Synapomorphies are used in determining relationships among animal groups. Synapomorphies are:
(A) evolutionary innovations.
(B) shared, derived traits.
(C) both evolutionary innovations and shared, derived traits.

Answer:

The path of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria is aerobic.

Explanation:

Aerobic respiration is what uses oxygen to extract energy from glucose. It is carried out inside cells, in organelles called mitochondria, through which chemical energy is obtained from the breakdown of organic molecules.

To obtain glucose energy, a process occurs in which the carbon is oxidized and when it reaches the mitochondria it mixes with the water making a chemical compound called glucositisa ( pathway responsible for oxidizing glucose to obtain energy for the cell) in which the oxygen from the air is the oxidant used.

Aerobic respiration is a process consisting of chemical reactions that are grouped into 3 stages, taking into account the place of the cell in which each one develops.

1) Glucolisis: It is carried out in the cytoplasm.

2) Krebs Cycle: It is produced in the mitochondria matrix.

3) Respiratory Chain: Occurs in mitochondrial ridges.  

The primary cell respiration pathway in the mitochondria is the Krebs cycle, which generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. These products are then used in the Electron Transport Chain, also in the mitochondria, to create more ATP.

The cell respiration pathway that occurs in the mitochondria is the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm where glucose is converted into pyruvate. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria where it is used in the Krebs cycle. This cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) are then used in the Electron Transport Chain (also in the mitochondria) to produce more ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell.

https://brainly.com/question/32872970

#SPJ6

To have a child with attached earlobes (rr), both parents must contribute a recessive allele. The only possible genotypes for the parents that can produce such a combination are one parent with Rr (heterozygous) and the other with rr (homozygous recessive).

If a female is born with attached earlobes, which is a recessive phenotype, we can determine the possible genotypes of her parents. Having free-hanging earlobes is an autosomal dominant trait, while attached earlobes are a recessive trait. Since the female has attached earlobes, her genotype must be rr. Each parent must contribute one recessive allele for the trait to be expressed, so each parent must have at least one r allele.

Based on the choices provided:

Therefore, the correct genotypes for the parents of a female born with attached earlobes are (b) Rr and rr.

Answer:

Prophase.

Explanation:

During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes become condensed and appear visible.

Answer:

Letter B. A molecule of RNA id formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

Explanation:

The process to form a protein from the information in genes are called the central dogma of molecular biology, this dogma consists of two main steps.

          Transcription                  Translation

DNA           to →               RNA         to →            Protein

The first one consists in to obtain a molecule of RNA using DNA molecules as a template, this RNA contains a message from the DNA. In the next step the RNA molecule act as a messenger (also called mRNA) because it   contains the information to form a protein, in this point there are others additional steps, for example, removing the segments in the RNA that do not code a protein or the mRNA is modified to  binds  a ribosome ( structure that can “read” the message in the mRNA to form a protein).

To sum up, in transcription, we obtain a molecule of RNA that comes from DNA. The translation is the process to read de RNA to form a protein.

Final answer:

During transcription, a molecule of RNA is created that mirrors the sequence of nucleotides in DNA, which then leaves the nucleus to assist in protein synthesis during translation.

Explanation:

The event that occurs during transcription is 'b. A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.' During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into an RNA molecule. This process begins when the DNA unwinds, and transcription factors, along with RNA polymerase, bind to the DNA sequence. RNA polymerase then synthesizes the mRNA strand by adding complementary nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. As a result, mRNA is created as a single-stranded transcript of the DNA which carries the genetic information necessary for protein synthesis. This mRNA later exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm for translation, at which point it interacts with ribosomes and tRNA to synthesize proteins.

Answer:

codes for no amino acid.

Explanation:

A stop codon is meant for translation termination and does not specify any amino acid. There are three stop codons named UAA, UAG and UGA. These are also known as non sense codons. If any of these are encountered while translation is going on, the translation immediately stops. So if there are 100 codons including stop codon in an mRNA then only 99 amino acids will get incorporated.

A stop codon signals the end of protein synthesis without coding for an amino acid. Three such codons exist: UAA, UAG, and UGA. The AUG codon is unique and serves as the start codon, initiating translation and setting the reading frame.

A stop codon is a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that does not encode an amino acid but signals the termination of protein synthesis. The three stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA. These codons are also known as nonsense codons, and they are recognized by protein release factors rather than tRNA molecules. There is no tRNA that recognizes these codons, and so no amino acid is added when a stop codon is encountered. Instead, the presence of a stop codon leads to the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide from the translation machinery.

