270m

ac=0.22 m/s²

Answer:

[tex]L_f = 71.25 kg m^2/s[/tex]

Explanation:

As we know by Newton's law of rotational motion that Rate of change in angular momentum is total torque on the system

So here we have

[tex]\tau = \frac{\Delta L}{\Delta t}[/tex]

here we can say it

[tex]L_f - L_i = \tau \Delta t[/tex]

so final angular momentum of the disc is given by the equation

[tex]L_f = L_i + \tau \Delta t[/tex]

now we know that

[tex]\tau = 7.50 Nm[/tex]

time interval is given as

[tex]\Delta t = 9.50 s[/tex]

since it is initially at rest so initial angular momentum is ZERO

so we have

[tex]L_f = 0 + (7.50)(9.50)[/tex]

[tex]L_f = 71.25 kg m^2/s[/tex]

Answer:

3.36m or 1680 N

Explanation:

Given:

Mass of the satellite =m

Mass of the moon Ganymede, M = 1.48 × 10²³ kg

Radius of Ganymede, R = 2631 km

Distance of satellite above the surface of the moon, d = 300 km

According to Universal Gravitational law:

[tex]F=\frac{GMm}{(R+d)^2}[/tex]

where, G is the gravitational constant, M and m are mass of the objects and (R+d) is the distance between the centers of the objects.

Substitute the values:

[tex]F=\frac{6.67\times 10^{-11}\times 1.48 \times 10^{23} m}{(2.931\times 10^6)^2}=3.36m[/tex]

If we consider mass of a satellite to be about 500 kg, the gravitational force between the moon and the satellite would be:

[tex] F = 3.36\times 500 = 1680 N[/tex]

Answer:

F = 15771.6 N

Explanation:

Initial velocity of ball just before it will collide is given as

[tex]v_i = \sqrt{2gh_1}[/tex]

[tex]v_i = \sqrt{2(9.81)(32.2)}[/tex]

[tex]v_i = 25.13 m/s[/tex]

now for final speed of rebound we have

[tex]v_f = \sqrt{2gh_2}[/tex]

[tex]v_f = \sqrt{2(9.81)(22.1)}[/tex]

[tex]v_f = 20.82 m/s[/tex]

now the average force is given as

[tex]F = \frac{mv_f - mv_i}{\Delta t}[/tex]

[tex]F = \frac{0.556(20.82 + 25.13)}{1.62 \times 10^{-3}}[/tex]

[tex]F = 15771.6 N[/tex]

Answer:

flow rate in pipe B is 16 times the flow in pipe A

Explanation:

According to the poiseuille's law, flow rate  is is given as

[tex]Q = \frac{ \pi Pr^{4}}{8\eta*L}[/tex]

Flow rate  in the pipe will remain same as above i.e,

[tex]Q_{A} = \frac{\pi Pr^{4}}{8\eta*L}[/tex]

Flow in the pipe be will be

As diameter OF PIPE B is doubled

AND length of both pipes remained same

[tex]Q_{B} = \frac{\pi P(2r)^{4}}{8\eta*L}[/tex]

          [tex]= \frac {16\pi P(r)^{4}} {8\eta*L}}[/tex]

          so we have

flow rate in pipe B is 16 times the flow rate  in pipe A

The flow rate in pipe B is four times larger than the flow rate in pipe A.

The flow rate in pipe B can be determined using the continuity equation, which states that the flow rate must be the same at all points along the pipe. The equation is given as Q = Av, where Q is the flow rate, A is the cross-sectional area, and v is the average velocity.

Since pipe B has twice the diameter of pipe A, its cross-sectional area is four times larger. Therefore, the flow rate in pipe B will be four times larger than the flow rate in pipe A.

So, if the flow rate in pipe A is Q, then the flow rate in pipe B is 4Q.

