Relate restriction enzymes to recombinant DNA

Answer: B) The experimental group tests to see if the presence of Balanus in some manner prevents Chthamalus from growing.

Explanation:

The most logical third step in Connell's experimental procedure, permitting him to either accept or reject his hypothesis of competitive exclusion is the experimental group tests to see if the presence of Balanus in some manner prevents Chthamalus from growing.

Balanus is a species of crustacean, as know as sea acorns, whereas Chthamalus is a species of barnacles that can easily be found in the northern hemisphere's coasts.

To test Connell's hypothesis of competitive exclusion, the logical step would be to observe and compare the growth of Chthamalus in areas where both species are present, and where Balanus is excluded.

In Connell's experimental procedure, the most logical third step to accept or reject his hypothesis of competitive exclusion would be to observe the growth and interaction patterns between the Balanus and Chthamalus in the experimental group. This can be done by comparing the areas where both species are present with those where Balanus is excluded. If the growth of Chthamalus is significantly more in the absence of Balanus, this would serve as an evidence of competitive exclusion by Balanus. If no significant difference is noted, then the hypothesis might need to be reconsidered or rejected.

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Answer:

Iodine is a mineral which is present in the food such as diary products, sea foods, fruits, vegetables, and iodized salts. Body needs iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and these hormones helping in the control body metabolism, and other functions. Thyroid hormone is also playing an important role in brain, and bone development during infancy.

Thyroid gland have ability to transport iodide (concentrate) from blood which is required for produced thyroid hormones. In this process sodium-iodide symporter is playing the key role to transport iodine molecules into the cell.

Iodine is used by the body for the formation of thyroid hormones, which are involved in various physiological functions. Active transport is necessary to transport iodine into a cell.

The body uses iodine for the formation of thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are involved in various physiological functions such as cellular oxidation, growth, reproduction, and the activity of the central and autonomic nervous systems.

Active transport is necessary to transport iodine into a cell. The follicle cells of the thyroid actively transport iodides (anions of iodine) from the diet into their cytoplasm, resulting in a concentration that is approximately 30 times higher than in blood.

Answer:absorption and secretion

Explanation:

The main function of epithelial cells with large amount of cytoplasm is absorption and secretion. They're usually present sweat and oil glands of the skin due to its secretive function.

Answer:

ecosystem engineer

Explanation:

The beaver is one of the largest rodents in the world and its fame comes from its ability to modify the environments through the cutting down of trees and the construction of dam and burrows. Reason why they are called by nature engineers or ecosystem engineers.

In general, the construction of these dams is due to different reasons, the main one being the lack of a suitable habitat, because when the environment does not meet the requirements that fit their needs, for example, when water levels do not they are enough, they build these buildings. Also, dams provide shelter for possible attacks by their predators.

In North America, where the species is native, the construction of these dams brings benefits to nature, since they help with the restoration of wetlands and in turn, generate a place suitable for the flora and fauna characteristic of this habitat. Similarly, they function as flood controllers, as they help keep water levels low. However, in the southern hemisphere, where the species is not native, the same does not happen. Since the beaver arrived, the Patagonian forest (in Argentina) was never the same again and today it is considered as a plague for not having a predator.

The process of assembling amino acids as directed by the genetic information in mRNA is known as translation. It involves the conversion of nucleotide sequences in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that form proteins. The genetic code, which is nearly universal, employs codons to specify amino acids during this process.

Translation of mRNA in Protein Synthesis

The assembly of amino acids according to the genetic information carried by mRNA is called translation. During this process, the genetic code inscribed in the mRNA sequence is interpreted to synthesize proteins. Translation is a complex biological mechanism that involves various molecules and cellular structures, including mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), ribosomes, and numerous enzymes.

Each amino acid is specified by a three-nucleotide sequence known as a codon, and the process is facilitated by tRNA molecules that match these codons to specific amino acids. The ribosome acts as the site where this process unfolds, reading the mRNA codons and linking the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain, which ultimately folds into a functional protein. The genetic code that leads to this translation process is nearly universal among all species on Earth, governing the intricate translation from nucleotide sequences to amino acids—the building blocks of proteins.

This elucidation of protein synthesis is fundamental in understanding how genetic information dictates the structure and function of proteins within biological systems.

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Answer:

Maintaining variability in the genetic pool.

