Answer: The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are Plasma cells (white blood cells).
Explanation: Immunoglobulins are the glycoprotein molecules.They produce immune response by recognizing and binding to the particular pathogen.
Plasma cells are found in bone marrow. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce immunoglobulins.
Final answer:
Plasma cells, differentiated from B cells, are responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins which are crucial for the body's defense against extracellular pathogens and toxins.
Explanation:
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are plasma cells.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, develop within the bone marrow and are crucial in the body's adaptive immune system. Upon activation by an antigen, they differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized for the production of antibodies, or immunoglobulins. These antibodies are glycoproteins involved in the body's defense against extracellular pathogens and toxins. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, each with its specific functions within the immune system.
Once stimulated by an antigen-presenting cell, helper T cells release cytokines that prompt B cells to proliferate and form either plasma cells, which produce antibodies, or memory B cells, which respond to subsequent encounters with the same antigen. This process is a part of humoral immunity, which is distinct from cell-mediated immunity involving T cells that target intracellular pathogens.
Define convection
The exchange of heat by the emission of energy via electromagnetic waves
The exchange of heat between an animal’s body and the surfaces it is touching, such as the ground
The warming of tissue by the production of heat from metabolism
The loss of heat by the heat transferred from the body to water as it is converted from a liquid to a gas
The exchange of heat when heat is transferred to a fluid, such as air or water
Answer:
The exchange of heat when heat is transferred to a fluid, such as air or water.
The site of most absorption of nutrients is the
a. stomach.
b. small intestine.
c. large intestine
d. all of the above
Answer: b. small intestine.
Explanation:
The small intestine is approximately 4.5 meters long in a living person but is 6 meters long at autopsy when the muscles relax. Digestion occurs primarily in the duodenum, which receives the pancreatic juice enzymes. The small intestine provides a large surface area for absorption. Glucose and amino acids from food are absorbed through the small intestine and enter the blood via the hepatic portal vein, going to the liver.
What is the process by which individuals regain neurological function following an injury to the nervous system?
Answer:
Neuroregeneration is the process by which individuals regain neurological function following an injury to the nervous system
Explanation:
The body cell repairs or regenerates by the process of Neuroregeneration. The process allows formation of new neuron cells. The neuroregeneration process is different in PNS and CNS. During accidents, falls or assaults, this process starts generating new cells (neurons) and repairing of tissues present in the nervous system. The PNS composed of spinal and cranial nerves. The CNS composed of spinal cord and brain.
Neuroplasticity allows individuals to regain neurological function following an injury by creating new neural connections or rewiring existing ones. Option b is correct.
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to damage, creating new neural connections or rewiring existing ones. This process can involve various mechanisms such as the creation of new synapses, the pruning of unused synapses, changes in glial cells, and the birth of new neurons.
For example, after a stroke, the brain has the capacity to 'rewire' itself to compensate for lost functions by strengthening other neural pathways. Although this capacity is more pronounced in children, adult brains are also capable of significant changes. Environmental factors like stimulation, as well as internal factors like hormones and genes, can influence the extent of neuroplasticity.
Neuronal recovery varies between the central and peripheral nervous systems. While neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) typically do not regenerate, peripheral neurons often regrow, which is why sensations can gradually return after peripheral nerve injuries such as deep cuts on the skin.
NeuroplasticityNeuronal recoveryPeripheral neuronsComplete question as follows:
What is the process by which individuals regain neurological function following an injury to the nervous system?.
a. axon regeneration
b. neuroplasticity
The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge?
A cross bridge in biological terms refers to the connection formed between actin and myosin during muscle contraction. Once the muscle fiber sarcolemma is excited, it leads to the myosin heads linking with actin, causing muscle contraction. This process is known as the cross bridge cycle.
Explanation:A cross bridge refers to the connection formed between the myosin heads of the thick muscle fibers and actin sites of the thin muscle fibers during the process of muscle contraction. This process is called the cross bridge cycle.
When the sarcolemma, the cell membrane of a muscle fiber, is stimulated or excited, it triggers a chain reaction resulting in the myosin heads 'reaching out' and forming a link or 'bridge' with the actin. This pulling action of the myosin heads shortens the muscle fiber, resulting in muscle contraction. Following this, the myosin heads release, the fiber relaxes and the cross bridges are 'uncoupled' until the next excitation event.
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The excitement of the sarcolemma triggers a crucial step in muscle contraction known as the cross-bridge cycle.
A cross bridge is fundamentally the transient connection that occurs between the myosin heads, which are located on the muscle's thick filaments, and the binding sites on actin, which makes up the muscle's thin filaments. The hydrolysis of ATP powers this interaction, which modifies the configuration of the myosin heads. The actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments as the cycle continues, shortening the sarcomere and leading to muscular contraction. The cross bridge goes through several stages during the cycle, including attachment, power stroke, and detachment. The intricate cross-bridge cycle demonstrates how muscle function is supported by a carefully choreographed molecular dance.
