Answer:
The correct answer is: d) modernization theory
Explanation:
Within Development Economic literature, the modernization theory states that global inequalities are due to cultural differences between countries, and suggests that poor and under-developed countries should follow the industrialization path previously undertaken by rich, developed countries.
In contrast, world-system analysis, neocolonialism theory and dependency theory focus on exploitation of the poor countries (periphery) by rich countries (center) as the main source of inequality.
Vivian, an African American, finds that she seems to explain how she and Janet, a European American, became friends much more frequently than she has to explain her friendships with other African Americans. Sometimes she and Janet laugh about the curiosity of others. Vivian and Janet have encountered _____, a challenge to intercultural relationships.
Answer: Vivian and Janet have encountered the need for explanation, a challenge to intercultural relationships.
Explanation:
Vivian, as an African American, has to explain how she became friends with Janet, an European American, because people assume that cultural differences between African Americans and European Americans are too big to be overcome.
Final answer:
Vivian and Janet have encountered intercultural tensions in their friendship, which is an example of challenges faced in intercultural relationships due to societal expectations and stereotypes.
Explanation:
Vivian and Janet have encountered intercultural tensions, a common challenge in intercultural relationships. When people from different cultural backgrounds come together, they often have to navigate and negotiate not only their personal identities but also societal expectations and stereotypes. The frequent need to explain their friendship indicates that their relationship doesn't align with what is traditionally expected within their respective racial or cultural communities.
Such experiences can range from mild curiosity to more serious forms of cultural misunderstanding or stereotyping. These can lead to assumptions that are not true for the individuals involved, as people often rely on generalized 'single stories' or stereotypes about others based on culturally perceived norms.
Tensions like these can arise because individuals are navigating their identity which is rooted in both their own culture and the integrated culture of America. It requires a deep understanding of racism, prejudice, and willingness to approach intercultural exchanges with an open mindset. Personal relationships, such as that of Vivian and Janet, play a crucial role in bridging cultural divides and promoting mutual understanding among different racial and cultural backgrounds.
Please select the correct APA formatted reference page citation for the following book.
Author: Jeanne Ellis Ormrod,
Title: Human Learning,
Publishing Date: 2012,
Publisher: Pearson Publishing,
Publisher location: Upper Saddle River, NJ
Answer:
Ormrod, J. E. (2012). Human learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Publishing.
Explanation:
The APA reference style is a citation style commonly used in humanities and related fields. It follows this basic structure:
Author's surname, First initial of author's given name (Year of publication). Book title. City of publisher, State of publication: Editor/Publisher.
Following this structure, the correct APA reference for this book is: Ormrod, J. E. (2012). Human Learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Publishing.
Roger is 3 years old and very exuberant. His mother has little patience with him and is most accepting of him when he plays very quietly by himself. According to Carl Rogers’s humanistic theory of personality, what is the most likely result of this upbringing?
Answer: it is most likely to be a quiet, shy and introvert person.
Explanation: In Carl Roger's theory, development of personality depends on three things: 1) Selfsteem, 2) Selfimage and 3) ideal self.
The first is the steem you have of your tools to resolve situations that may be presented; the second is how you see yourself and it depends on how we are perceived by others and the third is how we'd llke to be.
If his mother doesn't have patience with him and only accepts him when he plays quietly, she is teaching him that the best way to be accepted is being that way (quiet and introvert).
While reading a book for literature class, Kelly tried to relate to the character's struggles and note how they are similar and different from her own life so that she can remember the events in the book better. Kelly is using the ________ strategy.
The correct answer is Elaboration
Explanation: To elaborate means to carry out activities that allow the apprentice to make some symbolic construction about the information he is trying to learn with the purpose of making it meaningful.
Elaboration Strategy is a way to help students.
Linda finds it easier to remember concepts when she relates them to her experiences.
Which of the following effects causes this?
a. Framing effect
b. Halo effect
c. Self-presentation effect
d. Self-reference effect
The correct answer is letter D.
Explanation: Self-reference effect refers to people’s tendency to better remember information when that information has been linked to the self than when it has not been linked to the self. In research on the self-reference effect, people are presented with a list of adjectives and are asked to judge each word given a particular instruction.