While most stop codons simply end translation, there is an exceptional case with the UGA codon, which can sometimes signal for the incorporation of the amino acid selenocysteine into a protein, but this requires a special mRNA hairpin loop structure and is not the norm.

The codon AUG has a dual role; it encodes for the amino acid methionine and also serves as the start codon to initiate translation. This sets the reading frame for mRNA translation, which proceeds by reading nucleotides in groups of three until a stop codon is reached, terminating the process.

it is 25% chance with each pregnancy

Answer:

Because it's anaerobic

Explanation:

This metabolic pathway can be found in most of the organisms in the nature.

That gives us the guideline that it's one of the first in appear, even in the abstence of oxygen.

Millions of years ago, there was no presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.

Glycolysis is considered one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved because it is a simple and ancient process that does not require oxygen. It provides energy to cells and is a key step in the breakdown of glucose. Glycolysis likely evolved early in the history of life on Earth.

Glycolysis is considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved because it is a simple and ancient process that does not require oxygen and can occur in the absence of organelles like mitochondria. This makes it suitable for early life forms that lack complex cellular structures. Glycolysis provides energy in the form of ATP to cells and is a key step in the breakdown of glucose, which is a fundamental source of energy.

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and involves a series of enzymatic steps. It converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH along the way. The pyruvate can then be further metabolized to produce more energy, depending on the availability of oxygen in the cell.

The simple and essential nature of glycolysis, its ability to occur in the absence of complex cellular structures, and its fundamental role in energy production make it a metabolic pathway that likely evolved early in the history of life on Earth.

https://brainly.com/question/33853721

#SPJ2

Answer:

(D) To allow multicellular organisms to grow and replace damaged cells

Explanation:

The function of Mitosis is to allow multicellular organisms to grow and replace damaged cells.

Final answer:

The function of mitosis is to enable multicellular organisms to grow and repair tissues by creating two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell, thus maintaining the organism's diploid chromosome number.(Option D)

Explanation:

The function of mitosis is to allow multicellular organisms to grow and replace damaged cells. During mitosis, a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells, each with an exact copy of the parent cell's chromosomes. This process is essential for asexual reproduction in some organisms, but in multicellular eukaryotes, it is also crucial for growth, tissue repair, and the maintenance of the organism.

Unlike meiosis, which creates haploid gametes for sexual reproduction, mitosis maintains the diploid state of cells, preserving the full set of chromosomes. Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is (D): To allow multicellular organisms to grow and replace damaged cells.

The correct answer is option D. plasma.

Plasma is a liquid component of blood and makes up 55% of the total amount of blood. Plasma is needed for the body to recover from injuries, distribute nutrients, remove waste products, and prevent infections as it travels through the circulatory system.

Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of blood that remains after the removal of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other cellular components. At about 55%, it is the largest single component of human blood and contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins.

Learn more about plasma here: https://brainly.com/question/2901507

#SPJ2

Answer:

The CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adulthood) study began with over four thousand healthy 18- to 30-year-olds; most were reexamined 7 to 20 years later. The study found that those who were the first assessment were four times likely to have diabetes and high blood pressure in middle age.

Explanation:

The sedentary lifestyles are responsible for many heart attacks and  and coronary diseases.

Answer:

Beakers

Explanation:

The name of the glass container above is a beaker that you use to heat water.

A beaker has measurements that include how much of a substance to put in:

Answer: b. ​learned through experience.

Explanation:

Clark Hull was an engineer and formulated his theory of behavior based on Pavlov's conditioning laws (conditioned reflexes). For Hull, the impulse was an internal force capable of motivating behavior. According to his theory, the impulse has to do with bodily needs, the deficit in the ideal conditions of the organism and the basis of motivation. His model was based on  2 different drives, the primary and secondary drives. The primary drives are related to the innate biological needs, which are not learned, and which are vital, such as breathing, drinking water, eating, among others. Secondary drives refer to impulses that are learned during existence and are reinforced from the moment that the primary needs are met, by a conditioning process that motivates the organism and is related to environmental stimuli.

Secondary drives, according to drive theory, are learned through experience. They are different from primary drives, which are biological needs that demand satisfaction to maintain homeostasis. Secondary drives are motivators of behavior based on experience or conditioning.

According to the drive theory, secondary drives are b. ​learned through experience. The drive theory suggests that deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs, resulting in psychological drive states which direct behavior to meet these needs, eventually restoring the system to a state of homeostasis.