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Which of the following is not a difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system?
a.The number and types of neurotransmitters.
b.The presence of ganglia.
c.The number of motor neurons.
d.The involvement of the spinal cord.
Answer: It is the involvement of the spinal cord.
Explanation: Whether message via the nerve impulse is voluntary(somatic nervous system) or involuntary (autonomous nervous system) it has to pass through the spinal cord to the brain. Basic function of the spinal cord is to receive sensory information from body parts to the brain and from the brain to the body.
The difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems that is not valid is d) 'The involvement of the spinal cord', as both systems involve the spinal cord.
The question pertains to the differences between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. Among the options provided, the one that is not a difference between the two systems is 'd. The involvement of the spinal cord'. This is because both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems involve the spinal cord as part of their pathways. Specifically, the somatic nervous system consists of a single motor neuron path that extends from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles and releases acetylcholine. In contrast, the autonomic nervous system, which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, consists of a two-neuron pathway from the CNS to peripheral ganglia and then to the target organs, such as smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, or glands. The primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic system is acetylcholine, while in the sympathetic system, the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine.
Explain the relationship of the types of muscle fibers to muscle performance.
Answer:
The human skeletal system, and the muscles themselves, are the ones responsible for movement, warmth, metabolism, posture, and other things.
Our muscles are long stretches of fibers composed by sarcomeres that form our skeletal muscle system. Each of these fibers are joined together into fascicles, and each of them are characterized by the fact that they can either be of a fast twitching capacity (FT), or a slow twitching capacity (ST). As such, according to research, human beings have in their muscles two major types of fibers, the ST, which when looked histologically are stained red, and the FT, further subdivided into FTa and FTb, depending on their metabolic response, and which usually show white or pale on the microscope.
In regards to muscle performance, these three types of fibers, and their presence in the skeletal muscle system of a person will ensure the better, or lack of good, muscle performance when in exercise. Usually, under certain circumstances, por example, exercise, a person who has muscle training, will show a higher volume of ST fibers, and will have lesser exposure to muscle fatigue, which will make them more fit to longer extensions of exercise exposure. Whereas people with lesser training will present more incidence of FT fibers, especially those that work better under anaerobic conditions. These people, when exposed to exercise, will have faster muscle responses, but, fatigue will set in much faster too, because the aerobic process takes longer to set in, as the muscles are not trained.
It was found that a reversible inhibitor and a substrate bind an enzyme, but at different sites. The inhibitor was quite potent at reducing enzyme activity, but an analysis indicated it could not actually bind the enzyme unless the substrate was bound first. These results led to what conclusion?
Answer:
Uncompetitive inhibitor
Explanation:
There are two types of inhibitors: reversible (can detach enzyme) and irreversible (can’t detach enzyme).
Exist three types of reversible inhibitors: competitive inhibitors( inhibitor binds free enzyme, usually has the same shape as the substrate, and substrate cant binds enzyme), non-competitive inhibitors ( inhibitors bind the enzyme at a different site of substrate and change the enzyme conformation ) and uncompetitive inhibitor ( inhibitors bind the complex enzyme-substrate).
In this case, is an uncompetitive inhibitor, because we know that inhibitor is reversible, and the substrate must be bind with the enzyme so the uncompetitive inhibitor bind to the complex and stop the enzymatic activity. If the enzyme and the substrate are not together, the inhbitor can´t bind the enzyme.
The described scenario suggests that this is a case of allosteric inhibition, where the inhibitor binds at a different location from the active site and induces a conformational change in the enzyme that reduces its affinity for the substrate, thereby reducing enzyme activity.
Explanation:The scenario described fits the profile of an allosteric inhibition. An allosteric inhibitor is one that binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site (hence, a different site from where the substrate binds). This inhibitor alters the enzyme's conformation (or shape), reducing the enzyme's affinity for its substrate, thus making the enzyme less efficient at binding with the substrate. In this case, the inhibitor doesn't bind unless the substrate is already bound, which strengthens the conclusion that this is allosteric inhibition.
With allosteric inhibition, the inhibitor doesn't compete for the active site (as in competitive inhibition) but instead changes the enzyme's structure, specifically the active sites on the enzyme's subunits, resulting in reduced efficiency in substrate binding. This is why despite binding at a different site, the inhibitor effectively reduces the enzyme's activity.
Moreover, it should be kept in mind that allosteric inhibition isn't the only way allosteric regulation can happen; there are also allosteric activators. While inhibitors decrease the enzyme's affinity for its substrate, activators increase it.
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In fruit flies, gray bodies (G) are dominant over black bodies (g), and red eyes (R) are dominant over orange eyes (r). Each individual possesses two alleles for each trait. If a fly that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits, what is the predicted genotype of the offspring?
Answer:
The predicted genotype of the offspring is GgRr.
Explanation:
The gray body is dominant over black body. The genotype of gray body is GG and the genotype of black body is gg. Red eyes are dominant over orange eyes. The genotype for red eye is RR whereas the genotype of orange eye is rr.
GGRR is crossed with ggrr, the offspring produced by this cross is GgRr with gray body and red eyes.