Tyrone has a low self-esteem. When his friends ask him to do something together or go someplace, he responds by saying that they are probably only asking to be polite or because they feel bad for him. These comments make his friends uncomfortable and eventually, they stop making the effort to get together. Tyrone is now sure that he is not a person anyone would want to have as a friend. Which type of transaction does this illustrate?
Answer:
evocative transaction
Explanation:
Personality traits that affects an individual's personality are both influenced by the genetics as well as environment. This is known as Person-environment transactions. There are mainly four types of Person-environment transactions. They are :
Proactive transaction Reactive transaction Evocative (strong feelings) transaction Manipulative transactionEvocative transaction are those behaviors which occurs when individuals try to evoke or draw out certain kinds of reactions from their social environments because of their own personality attributes.
In the given context, Tyrone who has a very low self esteem tries to draw out conclusion from his friends who tries to hang around with him that they are being more polite to him because his friends wants to spent time together with each other. Thus Tyrone is illustrating evocative transaction of Person-environment transactions.
Hence the answer is --
evocative transaction
Craig Naples, a European professional footballer, features in an advertisement that recommends a certain brand of soccer shoes. However, the viewers do not consider Craig's message as expert advice.
Which of the following is the reason for this?
a. Individuals lack the ability to comprehend specific messages from experts.
b. Craig featured in the advertisement for his own self interest.
c. Viewers do not take expert advices on specific products or services.
d. Footballers are not considered experts when buying soccer shoes.
The correct answer is B) Craig featured in the advertisement for his own self-interest.
Craig Naples, a European professional footballer, featured in an advertisement that recommends a certain brand of soccer shoes. However, the viewers do not consider Craig's message as expert advice.
The reason for this is that Craig featured in the advertisement for his own self-interest.
Consumers have to be familiarized with the people that appear in an advertisement. The sport player has to have some ties with the fans. The key here is that people have to trust him. For fans to believe what is said in the advertisement, the sports player has to have legitimacy and be considered an expert. And the product, to be of benefit for the fans. And in this example, that is not the case.
Jack: "Let's go to the movies at Cineplex after class. We have to get out of this building anyway." What type of cause is Jack implying by saying they "have to" leave the building?
A. Cause as necessary condition.
B. Cause as sufficient condition.
C. Cause as necessary and sufficient condition.
D. Contributory cause. Primary cause.
E. None of the above.
Answer:
The correct answer is:
C. Cause as necessary and sufficient condition.
Explanation:
In this case it is possible to say that to develop the activity proposed by Jack one event needs to happen (they need to leave the building), so the second event can take place (Go to the movies). The first event has to happen anyway, after class they will leave, to go home, to find a friend, or to go to the cinema, this would represent the cause as sufficient condition by itself and accompanied of the second event it combines the two causal conditions.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The assistant professor frantically prepared his tenure and promotion dossier for the personnel committee. The deadline loomed and he had several other things to accomplish – deadlines for papers and key correspondence that demanded replies. By his reckoning, he probably didn't have enough toner, paper, or computing time available to accomplish all that he had left to do. His project is unfortunately?
Answer:
Mix-constrained
Explanation:
When we talk about "constraints," we refer to elements that limit a manager's options. This is an important concept in business management. There are several types of constraints that can exist in a project. Time-constraints are those that refer to the deadline. When these exist, it means that the person does not have enough time to complete the project. On the other hand, resource constraints means that you do not have the concrete elements that would make a project successful (staff, money, etc.). A project that is mix-constrained is one that has both problems.
Which of these is a characteristic of pure competition?
A.
There are many government regulations on business transactions,
B.
There are no substitutes for the goods offered for sale,
C.
There are no barriers to new firms entering the market.
D.
There are many obstacles to consumer knowledge about products,
The correct answer is letter C.
Explanation: Perfect competition is an ideal market situation where there are a lot of sellers and a lot of buyers. This scenario would favor a natural equilibrium in prices through the relationship between supply and demand.
Also called pure competition, perfect competition is a concept that is not true in the real world, and is more of a theoretical model than a practical one.
(02.02 LC)
Which of the following best describes chemical weathering?
