Answer:
c. glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue
Explanation:
The mutation inhibits the activity of the glucosidase but does not affect the other functions of the enzyme. The researcher then introduces the mutated enzyme into mammalian cells that do not express wild type glycogen debranching enzyme because glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue (single glucose molecule linked by alpha 1,6 linkage due to mutation in glucosidase activity of debranching enzyme).
Final answer:
Option c is the correct answer. The mutation in the glucosidase domain of the glycogen debranching enzyme leads to glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue, due to the inability to remove these residues at the branch points.
Explanation:
The question is relating to the effects of a mutation in the glucosidase domain of a mammalian glycogen debranching enzyme, specifically how this mutation affects glycogen metabolism when the mutated enzyme is introduced into mammalian cells. The glycogen debranching enzyme plays a critical role in glycogen breakdown, mainly by transferring a trisaccharide from an alpha-1,6 branch onto an adjacent alpha-1,4 branch and then hydrolyzing the remaining single glucose residue at the alpha-1,6 branch point. Since the mutation inhibits the glucosidase activity but does not affect other functions, this means the enzyme cannot properly process the remaining single glucose at the branch point.
The correct option is (c) glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue. This is because, with the inhibition of glucosidase activity, the debranching enzyme can no longer remove the single glucose residues at the branch points, leading to the accumulation of these residues in the glycogen structure.
All of the cells in the human body contain the same genes. How do cells have different morphologies and functions when they contain the same genetic information? Different cell types express particular genes at different levels. Different cell types synthesize proteins at a different rate. Different cell types obtain different types of nutrients from their surroundings. Different cell types receive different paracrine signals.
Answer:
The correct answer is: Different cell types express particular genes at different levels.
Explanation:
The human body, as the complex multicellular eukaryotic organism that it is, has many types of cells that differ both in morphology and function. This diversity is not given by the genes they possess, because all cells have all of the DNA (except for particular cells like the red blood cells, which do not have nuclei).
The mechanism that makes these differences possible is gene expression. Gene expression refers to the process in which genes are "selected" from the whole genome to be translated into proteins. For this reason, a neuron differs from a hepatocyte: because it expresses different genes, which leads to different sets of proteins being synthesized in the cell, which of course will relate to the function and structure of the overall cell.
Gene expression can be regulated in many ways by making modifications directly to the DNA, the RNA or even the protein.
Answer:
The Correct Option is "Different cell types express particular genes at different levels"
Explanation:
Although the heritable makeup of every cell is comparable, they need precise levels of their organic phenomenon that is named as disparity appearance. There may be numerous causes for variance organic phenomenon either because of the encompassing atmosphere, quite signaling they acquire or the speed of fusion. But, in comprehensive expressions, it's known as completely differential factor that is liable for diverse morphology and performance of genetically like cells within the organic structure.
In order for the synthesis of vitamin D to occur, a series of steps are necessary and any disruption in this process can result in a deficiency of vitamin D. With this in mind, choose the situations or conditions that could contribute to a vitamin D deficiency. Check all that apply.
O Limited or no use of sunscreen outdoors
Having a lighter skin pigmentation
Living in a region without a lot of sunlight
Having liver disease
Increased activation of vitamin D will result in absorption of calcium in the small intestine and risk of inadequate bone mineralization
Answer: Having liver disease
Living in a region without a lot of sunlight
Explanation:
Vitamin D is gotten from sunlight i.e the exposure of body to sunlight helps synthesis vitamins D. In area with low sunlight when the body
Cannot trap enough sunlight to produce vitamin D the body could have low vitamin D leading to its deficiency.
An impairment to the skin leads to an inability of the skin to synthesis it.
Vitamin D is transform to active for in the liver hence a damage to liver will lead to vitamin D deficiency.
Definitely include Ricket, softening of bone in adult.
Vitamin D deficiency can result from living in areas with limited sunlight, liver disease, and having a darker skin complexion. Limited use of sunscreen would not cause a deficiency. Increased vitamin D activation improves bone mineralization.