However, it's important to differentiate between primary and secondary drives. Primary drives are biological needs that demand satisfaction and are essential for survival, like hunger and thirst. They directly correspond with maintaining the body's homeostasis - stability of internal conditions.

Secondary drives, on the other hand, are not directly related to biological needs, but they are still important motivators of behavior. These are learned through experience or conditioning. Examples of secondary drives could include the desire for wealth, success, social acceptance, or love. These drives are often linked to primary drives but extend beyond immediate physiological needs.

https://brainly.com/question/4202212

#SPJ3

Answer:

b. transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior.

Explanation:

Transverse Tubules are also known as T Tubes that pass laterally through the muscle fiber. The T Tubes or Transverse Tubules carry the nerve impulses received by the sarcolema to the myofibrils, these are also conductive to substances such as glucose, oxygen and ions. In other words, these tubules are responsible for transmitting muscle impulses into the cell interior.  

Final answer:

Transverse tubules, or T-tubules, transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior, initiating a chain reaction that leads to muscle fiber contraction by signaling the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Explanation:

The correct answer to the question is that they b. transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior. T-tubules are essential structures in muscle fiber cells, especially in skeletal and cardiac muscles. They form periodic invaginations in the sarcolemma and serve as pathways for the propagation of action potentials deep into the muscle cell, ensuring a swift and uniform response throughout the entire muscle fiber.

Upon the arrival of an action potential, the T-tubules help signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into the sarcoplasm. These calcium ions are crucial for the initiation of muscle fiber contraction by binding to troponin on the actin filaments, leading to a series of events that result in muscle shortening and contraction.

Answer:

C) The main predator of these fish is another species of fish on which alligators also prey

Explanation:

The only reasonable explanation as to why the species of fish experiences decline in number despite the fishing being the same, and the number of alligators that preyed on the fish going down, is another species of fish which preyed upon the fishes that are fished, but the alligators were also preying on them. Since the alligators have been mostly removed from the ecosystem, the fish that preyed on the other fishes experienced significant increase in its numbers, and since it feeds upon the other fish, that resulted in constant decline in the population of those fishes. The decline in number will only stop when the carrying capacity is reached for the predatory fish in the ecosystem.

Answer:  

its the concern with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips coupled with the behavior and movement of electrons is a gas, conductor or vacuum

Explanation:

Answer:

The purpose is to make everyone understand the miracles that can be done when electronic is combined with biology as done by Chortos and colleagues when they created e-skin. Like wise similar concepts can be devised in other medical field.

Explanation:

The author (Wenlong Cheng, chemical engineering student at Monash University in Australia) had said this statement when Chortos and colleagues have successfully demonstrated the functioning of e-skin. This e-skin is enabled to sense pressure differences and hence send signals to the brain. This has revolutionized the communication system through the  use of artificial skin in practical world.

Hence, the purpose of saying the phrase “bridge electronics with biology” was to motivate all researchers to think beyond their limits and develop some thing as unique as e-skin through intervention of electronics.

Answer:

The correct answer is option  b. "the superclass constructor always executes before the subclass constructor".

Explanation:

An inheritance relationship is a concept applied to describe the creation of subclasses from one or more superclasses. In inheritance relationships the superclass constructor always executes before the subclass constructor. An inheritance relationship is the contrary of an invoking object method, at which a subclass could override the superclass and could be executed first.

Final answer:

The superclass constructor executes before the subclass constructor in an inheritance relationship. This ensures that the inherited base class is properly initialized before the derived class's constructor runs, creating a chain of constructor calls from the top-level superclass to the deepest subclass.

Explanation:

In the context of object-oriented programming, specifically when discussing inheritance relationships, it is important to understand the order in which constructors are called. The correct answer to the student's question is that b. the superclass constructor always executes before the subclass constructor. This ensures that the superclass is properly set up before the subclass begins its own initializations.

When a new object of a subclass is created, the constructor for the subclass is invoked. However, before the subclass's constructor can execute its own body, it must first invoke the constructor of its superclass. This is typically done implicitly by the programming language, but can often be influenced by explicitly calling the superclass constructor within the subclass constructor code.

The process thus forms a chain of constructor calls, starting from the top-most superclass down to the most derived subclass, constructing each object in turn. It's a foundational concept in languages such as Java and C++. To give an example, in a class hierarchy with a superclass Animal and a subclass Dog, when you create a new Dog object, the order of execution will start with the Animal constructor followed by the Dog constructor.