A. A process in which ice wears away at rocks over a long period of time
B.A series of changes that moves rocks from one area to another
C. Any small-scale event such as rain or fog
D, A process that changes the composition of rocks, causing them to break down
Final answer:
Chemical weathering is the process that changes the composition of rocks, which involves chemical reactions that decompose, dissolve, or loosen rocks, forming new compounds like clays and contributing to soil formation.
Explanation:
Chemical weathering is best described by option D: A process that changes the composition of rocks, causing them to break down. Unlike physical weathering or mechanical weathering, which involves the physical breakup of rock, chemical weathering involves the chemical alteration of rock minerals. In this process, rocks are decomposed, dissolved, or loosened by chemical processes, typically with water and substances like oxygen and acids playing a key role. Over time, this leads to the transformation of rocks into new compounds such as clays, and it can release minerals into the soil, assisting in soil formation.
For example, the mineral feldspar in granite can chemically alter to form clay minerals through reactions with water and carbon dioxide. This transformation is crucial for the development of soils, a topic covered in more detail as we explore the relationships between weathering, soil formation, and sediment deposition.
People who live in a rural community have lots of .... There are many kinds of rural communities.
Answer: Happiness
Explanation: Most people who live in rural areas work in farming, agriculture, planting and harvesting food necessary for our survival. Also, in the countryside many people raise the animals and products that are marketed in the city.
Natural spaces are conducive to physical and social activities - both even associated with a range of health benefits.
Rural communities offer benefits such as open space and lower crime rates, but also face challenges including limited services and economic opportunities due to sparse populations and significant travel distances.
People who live in rural communities experience both benefits and challenges associated with their environment. On the one hand, rural areas often provide open space, less crowding, and lower crime rates, factors which contribute to a tranquil living environment with cleaner air. However, these areas commonly face issues due to sparse populations and significant distances between locations. This situation can lead to a lack of public transportation, limited access to health care, insufficient economic opportunities, particularly in the information age, and a general shortage of various human services such as well-equipped schools and leisure activities. Poverty in rural areas can exacerbate these problems, making them even more pressing.
You build and maintain two biologically diverse terrariums that are identical in every way at the beginning, except that one is divided in half by an unbreachable glass wall. After some time (long enough for many generations to pass, but not long enough for much evolution to occur), it is most likely that:
A) The total number of species in each terrarium will be the same.
B) The divided terrarium will have more species than the undivided one.
C) The undivided terrarium will have more species than the divided one.
D) The Pepsi Corporation will buy advertising in your terrariums.
E) The Pepsi Corporation will buy advertising in your terrariums, and then "water" them with Pepsi, killing them.
Answer:
The correct answer is:
C) The undivided terrarium will have more species than the divided one.
Explanation:
Through time the species of the divided terrarium will face some problems of conservation. Once some of the species present in only one side of the divided terrarium die, they would not be able to reproduce themselves on the other side of the glass, it means they will disappear in time. Nevertheless, in the undivided terrarium it would be more conditions and space for the species present in this place to reproduce, conserve, and expand throughout this field.
The "_____" of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.
Answer:
Diversity
Explanation:
A study revealed that more than 90 percent users of a search engine visited the links that appeared at the top of the search results page.
This study supports the _____.
a. incremental effect
b. covariation principle
c. primacy effect
d. central traits principle
Answer:
C - Primacy effect.
Explanation:
The primacy effect (a cognitive bias) refers to the tendency to recall information presented at the top/start of a list better that the information at the middle or the end of said list. This tendency relates to the rehearse and related systems of memory storage. It would also explain, as the question details, the 90 percent of users that pick the information at the top of the search results page.
The new Aristographic Creativity Scale had test and retest scores that were highly similar, but it lacked predictive value. In addition, there was some uncertainty about precisely what ability the test was actually measuring. The Aristographic Creativity Scale has high reliability but low validity.a. Trueb. False
Answer:
The correct answer is:
a. True
Explanation:
The concepts of reliability and validity are used to measure or check the research quality. The first concept reliability refers to the way in which the use of an instrument for a research, shows the same or really similar results when it has been used repeatedly; in this case the new Aristographic Creativity Scale has same results when applied. While the concept of validity focuses on measuring the particular area of study, it checks if it is correct to use that instrument to measure a specific subject, in this case, it is not exactly known what ability the instrument is measuring, that is to say it does not have validity.