Explanation:

In a biodiverse population, there are different alleles in the genetic pool (variability) and not just a single fixed one. In a changing ecosystem it is possible that although not all of these alleles are beneficial to the population's fitness-  in the context of change-, one of them is and helps the population survive and adapt to such change.

Biodiversity then helps because if the population does not have multiple alleles, but only one, it would be possible that the only allele in the genetic pool is not appropriate to face the change in the ecosystem.

Answer:

Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, has an important role to play. For example, A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops. Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all forms of life.

Explanation:

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Answer:

Heterozygous

Explanation:

An organism is said to be heterozygous when he has two different alleles of the same trait. A homozygous individual have the two same alleles for a given trait. For example, height is a trait which has two alleles that are T and t.

So in heterozygous individuals, two different alleles will be present which is Tt and in homozygous individual two same allele of height will be present that can be TT or tt.  

In heterozygous condition normally one allele will be dominant and another allele will be recessive and in homozygous condition normally both the allele will be dominant or recessive. Therefore heterozygous is the organism that has two different alleles for the same trait.

The organism that has two different alleles for the same genetic trait is called a heterozygous organism.

In genetics, alleles are alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position (locus) on a pair of chromosomes. When an organism has two different alleles for a particular trait, it means that each of the two copies of the gene it possesses is different.

This could result in the expression of a dominant allele over a recessive allele, or in the case of co-dominance or incomplete dominance, both alleles may contribute to the phenotype of the organism.

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The fetal occiput is in the Ischial spines.

During labor and delivery, the baby passes through the “pelvic bones to reach the vaginal opening”. The pelvis is located between the hip bones and is wide/flat in females. The pelvis has the uterus, cervix and vagina. The muscles in the uterus push the baby down. The baby’s head presses the cervix releasing oxytoxin. Then it dilates and allows the baby to pass through fetal station.

Fetal station is the fetus/baby is in the pelvis. Occiput is the lower part of the head/skull. The presenting part of the baby passes through the birth canal. Most of the time it would be “baby's head, shoulder, the buttocks, or the feet”. Ischial spines are “bone points” on the “mother's pelvis”. It is the “narrowest part of the pelvis”.

0 station: This is the position when baby's head is at the Ischial spines. The baby is "engaged" when largest part of the head enters the pelvis. If the presenting part lies above the Ischial spines, the station is reported as a negative number from -1 to -5.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Two genes are involved in this case: one coding for eye color and the other for skin color.

According to the question, the allele for Black eyes (B) is dominant over the allele for orange eyes (b) while on the other gene, the allele for green skin (G) is dominant over the allele for white skin (g).

This means both alleles for orange eyes (b) and white skin (g) are recessive i.e masked by their counterpart allele

Since they are recessive, they will only be phenotypically expressed if they are in their homozygous state. i.e same type of allele.

In this case, the parent has orange eyes and white skin i.e.both recessive traits

Therefore, the genotype will be bbgg.

The genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin is bbgg.

The genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin is bbgg. In genetics, lowercase letters represent recessive alleles while uppercase letters represent dominant alleles. Since orange eyes are recessive, the parent must have the genotype bb for eye color. Similarly, since white skin is recessive, the parent must have the genotype gg for skin color.

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Answer:

The correct answer is- Resource partitioning

Explanation:

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species can not share the same niche because species that share the same niche have the same needs which leads to the interspecies competition.

This competition leads to resource partitioning which means the species who share the same niche evolved by natural selection to occupy different niche by dividing their resource which leads to the coexistence of two different species.

So here coexistence of wild cats differ in the size of their canine teeth is the result of resource partitioning.

The most probable sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the given recombination frequencies is A, D, C, B. This order is determined by analyzing recombination frequencies, with the closest genes having the lowest frequencies and confirming the sequence through the addition of map units between linked genes.

To determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the given recombination frequencies, we can utilize the concept that genes closer together on a chromosome have lower recombination frequencies. The given recombination frequencies are between gene pairs: A-B (8 map units), A-C (28 map units), A-D (25 map units), B-C (20 map units), and B-D (33 map units).

Starting with the closest genes, A and B are 8 map units apart. Since the recombination frequency between B-C is 20 map units and A-C is 28, it suggests that gene C lies farther from A and B.

Additionally, B-D's recombination frequency is 33 map units, which is higher than A-D's 25 map units, suggesting that D is closer to A; thus, gene D lies between A and C. To confirm the sequence, we can verify the sum of recombination frequencies between three linked genes; for example:

A-B + B-D = 8 + 33 = 41 map units

A-D + D-C = 25 + 3 (calculated since A-C is 28 and A-D is 25) = 28 map units

Given this information, A-D-C is the more likely arrangement because the sum of the recombination frequencies matches the recombination frequency of A-C. Therefore, the most probable order of genes along the chromosome is A, D, C, B.