Explanation:The conditions that could contribute to a vitamin D deficiency include living in a region without a lot of sunlight, having liver disease, and having a darker skin pigmentation, which requires more UV exposure to synthesize the same amount of vitamin D compared to those with lighter skin. Limited or no use of sunscreen outdoors would typically not contribute to a deficiency and, in fact, might increase vitamin D production. Increased activation of vitamin D leads to the absorption of calcium in the small intestine and aids in bone mineralization, so this would not typically result in a deficiency or inadequate bone mineralization.
Sort each of the following descriptions into the most appropriate bin based on whether it accurately describes a cofactor, a coenzyme, or a prosthetic group. (Not every answer may be used.)
- the heme group of catalase is an example of one of these
- a small molecule that an enzyme requires to function; can be amino-acid based, a metal, or an organic compound
- a metal, such as iron, that is not permanently associated with an enzyme may be an example of one of these
- a coenzyme that is permanently associated with an enzyme
- it is usually derived from vitamins
- a cofactor that has an organic component, but no amino acids
a small molecule that an enzyme requires to function; can be a metal or an organic compound
Enzymes require the help of helper molecules called cofactors and coenzymes. The heme group in catalase is an example of a prosthetic group, which is a coenzyme permanently associated with an enzyme. Cofactors can be amino-acid-based, metallic ions, or organic compounds.
Explanation:In biology, enzymes often require the help of non-protein molecules known as helper molecules, which include cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are inorganic ions such as iron and magnesium, while coenzymes are organic molecules derived from vitamins. The heme group of catalase is an example of a prosthetic group, which is a coenzyme that is permanently associated with an enzyme. A small molecule that an enzyme requires to function can be a cofactor, which can be amino-acid-based, a metal, or an organic compound.
Suppose there are 50 couples with the same blood type and hemoglobin genotypes. They live on a small, isolated Pacific island on which very few mosquitoes have been identified. All the individuals are heterozygous for type A blood and have sickle cell trait. The 50 couples had 224 children over the years. The children were all tested for blood type and for the presence of the sickle cell allele.
Here are the results. Testing Results Blood Test Results Number of Children Type A, normal RBCs 48 Type O, normal RBCs 18 Type A, sickle cell trait 92 Type O, sickle cell trait 33 Type A, sickle cell disease 27 Type O, sickle cell disease 6 Are these data significant? Explain using a chi-square statistical analysis test.
a. What is χ2 ?
b. Calculate df.
c. Using the critical values table, determine the P value.
d. Interpret the P value as it relates to these data. Explain the significance.
From what you know about hemoglobin, sickle cell disease, and blood type, what selection pressure is acting on this population of children and causing the null hypothesis to be rejected? Explain your answer. (Hint: Look at the actual differences between the observed and expected numbers.)
Answer:
Explanation:
Observed phenotype(o)Expected(e) (o-e) (o-e)²/ e
Type A, normal RBCs 48 42 6 0.86
Type O, normal RBCs 18 14 4 1.14
Type A,sickle cell trait 92 84 8 0.76
Type O,sickle cell trait 33 28 5 0.89
Type A,sickle cell Dx 27 42 -15 5.36
Type O, sickle cell Dx 6 14 -8 4.57
a. chi-square value x² = 13.58
b. the degrees of freedom (df).
df = 6 – 1 = 5
c. Using the Critical Values Table, we determine the p value. p < 0.05 (0.025 < p <0.01)
d. To Interpret the p value as it relates to these data and explain the significance.
Since p < 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, this suggests that there is a statistically significant
difference between the observed and expected data. Therefore, the difference between the observed and expected data is not solely due to chance.
e. From what you know about hemoglobin, sickle cell disease, and blood type, what selection pressure is acting on this population of children causing the null hypothesis to be rejected? Explain your answer. (Hint: Look at the actual
differences between the observed and expected numbers).
This population of individuals is isolated on a small Pacific island on which very little or no quality healthcare is available. Thus, there is selection against the children with sickle cell disease. The presence of this selection pressure distort the observed numbers from the expected values, causing the null hypothesis to be rejected, which suggests that something other than chance is acting on the population which would be the selection against the SS genotype in this case.
Answer:
x2= 13.58
Explanation:
χ2 =sum ( o− e) ^2 /e
χ2 = 13.58
degree of freedom = 6 – 1 = 5
using the critical values table,
P value.
P < 0.05 (0.025 < P < 0.01)
As P < 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected,
This indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the observed and expected data.