Answer:

Arrow

Explanation:

To find the graphical solution when adding vectors, you can draw a(n) arrow from the starting point to the ending point.

Answer:

Arrow

Explanation:

Vectors are graphical visualization so addition and subtraction of vectors can be done graphically. It involves drawing of vectors on a graph and adding the vectors using head-to-tail method. The direction and magnitude of the resultant vector then obtained are determined with the help of protractor and ruler respectively.

Answer:

Here is the complete statement: The enterogastric reflex IS STIMULATED BY THE PRESENCE OF CHYME IN THE DUODENUM.

Explanation:

The digestive system works under the influence of three types of reflexes, which can be long, short or extrinsic in nature giving rise to gastrocolic, enterogastric or gastroilea reflexes.

Enterogastric reflex is an extrinsic reflex that is stimulated by the presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach or in the duodenum. Enterogastric reflex functions by releasing hydrochloric acid, which regulates the release of stomach proteins such as gastrin.

The enterogastric reflex is primarily triggered by chyme in the duodenum and results in decreased contraction of the pyloric sphincter, slowing down gastric emptying. This reflex is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.

The enterogastric reflex is a physiological process that helps regulate the movement of food through the digestive tract. This reflex is primarily stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine following the stomach. When chyme enters the duodenum, this stimulates the enterogastric reflex, which then results in a decreased contraction of the pyloric sphincter, the opening from the stomach into the duodenum. Through this reflex, gastric emptying is typically slowed down, not increased. The enterogastric reflex is more associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system, which generally conserves and restores body energy.

https://brainly.com/question/32884706

#SPJ6

Answer:

As a result of mitosis and meiosis, haploid and diploid cells are formed.

The cell will be diploid if it will have two sets of chromosomes, that is the number of chromosomes will be double than that of haploid one. And all the chromosome pairs in diploid are considered homologous chromosomes. e.g. the somatic cells of the body are diploid cells.

Haploid cells will be those who do not have chromosomes in pairs, a single set of chromosomes is found in them. e.g. the haploid spores or gametes cells. The chromosome number in haploid cells are represented as 'n'. Haploid cells are produced via meiosis in cell division.

Cells can be identified as being diploid or haploid by their number of chromosomes. Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, usually found in body cells, while haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes, found in reproductive cells like gametes. Meiosis is the process through which a diploid cell divides to give rise to four haploid cells.

The best evidence to determine whether a cell is diploid or haploid can be found by examining its number of chromosomes. Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, and this is most commonly seen in somatic or body cells. For instance, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes making up a full set, thus a human somatic cell is diploid.

Haploid cells, on the other hand, contain a single copy of each homologous chromosome. This is commonly seen in gametes (reproductive cells), such as the egg and sperm in animals. These haploid cells fuse during fertilization to form a diploid cell with two complete sets of chromosomes. Some organisms also produce spores which are haploid cells.

It's also crucial to understand that the process of meiosis results in the formation of four genetically distinct haploid cells from a diploid cell. The tetrads, a group of four homologous chromatids, segregate and segregate in ways that lead to genetic diversity among the resulting cells.

https://brainly.in/question/8034842

#SPJ12

At the community level, biologists might study species interactions, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes, focusing on how multiple species interact and coexist within a specific area.

Biologists might study several topics at the community level of organization. First, they may investigate species interactions, which can include symbiosis, competition, and predation. For example, how different species of trees in a forest affect each other's growth. Second, they might study population dynamics, such as changes in population sizes of different species over time, and how these changes are influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, migration, and resource availability. Lastly, they could delve into ecosystem processes, investigating how energy flows and nutrients cycle within communities, considering elements such as food chains and nutrient cycles. Overall, biologists studying at this level are concerned with the complex interactions that allow a group of different species to coexist within a particular area.

https://brainly.com/question/37050384

#SPJ12

Answer:

A gene mutation refers to a permanent change in the sequence of DNA, which forms a gene, that is, the sequence varies from what is witnessed in the majority of the individuals. The mutations vary in size, they can influence anywhere from a base pair to a huge section of a chromosome, which comprises multiple genes.  

The mutations result in extreme modifications in a species if they modify the manner in which a protein functions. However, a mutation, which directs the formation of altered proteins or the unexpected amounts of proteins is the most general way by which a mutation contributes to disease.  