The most likely explanation for the distinct blood pigment in one pupfish population is a random mutation combined with the beneficial allele being favored and spread by natural selection.

If, in one population of pupfish, all of the individuals have a blood pigment that is extraordinarily effective at carrying oxygen, but this trait is not seen in any of the other populations, it suggests a specific evolutionary event has occurred. Option B suggests that this population was lucky to have an individual with a random mutation for an effective blood pigment, and the frequency of this allele was increased in subsequent generations through natural selection. This is the most likely scenario because the allele for the effective blood pigment would offer a significant survival advantage in environments where oxygen was scarce, and those individuals with the mutation would be more likely to survive and reproduce, passing the beneficial allele on to future generations.

Answer & explanation:

Fungi have long been regarded as organisms that were part of the Plantae kingdom (plants), mainly because they have cell walls in their cells, reproduce by spores, and the fact that some of them are sessile (attached to the ground).

However, fungi are no longer considered as plants because they do not have chlorophyll or specialized cells, such as chloroplasts and vacuoles. In addition, fungi have heterotrophic nutrition (plants are autotrophic), needing to absorb organic substances to survive.

Nowadays, fungi are studied in isolation and are inserted in their own kingdom, the Fungi kingdom.

Answer:

option B. chief cells

Explanation:

The inner wall of stomach contain gastric pits. The pits contain certain cells that secretes chemicals. The cheif and parietal cells are present in gastric pits. The Hcl secreted by parietal cells. The hcl is involved in conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin. The pepsinogen is the inactive form and it become activated by hcl. The inactive zymogen (pepsinogen) is released into gastric juice. The chief and mucus cells secrete pepsinogen. The active pepsin is responsible for digesting proteins. Thus, option B is correct.

Answer:

The correct answer is presbycusis.

Explanation:

As we grow older and imperceptibly, human beings gradually lose their ability to hear. This process is called presbycusis.

It is a condition that occurs normally as we get older and usually affects both ears equally.

To this day, no method has been developed to prevent this.

There are many reasons why you can suffer presbycusis, although the most common is caused for the changes generated in the inner ear.

Losing an auditory part is quite uncomfortable since it affects us in all the activities we do every day.

The presence of a mutualist might allow what to happen in terms of population dynamics - a) The species could surpass its carrying capacity.

Population dynamics is the study of how and why populations change in size and structure over time.

Thus, the presence of a mutualist might allow what to happen in terms of population dynamics - a) The species could surpass its carrying capacity.

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

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Answer:

Amount of DNA in a diploid G2 nucleus after S phase has already undergone DNA replication hence the amount of DNA in a diploid nucleus in G1 would be 200 ng. As the organism is diploid, 200 ng of DNA would be carried on 14 chromosomes.  

A single ascospore nucleus of Neurospora crassa should contain 200 nanograms (ng) of DNA, carried on 7 chromosomes.

The process described in the question involves both meiosis and mitosis as part of the life cycle of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa. As it begins with a diploid G2 nucleus containing 400 ng of DNA and 14 chromosomes. During meiosis, this number is halved, resulting in four daughter cells, each with half of the original DNA (200 ng) and seven chromosomes. Further mitosis, which doesn't change the amount of DNA or number of chromosomes, doubles the number of cells, results in eight ascospores each containing 200 ng of DNA and seven chromosomes.

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Answer:

Negative Feedback

Explanation:

The balancing feedback also called as negative feedback. The negative feedback regulates by stimulus that decreases the function. This mechanism balances the release of substance. The examples of negative feedback are thermoregulation and blood sugar regulation. The excess glucose is decreased by insulin. The changes in the body temperature are balanced and normal temperature is maintained. Thus, Response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called a Negative Feedback.

Answer: option D

Deterioration of Morrie's body is compared to a pink hibiscus plant.

Explanation:

Tuesdays with Morrire is a book written by an American author Mitch Albom. The book was written base on the visits the author made to his form sociology lecturer Morrire Schwartz who was suffering from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The book use a metaphor to describe the deteriorating body of Morrie's using thr pink hibiscus plant. When the pink hibiscus plant is deteriorating, the plant petals start to fall and later dies. Morrie's body also began to deteriorates while he depend on oxygen to breathe, as times goes by, the deterioration continues just as petals of hibiscus plant and he eventually died.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

In the central dogma of genetic expression, a codon is a triplet nucleotide sequence in a mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid. Each group of codon contains information for one amino acid.