Accept------ Alternative hypothesis :
================
null hypothesis :
there was NO significant difference between the observed and expected data.
Alternative hypothesis :
there was significant difference between the observed and expected data.
Which is Not a feature found on the ocean floor?
a- Rift valley
b- Trench
c- Continental shelf
d- Estuary
Answer:
D- Estuary
Explanation:
estuaries are where the tide meets a stream, they happen above the water/not very deep in the water
Answer:
I think it is D
I have studied this before. :)
In one day, a zebra eats 10 kg of grass. A lion kills and eats the zebra, How much of the energy contained in the grass is usable by the lion?
10 kg
5 kg
1 kg
0.1 kg
Answer:
0.1
Explanation:
Answer:
D.) 0.1 kg
Explanation:
Lamont made a study chart about seed plants.
Functions of Seed Plants
х
• absorb water and minerals
• carry substances through plant
• store food
• provide structure and support
• grow downward due to gravitropism . can be woody or herbaceous
Which headings best complete the chart?
O X: Stems
Y: Roots
X: Roots
Y: Stems
X: Xylem
Y: Phloem
X: Phloem
VV
Answer:
it’s b
Explanation:
Answer:
b
Explanation:
please in your own words. how do energy packets (solar radiation and infrared radiation) interact with the clouds to cool the planet.
Energy packets interact with the clouds to cool the planet is given below.
Explanation:
1. Solar radiation is reflected by the clouds' surfaces. ... The reflection helps to keep the heat in the atmosphere, while the passing through allows the heat to escape the Earth system.
2.Low, thick clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. High, thin clouds primarily transmit incoming solar radiation; at the same time, they trap some of the outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the Earth and radiate it back downward, thereby warming the surface of the Earth.
3.Air in the atmosphere acts as a fluid. The sun's radiation strikes the ground, thus warming the rocks. As the rock's temperature rises due to conduction, heat energy is released into the atmosphere, forming a bubble of air which is warmer than the surrounding air. This bubble of air rises into the atmosphere.
4.Once in the Earth's atmosphere, clouds and the surface absorb the solar energy. The ground heats up and re-emits energy as longwave radiation in the form of infrared rays. Earth emits longwave radiation because Earth is cooler than the sun and has less energy available to give off
5.Clouds both cool and warm the earth's surface. They cool the earth by bouncing sunlight back into the atmosphere; they warm it by bouncing light down to Earth's surface. The net cloud effect is what scientists need to obtain. To do that, they measured the total amount of sunlight in a cloudy day.
Use the diagram below to explain the difference between primary and secondary succession and give an example for each one
Answer:
Primary succession occurs following an opening of a pristine habitat. Secondary succession is a response to a disturbance.
Primary and secondary succession are two types of ecological succession, which describe the processes of ecosystem development and change over time. Here's an explanation of the differences between primary and secondary succession, along with examples for each:
Primary succession occurs in areas that are devoid of soil or lack any significant life forms. It starts from bare rock, lava flows, sand dunes, or newly formed land surfaces. The process begins with pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, that can colonize the barren environment.
Secondary succession occurs in areas that have previously supported life but have been disturbed or disrupted by events such as fires, hurricanes, or human activities (e.g., deforestation, abandoned agricultural land).
Therefore, primary succession occurs in areas without soil or previous life, starting from bare rock or other non-living substrates. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil and previous life, following disturbances that disrupt the established ecosystem.
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What do huge and giant stars become as they become older and larger
When disinfecting a whirlpool foot spa after use by a client, you must circulate the disinfectant for ______________ or the length of time indicated on the product label.
Answer:
10 minutes
Explanation:
In the cell, newly made proteins move directly from the ribosomes into the rough what
Which statement describes an operon? heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence the processing of exons in mRNA that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins a gene cluster controlled by a single promoter that transcribes to a single mRNA strand mRNA modifications, such as the addition of a 5′ ‑cap and 3′ poly‑A tail and the removal of introns protein modifications such as the addition of a functional group, or alternate folding of the protein
Answer:
A gene cluster controlled by a single promoter that transcribes to a single mRNA strand
Explanation:
Operon are set of genes transcribed under the control of an operator gene.It consists of an operator, promoter, regulator and structural genes.
An operon is very important and is regarded as the functional unit of transcription and genetic regulation.