Answer:

To increase the duration of effectiveness of local anesthesia.

Explanation:

Local anesthesia is best effective when its rapid absorption in systemic blood vessels is prevented.  Diffusion of anesthesia along with blood reduces the period for which it is active. Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor and does not allow the local  anesthesia to diffuse rapidly. Concentrating the  anesthesia locally increases the duration for which it is active.

Answer:

1. E. A, B, and C

2. B. Smooth ER

3. D. Neither

4. B. Maintains turgor pressure in plants

Explanation:

1. Though I've never heard of "nuclear pores" in the nucleus (I've only known of them to be in the nuclear envelope), answer E is the only one that has the most obvious answer--storing genetic material. The nucleus regulates cell activities by using the stored genetic material to produce proteins.

2. There's no explanation for this as it's pretty much just memorizing the function of organelles, just remember that "lipid biosynthesis" is just basically saying "making lipids".

3. Viruses are neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic since they have no defining characteristics that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have. They lack a nucleus and can only replicate when inside a host cell.

4. The words "large central vacuole" should give you a big hint to the question talking about a plant cell. Turgor pressure is when the cell walls of plant cells press up against each other due to the size of the large central vacuole. This is why plants wilt when they do not have enough water, their cell walls do not press against each other so the structure is weak.

Answer: Pyruvate is modified to Acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle, where carbon dioxide is released and ATP is produced. This occurs in the mitochondria. This process is Aerobic.

Explanation:

The energy needed to carry out the energy-consuming cellular processes is extracted mainly from the ATP molecule. However, to produce this molecule the cell uses organic molecules as a source of chemical energy, mainly carbohydrates, and lipids and this occurs via the catabolism of these molecules. The energy source of respiration is glucose that will be slowly degraded for the better energy utilization of the molecule. Glucose breakdown comprises 4 steps: Glycolysis - consists of the conversion of sugars to pyruvate and is processed in the cytoplasm. Pyruvate Oxidation - The pyruvate formed in glycolysis is transformed into acetyl CoA with CO2 release. Krebs Cycle - is a sequence of interconnected reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix to completely oxidize Acetyl COA molecules and release CO2. And respiratory chain - involves the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP associated with electron transfer to oxygen with the release of water.

Final answer:

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA which enters the Citric Acid Cycle within the mitochondrial matrix, leading to carbon dioxide release and ATP production during cellular respiration.

Explanation:

Pyruvate is modified to acetyl CoA and enters the Citric Acid Cycle, where carbon dioxide is released and ATP is produced. This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. This process is part of cellular respiration, specifically the link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. After glycolysis, the three-carbon pyruvate molecule is converted into a two-carbon molecule by the action of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, during which carbon dioxide is released and electrons are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH. This acetyl CoA then enters the Citric Acid Cycle where it is further broken down to release more carbon dioxide, generate ATP, and transfer energy to other carriers like NADH and FADH2. Overall, this step is crucial for cellular energy production in aerobic conditions.

Answer:

Restoration of native plants and habitats on campuses can provide ecosystem services such as slowing storm water runoff and filtering pollution-c.

The scientific questions that could be answered by this experiment are:

How does the particle size affect the rate of dissolution of the antacid?

What is the effect of changing the temperature on the rate of dissolution of the antacid?

Further Explanation:

A scientific question must be about the relationship of the dependent and independent variables in the investigation.

The independent variable is the variable that the experimenter manipulates and changes voluntarily. The dependent variable is the responding variable. It changes only in response to the manipulation that was done to the independent variable. The dependent variable is usually what is observed or measured in the experiment.

In the given investigation, the independent variables were temperature and/or particle size. For the experiment to be fair, all variables must be kept constant except the independent variable. To avoid confusion, only one independent variable is manipulated at a time. Therefore, in this experiment, either the temperature will be changed first, or the particle size. It would be confusing to change both at the same time.

The effect of the independent variables on the reaction will be observed, hence, it is the dependent variable. To narrow down which aspect of the reaction will be observed, the focus could be on the rate of dissolution or how fast the antacid dissolves.

Learn More

Keywords: scientific problem, variables, dissolution

A suitable scientific question for the experiment could be, 'How do temperature and particle size of an antacid tablet affect the rate of reaction?' This is relevant because both the temperature and particle size play crucial roles in the rate of chemical reactions.

A suitable scientific question for this experiment could be: How does the temperature and particle size of an antacid tablet affect the rate of reaction?