Stephanie and Luke were friends until their opposite political views led them to spend a lot of time online posting about their views and being involved in online support groups. They have now drifted apart. This illustrates that the internet can lead to
Answer:
Group polarization
Explanation:
In the field of psychology, group polarization is a term that refers to the tendency of a group to influence its members in a way that their most extreme beliefs are reinforced, even if they held no particularly extreme views before joining the group, which in turn leads to the group moving more and more towards an even more extreme position. A side effect of group polarization is that when engaged in discussion with people who hold different views, often times the end result is not a more nuanced and balanced approach, but a reinforcement of people's original views.
In our case, Stephanie and Luke were friends despite their different political views. But discussing their views online meant both mingling with people who held their same opinions and arguing with people who had opposite views, leading to a case of group polarization - their initial views grew further and further apart as a consequence of their most extreme views being reinforced. Eventually, the gulf between their ideas became so large that they drifted apart. Several studies have confirmed this phenomenon of group polarization, which has become extremely common thanks to the widespread of the internet.
Final answer:
The Internet's effect on friendships and political socialization can be both connective and divisive. It facilitates relationships for those who struggle socially, yet also creates rifts through polarized online communities and misinformation, as shown by Stephanie and Luke's experience.
Explanation:
The case of Stephanie and Luke represents how the Internet can impact friendships and social dynamics due to exposure to varied and often polarizing information. Although the Internet serves as a powerful conduit for building and sustaining relationships comparable to offline interactions, it also has the potential to create divisions as individuals engage within virtual communities that reinforce particular ideologies or political views.
In the context of political socialization, the Internet is influential in shaping political identities, particularly among the youth who actively consume and participate in political discourse online. However, the potential for misinformation and online echo chambers can exacerbate differences and lead to estrangement among friends, as seen with Stephanie and Luke. The Internet's dual role in promoting both connection and division highlights the complex nature of online interactions and their implications for real-world relationships.
It's important to acknowledge that technology isn't inherently negative, and can even empower individuals who might struggle with face-to-face communication. Nonetheless, the example underscores the importance of leveraging the Internet for positive uses and developing competence in navigating social media to foster healthy relationships.
How do drugs affect the brain? Why are many of them addictive? In this activity you will be learning about how specific drugs alter the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain to produce specific responses and even partially explain addiction. Then you will be investigating at least one other factor, other than the biology of neurotransmitters, that explains addictive behavior. As an example, choose a drug that has an impact on brain chemistry such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, nicotine, or MDMA. If you're using cited work please cite them in AMA format please.
The drugs quickly activate the brain's reward system - a primitive neurological circuit buried beneath the cortex - and release dopamine. This neurotransmitter, which is central to pleasure and desire, sends a message to the brain: This is an important experience worth remembering. Through this, the body begins to ask for the sensation released by dopamine, causing the body to become addicted to the substance.
Alcohol, for example, acts on the nervous system by changing behavior and may even lead to addiction. Its consumption initially promotes disinhibition, relaxation and euphoria. In a second moment the depressing effects begin to appear, such as speech and reasoning difficulties, slow reflexes, worsening of motor coordination and behavioral alteration. A laughing alcoholic may suddenly turn into a violent subject. These combined effects can cause a large number of problems, such as domestic violence and traffic accidents, many of them with death or permanent disability.
Deborah Tannen in her book The Argument Culture, makes the case that many aspects of life in Western culture, including the United States, are
A. about achieving consensus and cooperation
B. couched in a debate of two opposing views
C. superior to other parts of the world
D. the same as everywhere else in the world.
Answer: B. couched in a debate of two opposing views
Explanation:
Deborah Tannen, linguistics professor, using her study of everyday American language, seeks to demonstrate that the American society is often a "division" of two opposing views or a "battle".
Phrases such as "the battle of sexes" or "the war on drugs" are polarizing and often used to indicate differences and arguments instead of consensus and cooperation.
Victoria is a cake designer and baker at a bakery. She often creates custom cakes for weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, and other large events. She is emotionally involved and committed to her work, which allows her to meet her customers' high expectations. Victoria can be described as _________.
Answer:
Engaged (in her work).