It is also known as a gene cluster controlled by a single promoter that transcribes to a single mRNA strand
An operon is a gene cluster controlled by a single promoter that transcribes to a single mRNA strand.
Explanation:An operon is a gene cluster controlled by a single promoter that transcribes to a single mRNA strand. It consists of multiple genes that are transcribed together as a single unit in prokaryotic cells. The expression of the operon can be activated or repressed depending on cellular needs and the surrounding environment.
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A technique known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is able to produce millions of copies of a DNA molecule in only a few hours. Which of the following cellular processes is PCR most similar to? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Translation (Choice B) B Replication (Choice C) C Transcription (Choice D) D Mitosis
Answer:
B. Replication
Explanation:
The process of replication is similar to the process of PCR which involves the production of many copies of DNA molecules. the process of replication is also a fundamental process in the cell. This process facilitates the production of a new copy of the DNA molecule which is to be transferred to each daughter cells after division.
Paulo makes the argument that the asteroid strike that likely contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs was a short-tem environmental change because it happened so quickly.
Which is the best analysis of Paulo’s position?
He is correct; it happened in just a few seconds.
He is correct; it did not cause any long-term changes.
He is incorrect; it caused long-term changes.
He is incorrect; impacts are not environmental changes.
Answer:
3rd one.
Explanation:
I would say that because after the immediate results of the impact, the dust and debris settled into the atmosphere, blocking out the sun and creating a nuclear winter of sorts. I'd say the winter killed more dinosaurs than the asteroid impact.
The best analysis of Paulo's position is: He is incorrect; impacts are not environmental changes and the correct option is option 4.
While the asteroid strike that likely contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs did happen relatively quickly in geological terms, it resulted in significant long-term changes to the environment. The impact caused a massive release of energy, triggering wildfires, tsunamis, and a global-scale dust cloud that blocked sunlight. These immediate effects had immediate and devastating consequences for many organisms.
Furthermore, the aftermath of the impact led to long-term changes in the environment. The dust cloud caused a decrease in sunlight, leading to a significant drop in temperature and disrupted photosynthesis. This, in turn, had cascading effects on the food chain and ecosystems. The loss of plant life and subsequent collapse of food webs had long-lasting impacts on both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Thus, the ideal selection is option 4.
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Tubular reabsorption: a) involves the movement of a substance from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular fluid. b) involves the movement of a substance from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillary blood. c) is considered to be active if any one of the steps of transepithelial transport is active. d) both [a] and [c] e) both [b] and [c]
Final answer:
Tubular reabsorption is the process where substances are transported from tubular fluid back into the peritubular capillary blood, primarily via active transport, which involves energy expenditure, such as the use of ATP.
Explanation:
Tubular reabsorption involves the movement of substances from tubular fluid into the peritubular capillary blood. During this process, substances such as water, electrolytes, and nutrients, which were previously filtered out of the blood and into the renal tubule, are moved back into the blood. Various transport mechanisms are involved in tubular reabsorption, including active transport, passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, co-transport, and endocytosis. Active transport is essential for substances like sodium (Na+), which is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), and then water follows due to osmotic pressure differences, facilitated by the presence of aquaporins. This results in reabsorption steps that can be classified as active if one of the transport mechanisms requires energy, such as ATP.
The back of a water droplet acts as a mirror. When light hits the back of the water droplet it bounces back to our
eyes. This is called
refraction
evaporation
conduction
reflection
Answer:
reflection
Explanation:
What was the science of classification and naming organisms based on the different characteristics called?
Answer:
taxonomy
Explanation:
Which of the following choices supports a circular economy?
A. Products that come with lots of packaging
B. Public libraries with lots of books
C. Free shipping with purchase of $50 or more
D. Memberships at warehouse superstores
LES
Answer:
B. Public libraries with lots of books.
Public libraries with lots of books support a circular economy.
The correct option is B. Public libraries with lots of books.
What is the concept of the circular economy?A circular economy involves markets that supply incentives to reusing merchandise, rather than scrapping them and then extracting new sources. In such a financial system, all kinds of waste, including clothes, scrap metal, and obsolete electronics, are back into the economy or used more efficaciously.