From what we know, higher molarity and temperature increase the rate of a reaction, along with smaller particle size due to the more reactive surface being exposed. As such, in this experiment, changing the temperature and particle size of the antacid tablet may alter the speed at which the reaction process occurs. To illustrate, if the antacid tablet is crushed into smaller pieces, it might react more rapidly because a more reactive surface exists. Similarly, if the temperature of the reactant (antacid tablet) is raised, the reaction rate could also speed up.

https://brainly.com/question/32499513

#SPJ2

Answer:

The correct answer is - through facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Explanation:

Glucose is a six-carbon sugar molecule that is directly utilized by cells to provide energy. A glucose molecule is large enough to go through a cell membrane with simple diffusion.  

Cells help glucose molecules to cross the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion and active transport. Active transport is of two types primary and secondary active transport to help the glucose molecule to cross the membrane.

Thus, the correct answer is - through facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Sugar molecules like glucose cross the cell membrane through a process known as facilitated diffusion. In this process, the molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through specific protein channels in the cell membrane. The transport does not require energy and is assisted by glucose transporters and various transmembrane proteins.

Sugar molecules, like glucose, cross the cell membrane through a process known as facilitated diffusion. In this process, glucose molecules move from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, through specific protein channels in the membrane. This process does not require any energy from the cell. Sugar molecules cannot slip easily through the cell membrane due to their polar nature. Instead, they rely on specific protein channels for transport.

Glucose transport into cells is made possible through glucose transporters that use facilitated transport. Similarly, other sugars such as fructose and galactose are broken down during digestion and absorbed directly into the bloodstream. The catabolism of these sugars produces ATP molecules, an energy source for cells.

Simple sugars and amino acids also require the help of various integral proteins or transmembrane proteins channels to successfully transport themselves across plasma membranes. There are several types of protein channels involved in facilitated diffusion, including channel proteins and carrier proteins. Channel proteins are typically less selective and discriminate mainly based on the size and charge of the molecule, while carrier proteins are more selective and usually only allow one particular type of molecule to cross.

https://brainly.com/question/14852229

#SPJ11

Answer:

None of their daughters will be color-blind with achrondroplasia, but half of their children would be expected to have only achrondroplasia

Explanation:

Achrondroplasia is autosomal dominant and the man's father was normal and unaffected (aa) thus we can assume that the man's mother had achrondroplasia (AA or Aa). We can then say the man is Aa, inheriting the dominant allele from his mother. The woman is also aa because she is normal height, thus if we cross Aa with aa, we get 2 x Aa and 2 x aa, therefore half their children will have achrondroplasia.

Because red-green color-blindness is X-linked recessive we the know the woman is XᵇXᵇ because she is an affected female and we know the man is X^BY because he is an unaffected male. A man just needs one copy of the recessive allele to be affected, while females need two copies of the recessive allele. Therefore all of their daughters will receive an X from each parent, the X from their father will be dominant over the allele causing color-blindness, thus none of the daughters will be color-blind but all of their sons will be color-blind.

Using knowledge of genetics and inheritance, daughters of this couple have a 50% chance of having achondroplasia, but no chance of being color-blind because their father doesn't carry the gene. Therefore, none are expected to have both conditions.

The probability of a child having both achondroplasia and color blindness, given the information provided, can be determined using knowledge of genetics. The father's condition, achondroplasia, is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that it only requires one faulty gene to express. So, every child has a 50% chance of inheriting achondroplasia.

Color blindness, however, is linked to the X-chromosome and is recessive. Therefore, males only need one faulty gene to express color blindness, while females require two. Since the mother is color blind and all daughters will receive one of the mother's X-chromosomes, all daughters will carry the gene for color blindness. However, they will only express the trait if the father provides an X-chromosome with the faulty gene. Since the father is said to have normal vision, he is not a carrier of the color blindness gene.

Therefore, none of the daughters are expected to be both color-blind and have achondroplasia since the father does not carry the gene for color blindness. They will only have achondroplasia if they inherit the defective gene from their father.

https://brainly.com/question/34229187

#SPJ3

Answer:

Catabolic reactions are those that breakdown the complex molecules into simpler one and generate energy. While Anabolic reactions are those that utilize energy to for the synthesis of complex molecules from smaller molecules.  

Both the pathways are regulated by separate enzymes. Enzymes with ΔG equal to zero, that is nearly equilibrium condition, are used to regulate these pathways. Both pathways are regulated differentiately to ensure the proper functioning and maintain balance.