There are only four nucleotides in an mRNA; Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil. If these nucleotides are sequenced three at a time, there will be 64 combinations (where 61 of these combinations code for an amino acid while the remaining three represent stop codons; UAA, UAG, UGA) of the 4 nucleotides i.e. 4^3 or 4×4×4.

There are only 20 different amino acids, meaning that there are more possible codons than the amino acid they code for. Due to this reason, most amino acids are indicated by more than one codon i.e more than one codon can code for a particular amino acid in the genetic code. This phenomenon is referred to as DEGENERACY or REDUNDANCY in genetic coding.

For example; Phenylalanine, an amino acid, is coded for by UUU and UUC codons. Also, leucine is coded for by CUU, CUC, CUA and CUG codons.

Note that, all amino acids except tryptophan (coded for by only one amino acid, UGG) is coded for by 2 or more codons.

These degenerate pattern is important to the genetic code because it helps minimize the effect incorrect placement of nucleotides can have on protein synthesis i.e. a nucleotide can be incorrectly placed due to mutation and still not affect the synthesis of protein. e.g. a nucleotide sequence of UUU can be incorrectly placed as UUC, but because the codons both code for one amino acid, no harm is done.

In the genetic code, every amino acid is defined by a three-nucleotide sequence called a codon. A single amino acid can be encoded by multiple different codons, a concept referred to as degeneracy. Codons are always triplets, there are stop codons that terminate protein synthesis, and the AUG codon which initiates translation.

The genetic code contains instructions for protein synthesis where amino acids are coded by three nucleotide sequences called codons. It is important to note that in some cases a single amino acid can be specified by more than one codon, which is also known as degeneracy of the genetic code. Degeneracy helps reduce the potential negative impact of random mutations, as a single-nucleotide substitution might specify the same or a chemically similar amino acid, thus preventing the protein from getting rendered completely non-functional.

Notably, each codon is composed of three nucleotides, not two. This is because there are only 16 possible two-nucleotide combinations, which wouldn't be sufficient to specify every one of the 20 commonly occurring amino acids. In contrast, there are 64 possible three-nucleotide combinations or codons, which covers all the amino acids and even allows for some redundancy or degeneracy.

Additionally, of the 64 possible triplets, three do not code for an amino acid but terminate protein synthesis, these are called stop codons. Also, the codon AUG, besides denoting the amino acid methionine, typically functions to initiate translation as the start codon.

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Answer:

Prokaryotes only:

Eukaryotes only:

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

Final answer:

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have simpler structures, while eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and are more complex, with multicellular organisms being exclusively eukaryotes. Both share basic cell components like the plasma membrane and ribosomes.

Explanation:

The distinctions between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are key in understanding cell structure and function. Prokaryotic cells, which include Bacteria and Archaea, are characterized by lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and their DNA generally exists in a single, circular chromosome within a nucleoid region. On the contrary, eukaryotic cells, which make up animals, plants, fungi, and protists, contain a well-organized, membrane-bound nucleus with multiple, rod-shaped chromosomes and other internal membrane-bound organelles.

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share some fundamental components such as the plasma membrane, which serves as a barrier to the environment, the cytoplasm, which contains organic molecules and salts, a DNA genome that stores genetic information, and ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. However, eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex, with multicellular organisms exclusively falling into the eukaryote category.

Answer:

Lactate, and NAD+

Explanation:

In the process of glycolysis the product is pyruvate. When muscle don't contain enough oxygen they will go through anaerobic glycolysis they don't perform the citric acid cycle and converting the pyruvate to lactate and NAD+. NAD+ is required for the keep going glycolysis.

So, the answer is Lactate and NAD+.

Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to lactic acid and gain two ATPs in the process. This occurs during strenuous exercise when cells need high amounts of energy. Accumulation of lactic acid during this process can cause muscle fatigue.

When muscle cells are in a state of oxygen deprivation, they convert pyruvate to lactic acid. This is an anaerobic process during which high amounts of energy are necessary but cannot be supplied by oxygen to the muscles. The conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid allows the recycling of the enzyme NAD+ from NADH, a necessity for the process of glycolysis to continue, resulting in a gain of two ATPs per glucose molecule.