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Answer:

122.4 cm

Explanation:

[tex]d_{p}[/tex] = distance of phone from eye = 44 cm

[tex]d_{e}[/tex] = distance of eyeglasses from eye = 2.0 cm

[tex]d_{o}[/tex] = Object distance = [tex]d_{p}[/tex] - [tex]d_{e}[/tex] = 44 - 2 = 42 cm

P = Power of the eyeglasses = 1.55 diopter

focal length of eyeglass is given as

[tex]f = \frac{1}{P}[/tex]

[tex]f = \frac{100}{1.55}[/tex]

f = 64.5 cm

[tex]d_{i}[/tex] = image distance

using the lens equation

[tex]\frac{1}{d_{o}} + \frac{1}{d_{i}} = \frac{1}{f}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{1}{42} + \frac{1}{d_{i}} = \frac{1}{64.5}[/tex]

[tex]d_{i}[/tex] = - 120.4 cm

[tex]d_{n}[/tex] = distance of near-point

distance of near-point is given as

[tex]d_{n}[/tex] = |[tex]d_{i}[/tex]| + [tex]d_{e}[/tex]

[tex]d_{n}[/tex] = 120.4 + 2

[tex]d_{n}[/tex] = 122.4 cm

Explanation:

It is given that,

Length of wire, l = 0.53 m

Current, I = 0.2 A

(1.) Approximate formula:

We need to find the magnitude of the magnetic field made by the current at a location 2.0 cm from the wire, r = 2 cm = 0.02 m

The formula for magnetic field at some distance from the wire is given by :

[tex]B=\dfrac{\mu_oI}{2\pi r}[/tex]

[tex]B=\dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 0.2\ A}{2\pi \times 0.02\ m}[/tex]

B = 0.000002 T

[tex]B=10^{-5}\ T[/tex]

(2) Exact formula:

[tex]B=\dfrac{\mu_oI}{2\pi r}\dfrac{l}{\sqrt{l^2+4r^2} }[/tex]

[tex]B=\dfrac{\mu_o\times 0.2\ A}{2\pi \times 0.02\ m}\times \dfrac{0.53\ m}{\sqrt{(0.53\ m)^2+4(0.02\ m)^2} }[/tex]

B = 0.00000199 T

or

B = 0.000002 T

Hence, this is the required solution.

Answer and Explanation:

the electronic devices always have some noises present in the signal

there are some important considerations in optical fiber communications these are.

PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION INVERSION :

The principle of population inversion is defined as for production of high percentage of simulated emission for a laser beam the number of atoms in higher state should be greater than lower energy state

Noise considerations are important in optical fiber communications to maintain the fidelity of the transmitted signal. Population inversion, a critical principle for laser operation, involves achieving more particles in an excited state than in a lower energy state. Single frequency operation and the prevention of multiple transverse modes result in a more focused beam for optimal transmission.

Noise considerations are crucial in optical fiber communications because they can affect the fidelity and integrity of the transmitted signal. Noise can result from a variety of sources, including intrinsic factors within the fiber, like Rayleigh scattering, or from external influences such as electromagnetic interference. Managing noise is essential to maintain a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which enables the clear and accurate transmission of data over long distances.

The principle of population inversion is critical to the functioning of lasers, which are the light sources commonly used in optical fiber communication. Population inversion occurs when a system has more particles in an excited state than in a lower energy state, which is normally the opposite of what happens in thermal equilibrium. It can be achieved by pumping the system with energy, which propels the electrons into a higher energy level. Once the system has achieved population inversion, stimulated emission can occur, leading to the amplification of light and allowing for laser emission.

In laser systems, single frequency operation is often desired, which can be obtained through various methods such as using a monochromatic light source or employing optical filters. Regarding transverse modes, these are the different patterns of light intensity distribution across the cross-section of the beam. Preventing multiple transverse modes ensures that the laser operates in a single spatial mode, providing a cleaner and more focused beam, which is ideal for optical fiber transmissions.

Answer:

- 5 °C

Explanation:

[tex]T_{s}[/tex] = Surrounding temperature = - 5 °C

[tex]T(t) [/tex] = temperature at any time "t"

As per newton's law

[tex]T(t) = T_{s} + C e^{kt}[/tex]

at t = 0

[tex]T(0) = - 5 + C e^{k(0)}[/tex]

[tex]21 = - 5 + C e^{k(0)}[/tex]

C = 26

at t = 1

[tex]T(1) = - 5 + (26) e^{k}[/tex]

[tex]10 = - 5 + (26) e^{k}[/tex]

k = - 0.55

at t = 34

[tex]T(t) = T_{s} + C e^{kt}[/tex]

[tex]T(34) = - 5 + (26) e^{34(- 0.55)}[/tex]

[tex]T(34)[/tex] = - 5 °C

Answer:

c) The magnitude of the magnification of a concave mirror is less than 1

Explanation:

we know

the mirror formula is given as:

[tex]\frac{1}{v}+\frac{1}{u}=\frac{2}{r}[/tex]   ..............(1)

also

magnification (m) of mirror is given as:

[tex]m=\frac{-v}{u}[/tex] . ..... (2)

where,

v = image distance

u = object distance

r = Radius of curvature of the mirror

Now

from (2)

[tex]v=-mu[/tex]

substituting in (1), we get

[tex]\frac{1}{u}(\frac{1}{-m}+1)=\frac{2}{r}[/tex]

or

[tex]\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{1}{m})=\frac{u}{r}[/tex]     ..............(3)

now it is given that object is beyond the center of the the curvature

thus,

⇒[tex]\frac{u}{r}>1[/tex]     ................(4)

comparing the (3) and (4), we have

[tex]\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{1}{m})>1[/tex]

or

[tex](1-\frac{1}{m})>2[/tex]

or

[tex]-\frac{1}{m}>2-1[/tex]

or

[tex]-\frac{1}{m}>1[/tex]

⇒[tex]m<-1[/tex]

Hence, the magnification is less than 1

The correct statement for the magnitude of magnification of a concave mirror, when the object is beyond the center of curvature, is that it is less than 1, indicating the image formed is real, inverted, and smaller than the object. So the correct option is C.

The correct statement about the magnitude of the magnification of a concave mirror when the object is beyond the center of curvature (do > r) is "The magnitude of the magnification of a concave mirror is less than 1." This is because when an object is located beyond the center of curvature, the image formed by a concave mirror is real, inverted, and smaller than the object. Hence, the magnification, which is the ratio of the image size to the object size, is positive but less than 1.

When dealing with concave mirrors, it is important to note that different object positions result in different types of images, depending on the object's distance relative to the mirror's focal length and center of curvature. If the object distance is greater than the radius of curvature, the image formed is smaller than the object, leading to a magnification of less than 1.

Answer:

a) [tex]\frac{m_1}{m_2}=\frac{1}{3}[/tex]

b) Acceleration = 0.75 m/s²

Explanation:

a) We have force , F = mass x acceleration.

[tex]\texttt{Value of force}=F_s[/tex]

[tex]\texttt{Acceleration of }m_1=3m/s^2\\\\\texttt{Acceleration of }m_2=1m/s^2[/tex]

We have force value is same

       [tex]m_1\times 3=m_2\times 1\\\\\frac{m_1}{m_2}=\frac{1}{3}[/tex]

b) We have

         [tex]m_1\times 3=m_2\times 1\\\\m_2=3m_1[/tex]

Combined mass

       [tex]m=m_1+m_2=m_1+3m_1=4m_1[/tex]

Force

         [tex]F_s=4m_1\times a\\\\a=\frac{F_s}{4m_1}=\frac{1}{4}\times \frac{F_s}{m_1}=\frac{1}{4}\times 3=0.75m/s^2[/tex]

Answer:

Option (A)

Explanation:

The relation between degree Celsius and kelvin is

Degree C = K - 273

So change in 1 degree C is same as 1 kelvin.

Answer:

Electric field, [tex]E=5.63\times 10^{16}\ N/C[/tex]

Explanation:

Given that,

Charge, [tex]q=1.83\times 10^5\ C[/tex]

We need to find the magnitude of electric field 17.1 cm (0.171 m) above an isolated charge. Electric field at a point is given by :

[tex]E=\dfrac{kq}{r^2}[/tex]

[tex]E=\dfrac{9\times 10^9\times 1.83\times 10^5\ C}{(0.171\ m)^2}[/tex]

[tex]E=5.63\times 10^{16}\ N/C[/tex]

So, the electric field is [tex]5.63\times 10^{16}\ N/C[/tex]. Hence, this is the required solution.

Answer:

The frequency of such a radio wave is 1 MHz.

(d) is correct option

Explanation:

Given that,

Wave length = 300 m

We know that,

Speed of light [tex]c= 3\times10^{8}\ m/s[/tex]

We calculate the frequency

Using formula of frequency

[tex]c = f\times\lambda[/tex]

[tex]f = \dfrac{c}{\lambda}[/tex]

Put the value into the formula

[tex]f=\dfrac{3\times10^{8}}{300}[/tex]

[tex]f =1\times10^{6}\ Hz[/tex]

[tex]f =1\ MHz[/tex]

Hence, The frequency of such a radio wave is 1 MHz.