A circular economy is a version of manufacturing and intake, which includes sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling present substances and products as long as viable.
it is a trade to the model wherein resources are mined, made into products, after which turn out to be waste. A circular economy system reduces material use, redesigns materials to be much less useful resources in-depth, and recaptures “waste” as a resource to fabricate new materials and products.
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How do the finches of the Galapagos Islands demonstrate evolution?
The finches adapted over time to better suit their environment that they were in -- the size and shape of their beaks changed as a result of natural selection.
A(n) ______ is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.
The _________ is/are arranged sequentially after the promoter
A(n) ______ is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.
A(n) _______ codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
Regulatory proteins bind to the ________ to control expression of the operon.
A(n) ______ is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter.
A(n) ______ is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial regulatory protein and changes its shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on.
Answers:
A(n) operon is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.
The Gene of an operon is arranged sequentially after the promoter
A(n) promoter is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.
A(n) regulatory gene codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
Regulatory proteins bind to the operator to control expression of the operon.
A(n) repressor is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter.
A(n) inducer is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial regulatory protein and changes its shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on.
Answer:
A(n) operon is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.
The genes of an operon is/are arranged sequentially after the promoter.
A(n) promoter is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.
A(n) regulatory gene codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
Regulatory proteins often bind to the operator to control expression of the operon.
A(n) repressor is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In bacteria, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter.
A(n) inducer is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes its shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on.
A venus fly trap has green leaves for photosynthesis as well as consumes insects. Explain how it has two roles in an ecosystem.
Answer:
Well, photosynthesis converts CO2 into Oxygen, so it helps in that way. Also, by eating insects and decomposing them, it also helps with the carbon cycle.
Hope this helps :)
who discovered CRISPR-Cas9?
Answer:
Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier.
Explanation:
what are the six kingdoms of life?
Answer:
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protista, Plants, Animals
Explanation:
Individuals with peanut allergies can exhibit a variety of symptoms following exposure to the peanut allergies. These symptoms can include a runny nose, skin reactions such as hives, itching in the mouth and throat, digestive problems such as cramps, diarrhea or vomiting, and shortness of breath or wheezing. This variety of symptoms is a result of:
Answer:
food-induced anaphylaxis
Explanation:
Peanut allergy involves life-threathening symptoms such as skin reactions such as hives, itching in the mouth and throat, a runny nose, diarrhea or vomiting, shortness of breath or wheezing and digestive problems.
Sympotoms of peanut allergy is the result of food-induced anaphylaxis, a serious allergic reaction which require treatment with an epinephrine injector.
Peanut allergy are caused when immune systme mistakenly identifies peanut proteins as harmful. With the Direct or indirect contact of peanuts allows immune system to release such symptom that causes chemicals into the bloodstream.
Hence, the correct answer is food-induced anaphylaxis.
Answer:
The food Induces Anaphylaxis
Explanation:
Peanut allergy is more frequent in children and it occurs due to a medical condition called Anaphylaxis.
Peanut contains protein, symptoms occur when protein in peanut are been seen or read by the immune system as something harmful leading to the release of chemicals in the body the shows the various allergy symptoms.
People could take in peanut through direct consumption of peanut and its product, through body contact with it or Indirectly
this occurs when peanut is accidentally processed with food product leading to it consumption. All this can lead to allergy reaction from Anaphylaxis.
Children with allergy to peanut often outgrow it but there is possibility of it to occur again.
In his study on canine cognition, Sherman guesses that German shepherds are more likely to find hidden objects than other breeds. After he collects his data, he finds that German Shepherds perform at the same rate as other breeds. In this scenario, Sherman is engaging in ____________
a. population estimation.b. inferential deduction.c. symbolic analysis.d. hypothesis testing.
Answer:
d. hypothesis testing.
Explanation:
Any experiment or study is preceded by a hypothesis. An experimenter forms a proposed explanation and then conducts the study to test it. Here, Sherman made a hypothesis that German shepherds are better than other breeds in finding hidden objects. To test this hypothesis he conducted the experiment and started to analyse the data. Thus, Sherman is engaging in hypothesis testing.Select the statements that are true for lactic acid fermentation carried out in muscle cells.
a. This process results in a net synthesis of NADH .
b. This process increases the pH in the muscle fibers.
c. This process is inhibited by ATP .
d. This process releases energy.
e. This process is inhibited by AMP .