Explanation:
To be enganged in one's work involves an emotional involvement and commitment, like the one Victoria presents. Being emotionally involved and committed are the features that describes Engagement in one's work and, thus, allows her to meet her client's expectations.
Victoria is a passionate cake designer and baker, whose dedication to her craft is comparable to the artistic attention to detail seen in artworks by painters like Thiebaud.
Explanation:Victoria, a cake designer and baker at a bakery who creates custom cakes for various events is emotionally involved and committed to her work. Her dedication and emotional investment in crafting these unique confections allow her to meet her customers' high expectations. This level of commitment can be best described as passionate. Passion is not only evident in her emotional investment but also in the intricate attention to detail required for custom cake designing, similar to how artists like Thiebaud depicted cakes in their artworks.
In the art references provided, each cake is unique and meticulously crafted. Thiebaud, for example, uses thick, dense paint to convey the texture of frosting and balances cakes on a single pole, creating an illusion of realism. Victoria's work can be equated to these artistic descriptions, where the attention to detail and emotional involvement in her craft parallel the artistic devotion seen in pieces like Cakes (6.4.9) and Boston Cremes (6.4.10).
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Loren has been a firefighter in California for 13 years. He recently was the first responder to a fatal car accident in which his close friend was a victim. Since then, he has been feeling like no matter what he does, he can't make a difference in the community and has felt detached from his coworkers. Loren is experiencing _____.
Answer:
Loren is experiencing burnout.
Explanation:
Burnout Syndrome refers to the stress experienced by an employee within the working environment. It involves a physical, mental and emotional exhaustion due to excessive work, for example.
It occurs within the working environment but can develop into the individual's personal environment, having repercussions in both aspects.
Loren's experience has developed in him the burnout syndrome since he feels he can't do much and even feels detached from his coworkers. He can't be there fully to provide the help the job needs.
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Females tend to live longer than males.
b. Baby boys tend to cry more than baby girls.
c. Males and females both find masculine qualities more desirable than feminine qualities.
d. In the age range of 15–24, males and females have very different death rates.
e. All of these
Answer:
e. All of these
Explanation:
All of these are statements that accurately reflect some of the differences between men and women. This is based on sociological and psychological research that has been conducted for several decades. In general, boys tend to cry more than girls when babies and young children are studied, but the relationship changes as the ages increase. Moreover, it is true that females tend to live longer than males, but in the age range of 15-24, the death rates are extremely different, mainly due to violent deaths. Finally, it is true that both men and women tend to find masculine qualities more desirable than female qualities.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Partners/spouses with similar exercise habits tend to perceive each other's support as helpful.
B. New fathers and new mothers experience equal decreases in physical activity after the birth of a child.
C. Increases in partner support lead to increases in mothers' physical activity levels.
D. "When choosing an exercise class, people prefer to exercise with people who are of a similar age and fitness level."
Answer: C
Explanation:
Increases in partner support does not necessarily lead to increases in mothers' physical activity levels.
A park ranger records the daily number of individuals who visited a park for six months before and six months after an admission fee was implemented. During the same time period, he compares the number of visits to two comparable parks that have no admission fee. This quasi-experimental design would be an example of a(n) _____
(A) nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design.
(B) interrupted time series design.
(C) control series design.
(D) reversal design.
Answer:
C - Control series design.
Explanation:
A control series design involves, first, finding an appropiate "control group", a similar population that didn't receive a particular manipulation or chance (such as the two other parks that have no admission fee). Control series design is not really admisible because it's not really a control group. It's a previous step.
Besides providing community calendars and meeting notices, ______ newspapers mostly carry articles on local schools, social events, town government, property crimes, and zoning issues.
a) postmodern
b) alternative
c) consensus-oriented
d) conflict-oriented
e) underground
The correct answer is letter D.
Explanation: Conflict-Oriented newspapers is about daily news that attempts to draw attention to controversial issues that impact the problems and struggles of people.
Dr. Prentice, principal of an elementary school, instructs her teachers to employ a new aggression-reduction program with the second graders and to keep using it on that group of students for the next three years. She finds that, relative to the start of the program, aggression in that group of students is down 35%. This example illustrates the possibility of ________________ as a plausible rival hypothesis.
Answer:
The answer is maturity.