The frequency of an AM radio wave with a wavelength of 300 meters is 1.00 MHz, using the formula c = λf, and knowing that the speed of light c is 3×10^8 m/s, the calculation results in a frequency of 1.00 MHz, which is 1×10^6 Hz.

To calculate the frequency of an AM radio wave given the wavelength, we can use the speed of light formula c = λf where c is the speed of light (approximately 3×108 meters per second), λ (lambda) is the wavelength, and f is the frequency. Since the typical wavelength for an AM radio wave is given as 300 meters, we plug this value into the equation to find the frequency:

f = c / λ

f = (3×108 m/s) / (300 m)

f = 1×106 Hz or 1.00 MHz

The frequency of an AM radio wave that has a wavelength of 300 meters is therefore 1.00 MHz, which corresponds to option (d).

Answer:

When the ball goes to first base it will be 4.23 m high.

Explanation:

Horizontal velocity = 30 cos17.3 = 28.64 m/s

   Horizontal displacement = 40.5 m

   Time  

         [tex]t=\frac{40.5}{28.64}=1.41s[/tex]          

   Time to reach the goal posts 40.5 m away = 1.41 seconds

Vertical velocity = 30 sin17.3 = 8.92 m/s

    Time to reach the goal posts 40.5 m away = 1.41 seconds

    Acceleration = -9.81m/s²

    Substituting in s = ut + 0.5at²

             s = 8.92 x 1.41 - 0.5 x 9.81 x 1.41²= 2.83 m

    Height of throw = 1.4 m

    Height traveled by ball = 2.83 m

    Total height = 2.83 + 1.4 = 4.23 m

    When the ball goes to first base it will be 4.23 m high.

When a ray of light is incident on a flat reflecting surface and makes an angle of 28.7° with the normal, the reflected ray will also make an angle of 28.7° with the normal.

When light reflects off a flat surface, the angle of incidence at that time equals the angle of reflection. Given an incident angle of 28.7° with the normal, the reflected ray will also make an angle of 28.7° with the normal. This principle, known as the law of reflection.

In addition, this principle applies universally to all the flat surfaces and ensures that light behaves predictably when interacting with various reflective surfaces, thereby making it a fundamental concept in both optics and physics. Thus, in this given scenario, the angle of reflection is 28.7°, maintaining consistency with the law of reflection.

Answer:

applied force on piston is 302.308163 N

Explanation:

Given data

mass = 1510 kg

weight = 1510 × 9.81 = 14813.1 N

radius = 8 cm

piston =  1.0 cm

to find out

force

solution

we will apply here pascal principal i.e

weight of automobile / area 1  = applied force on piston / area 2

so applied force on piston = weight of automobile × area 2  / area 1

and we know that areas is proportional to square of diameter

so area 2  / area 1 = (0.01/0.08)²

so  applied force on piston = weight of automobile × (0.01/0.08)²

applied force on piston = 14813.1  × (0.01/0.07)²

applied force on piston is 302.308163 N

The force necessary to raise the automobile using the hydraulic lift can be calculated using Pascal's Principle and the areas of the piston and the shaft. After calculating these, it is found that approximately 231 Newtons of force is needed to lift the car.

In the hydraulic lift, the force applied on the smaller piston is transmitted to the larger piston. This is based on Pascal's Principle that states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container. The force necessary to lift the car can be calculated using this principle and the formula F1/F2 = A1/A2, where F is the force and A is the area of the pistons.

First, we need to calculate the areas of the pistons. The area of a circle is given by the formula A = πr^2 where r is the radius of the circle. Plugging in the given values, A1 (piston) = π*(1cm)^2 = π cm^2 and A2 (shaft) = π*(8 cm)^2 = 64π cm^2.

The force on the larger piston (F2), which is the weight of the car, can be calculated by multiplying the mass of the car by gravitational acceleration F2 = m*g, with m = 1510 kg and g = 9.8 m/s^2. Hence, F2 is roughly 14798 Newtons. Therefore, using the formula F1/F2 = A1/A2 we can solve for F1: F1 = F2 * (A1/A2) = 14798N * (1/64) = approx 231N.

So, to lift the automobile using the hydraulic lift, a force of approximately 231 Newtons must be applied to the piston.

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