Answer:
option a, c and d
Explanation:
In lactic acid fermentation, this process produces NADH, lactic acid and 2 ATP molecules. this process decreases the pH in the muscle fibers. If there is enough ATP in the fibers, the process is inhibited. and this process is stimulated to release energy in the absence of oxygen.
The statements that are true for lactic acid fermentation carried out in muscle cells are:
This process is inhibited by ATP.This process releases energy.Fermentation is an incomplete oxidation process that does not require oxygen to take place.
It is a catabolic process, that is, the transformation of complex molecules into simple molecules and the generation of chemical energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
In fermentation, ATP synthesis is accomplished by phosphorylation at the substrate level, where the energy-rich phosphate bonds of a phosphorylated organic intermediate are transferred directly to ADP to synthesize ATP. Lactic fermentation consists of a partial oxidation of glucose, carried out by lactic bacteria or by muscle cells (when they run out of oxygen to breathe).Specifically, this process generates ATP but produces lactic acid as a by-product, which produces, when it accumulates, the painful sensation of muscle fatigue.Therefore, we can conclude that the statements that are true for lactic acid fermentation carried out in muscle cells are: this process is inhibited by ATP and releases energy.
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How do seed plants lose water and how they prevents too much water for being lost ?
Seed plants lose water from the pores present in the leaves through transpiration and they prevent too much water from being lost by reducing the rate of transpiration.
What is Transpiration?Transpiration is the process of water movement and its loss through a plant and its evaporation from the different aerial parts, such as the leaves, stems, and flowers. Water is necessary for all the plants however only a small amount of water is taken up by the roots is actually used for the growth and metabolism of the plant.
Factors that are responsible for affecting the rate of transpiration include sunlight, temperature, wind, and humidity. Sunlight is the major factor during day time, stomata remain open to allow the diffusion of gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen for photosynthesis. This leads to the increased loss of water from stomata of leaves.
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What are the Animal cells label?
Answer:Here they are.
Explanation:
Cell Membrane
The thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
Centrosome (Microtubule Organizing Center)
A small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome.
Cytoplasm
The jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
Golgi body (Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Complex)
A flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for “export” from the cell.
Lysosome (Cell Vesicles)
Round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
Mitochondrion
Spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.
Nuclear Membrane
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
Nucleolus
An organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.
Nucleus
Spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
Ribosome
Small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
A vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
A vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
Vacuole
Fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.
Answer:
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondrion
chloroplast
ER
Nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
Nuclear Envelope
Ribosom
Lysosomes
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
In a control experiment, a plasmid containing a HindIII recognition sequence within a kanamycin resistance gene is cut with HindIII, religated, and used to transform E.coli K12 cells. Kanamycin-resistant colonies are selected, and plasmid DNA from these colonies is subjected to electrophoresis. Most of the colonies contain plasmids that produce single bands that migrate at the same rate as the original intact plasmid. A few colonies, however, produce two bands, one of original size and one that migrates much higher in the gel. Propose the origin of this slow band as a product of ligation.
Answer:
The origin could be a different DNA plasmid.
Explanation:
The band that migrates at a slow rate is probably a full plasmid that is selected in a few kanamycin-resistant colonies. However there is a possibility that some plasmids that were religated after the cut with Hind III produced some ligations of more than one plasmid creating a double resistance plasmid, for instance.
Final answer:
The slow band observed in a few colonies during electrophoresis in this control experiment can be attributed to the ligation process. When the plasmid is religated, it is possible for an extra piece of DNA to be incorporated, resulting in the higher migrating band in the gel.
Explanation:
In this control experiment, a plasmid containing a HindIII recognition sequence within a kanamycin resistance gene is cut with HindIII, religated, and used to transform E.coli K12 cells. The kanamycin-resistant colonies are then selected and the plasmid DNA from these colonies is subjected to electrophoresis. Most of the colonies produce single bands that migrate at the same rate as the original intact plasmid. However, a few colonies produce two bands, one of original size and one that migrates much higher in the gel.
The origin of this slow band can be attributed to the ligation process. When the plasmid is religated after being cut with HindIII, it is possible for the religation to result in the formation of a circular plasmid with an extra piece of DNA. This extra piece of DNA could be from a different region of the plasmid, resulting in the higher migrating band in the gel.