This process occurs largely during strenuous physical activity when the energy demand is high. However, the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles may contribute to muscle fatigue. Glycolysis, besides not utilizing glucose very efficiently, also cannot be sustained for a very long period. It is, however, useful in providing short bursts of high-intensity output.

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Answer:

In the first wave of a distributed denial of service –ddos  attack, the targets that will be the “foot soldiers” are infected with the implements that will be used to attack ultimate victim is true.

Explanation:

Answer:

The replication of DNA occurs through the following phases - unwinding of strands, binding of RNA primers, elongation, removal of primers, DNA repair and termination of replication.

Explanation:

There are two types of nucleic acids one is RNA and the other is DNA. DNA makes a new copy by the process of DNA replication. The replication of DNA is semiconservative type.  

It consists of different steps. The first is an unwinding of the two strands of DNA. This occurs by helicase enzyme which acts like a scissor. The point where this enzyme acts and strat the unwinding is called the origin of replication.

The second step is the synthesis of an RNA primer at the point of origin. It is formed from the DNA template. This RNA primer helps to synthesize new DNA strands and elongates the DNA. This process is called elongation. It forms two strands- leading and lagging strands.

The lagging strand consists of many RNA primers that should be removed.  

The RNA primers are removed by DNA polymerase I and it helps in adding complementary strands of DNA. As a result, one new DNA forms from the older one. The final step is DNA repair, which has done by enzyme nuclease.

The enzyme nuclease removes the wrong nucleotides and DNA polymerase fills the space with correct complementary nucleotide.

Answer:

The answer would likely be C as it seems that his nasal passage is mostly affected. Based on diagrams of sinusitis, the cheekbones and eyes bones areas are likely to be impacted by the nasal blockage.

Explanation:

Final answer:

Micah's doctor would likely diagnose his condition as sinusitis based on the presence of a frontal headache, pressure over the cheekbones, nasal congestion, and a nasal discharge, which indicates inflammation of the sinuses.

Explanation:

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Micah's Condition

Based on the symptoms described, Micah's doctor would likely diagnose his condition as sinusitis. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses, marked by headaches, pressure over the cheekbones, nasal congestion, and a nasal discharge. The presence of an odd nasal sound in Micah's voice further supports this diagnosis as it indicates that his sinuses, which are connected to the nasal passages, are affected.

Rhinitis, which is inflammation of the nasal cavity, often accompanies sinusitis but is not characterized by the same type of headache and pressure over the cheekbones. This combination of symptoms, with the addition of sinus involvement, is more aligned with rhinosinusitis. While tonsillitis and pleurisy are conditions that also affect parts of the respiratory system, their symptoms do not match Micah's presentation.

Bacterial rhinosinusitis, which is an infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses usually occurring after a viral infection, is commonly caused by pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

Answer:

The pathophysiology instructor will emphasize that the cells of the proximal tubule have a fine, villous structure that increases surface area, allowing for active transport processes to occur with fluids.

Explanation:

Answer:

DNA evidence revealed the American vultures share more recent ancestor with the Storks

Explanation:

The hooded vultures that is mostly found in the African continent have a close resemblance with the American vultures and were traditionally classified to belong to the Falcon family.

However, it was observed that the American vultures shared a similar behavior with Stork which is not common to the vulture found in Africa, including the hooded vulture. The Stork and the American vulture exhibit the behavior of urinating on their legs when being overheated. When the urine gets evaporated, it helps them to cool their body temperature.

This shared behavior between the storks and the American vultures led scientists into using molecular analysis in analyzing the DNA of the hooded vultures found in Africa, the American vultures, and the stork.

Evidence from the DNA analysis later revealed that the American vultures and the storks share a more common DNA sequences than African vultures and American vultures do.

Answer: diabetes mellitus

Explanation:

This is a disease condition associated with elevated blood glucose levels.

It is due to abnormalities of the Pancreas. The pancreas coordinates two hormones INSULIN AND GLUCAGON in its cells.

INSULIN converts excess sugar to GLYCOGEN while GLUCAGON breaks down GLYCOGEN to sugar when blood glucose/glucose levels drops.

If the pancreas beta-cells of glucose are faulty, INSULIN fails to converts excess glucose to glycogen; therefore glucose builds up in the blood plasma,and failed to enter the needed cells. Large amount of glucose is wasted in urine.This is diabetes Mellitus.

The two types of diabetes are:

Type 1 and Type 2.