Explanation:
In the example, the age difference might be the cause for the changes in attitude, as it was performed over the course of three years (and thus it's difficult to test the validity of the program itself).
In fact, some studies have shown that less psychologically mature teenagers tend to present more aggresive behaviours. However, not much further research has been done.
Luke suffers from acrophobia, a fear of high places. Luke's therapist suggests that his reaction to heights is a generalization of the fear triggered by a childhood playground accident in which he fell off a jungle gym. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.
A. learning
B. psychoanalytic
C. humanistic
D. biological
Which of the following is not true of sexual harassment?
1. Harassment targets experience various negative physical and psychological outcomes.
2. Sexual harassment is related to greater conflict and lower productivity in work teams.
3. Women who are harassed tend to be younger, married, and in higher-status jobs than women who are not harassed.
4. Sexual harassment is a common phenomenon for working women around the world.
Answer:
3. Women who are harassed tend to be younger, married, and in higher-status jobs than women who are not harassed.
Explanation:
Harassment of an individual concerning his or her sex is called sexual harassment. There are different forms of harassment depending upon the social-cultural context for example teasing, commenting which are hard to prove in a legal system are not illegal in a social set up but at the workplace, it could result in suspension or termination. At workplace promise for a reward or promotion in exchange for sexual favor is the most common.
Sexual harassment is based on the sex of a person instead of age or status.
The statement that is not true of sexual harassment is that women who are harassed tend to be younger, married, and in higher-status jobs than women who are not harassed. Therefore, option 3 is correct.
Sexual harassment refers to unwelcome and offensive behavior of a sexual nature that occurs in various settings, such as the workplace, educational institutions, or public spaces.
It involves any form of unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or verbal, nonverbal, or physical conduct that creates a hostile or intimidating environment.
Sexual harassment can include actions such as explicit comments, gestures, touching, stalking, or displaying sexually explicit materials.
It is a violation of an individual's dignity, infringing upon their rights and often causing significant emotional distress, psychological harm, and negative impacts on their overall well-being and professional or personal life.
Therefore, option 3 is correct.
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The overriding characteristic of individuals' exhibiting learned helpless behavior is:
a. attributing success to effort rather than luck.
b. feeling their actions have no impact on desired outcomes.
c. attributing failure to bad luck.
d. feeling they are in control of their actions.
e. a. and c.
Answer:
b. feeling their actions have no impact on desired outcomes.
Explanation:
The overriding characteristic of individuals exhibiting learned helpless behavior is feeling their actions have no impact on desired outcomes. Usually, we do what is necessary to achieve our desired goals. We are in control. Research shows that some people have learned that no matter what they do they cannot change the outcome. As they have learned this, they give up and accept whatever happens without even trying to change their fate.
Simon's dog urinates in the house while he is at work. When he gets home and sees the mess, he rubs his dog's nose in it and yells, "Bad dog!" Which of the following is one reason why this attempt at positive punishment might not work to correct the dog's behavior? Partially reinforced behaviors are harder to correct. It was not applied immediately after the dog's mistake. Punishment does not correct bad behavior. Dogs cannot understand a token economy.
Answer: It was not applied immedietly after the dogs mistake.
Explanation:
Delayed punishments are not as effective as immediete ones so the behavior is not successfully correcting the dogs behavior.
Final answer:
Simon's use of positive punishment may not correct his dog's behavior because it's not immediate, making it difficult for the dog to associate the punishment with the act of urinating indoors. Positive reinforcement is generally more effective in creating lasting behavioral changes and a positive learning atmosphere.
Explanation:
One reason why Simon's attempt at using positive punishment might not work to correct his dog's behavior when it urinates in the house while he is at work is that the punishment was not applied immediately after the dog's mistake. Dogs, like many other animals, need to be able to make a clear association between their behavior and consequences, and this association is most effectively made when the consequence immediately follows the behavior. Therefore, by the time Simon gets home and discovers the accident, too much time has likely passed for the dog to connect the punishment with the act of urinating indoors.
Research suggests that positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment as it builds a positive relationship between the dog and the owner. Instead, if Simon catches his dog doing something good, like urinating outside, he should reward the dog for this desired behavior. This can lead to a more lasting change in behavior, and create a more positive environment for the dog to learn in.