GGRR × ggrr
GgRr.
In a cross between a homozygous dominant fruit fly and a homozygous recessive fruit fly, all offspring will have the heterozygous genotype GgRr. For X-linked traits, such as eye color in fruit flies, offspring ratios differ and are specific to whether the male or female expresses the recessive trait. These genetic principles also apply to human genetics.
Predicted Genotype of Offspring in a Fruit Fly Cross When a fruit fly that is homozygous dominant for both gray body and red eye traits (GGRR) is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits (ggrr), all the offspring will inherit one dominant and one recessive allele for each trait. Therefore, the predicted genotype of the offspring will be heterozygous for both traits (GgRr). This outcome is due to simple Mendelian inheritance, where each parent contributes one allele for each trait to their offspring. In the case of X-linked eye color traits, when a white-eyed male (XwY) is crossed with a female that is heterozygous for red eye color (XWXw), the offspring's eye color ratios can be predicted. The male offspring will have either red (XWY) or white (XwY) eyes, depending on whether they inherit the X chromosome carrying the dominant or recessive allele. The female offspring will all have red eyes since they will get the dominant XW allele from the mother and can only inherit the Y chromosome from the father. These principles are not only applicable in studying fruit fly genetics but also have implications in understanding human genetics, especially for X-linked conditions such as color blindness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy.
4) Select the two characteristics below that describe RNA.
it is double-stranded
the sugar is called ribose
is only found in the cell's nucleus
its nitrogenous bases are A, G, T, and C
is translated in the cytoplasm
Answer:
Option (2) and (5).
Explanation:
RNA is present as a genetic material in some viruses only. RNA is a single stranded molecule that can be found in the nucleus as well as cytoplasm. The nitrogenous bases present in RNA are adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine.
RNA contains ribose sugar in its structure. The translation of RNA occur in the cytoplasm by the process known as translation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (2) and (5).
Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one offspring every other year ________. A) are r-selected B) are K-selected C) are not subject to density-dependent limiting factors D) show the initial stages of the extinction process E) have escaped from the processes of natural selection and adaptation
Answer:
B) K - selected species
Explanation:
Usually, large in size individuals such as whales, hipopothamus, horses and bears are K-selected species. They have a low biotic potential which means, they produce small amount of individuals in the reproduction and possess relatively stable populations.
On the ther hand, species such as fleas, rats, and rabbits (between others) are rated r-selected species, which means they have a high biotic potential; have a large amount of individuals per birth.
Final answer:
Gray whales, which have low biotic potential and typically produce one offspring every other year, are categorized as K-selected species because they live long, mature late, and provide substantial parental care to their offspring. The correct answer is B) are K-selected.
Explanation:
The question tackles the reproductive strategies of different species, specifically focusing on the biotic potential and reproductive rates of grey whales. Organisms that have low biotic potential and produce few offspring at greater intervals, such as grey whales, are generally considered K-selected species. K-selected species, like grey whales and elephants, live long, mature late, and provide substantial parental care to their fewer offspring.
On the other hand, r-selected species are characterized by early maturation, short lifespans, and the production of many offspring with little to no parental care.
Therefore, the answer to the student's question is that groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one offspring every other year are B) K-selected.
List 4 pathogenic viruses and the diseases they cause in human.
Explanation:
some of the example of bacterial diseases are syphills,pneumonia,tetanus,and tuberculosis.diseases cause by viruses are chickenpox,small pox,measles,polio.
In genetic engineering, the structures called “sticky ends” result from what process? the results of mRNA after post-transcriptional modification the results of DNA following the work of helicase the changes produced by an inversion mutation the uneven cutting by most restriction enzymes
Answer:
Option). the uneven cutting by most restriction enzymes
Explanation:
Sticky ends can be defined as over-hanged DNA fragments of unequal length, having a terminal portion with unpaired nucleotides. These fragments are formed by a staggered cut on DNA molecules wit the help of restriction endonuclease enzymes.
These ends have complementary nucleotide bases that allow complementary base pairing between bases, and thus, known as sticky ends.
Thus, the correct answer is 'last option.'
Assume that the red blood cell counts of women are normally distributed with a mean of 4.577 million cells per microliter and a standard deviation of 0.382 million cells per microliter. Approximately what percentage of women have red blood cell counts in the normal range from 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter? Round to two decimal places. A. 16.11% B. 17.69% C. 82.26% D. 4.09%
Answer: C. 82.26%
Explanation:
Given : The red blood cell counts of women are normally distributed with
[tex]\mu=4.577\text{ million cells per microliter}[/tex]
[tex]\sigma=0.382\text{ million cells per microliter}[/tex]
Let X be the random variable that represents the red blood cell counts of randomly selected woman.
Z-score : [tex]z=\dfrac{X-\mu}{\sigma}[/tex]
For X=4.2
[tex]z=\dfrac{4.2-4.577}{0.382}\approx-0.99[/tex]
For X=5.4
[tex]z=\dfrac{5.4-4.577}{0.382}\approx2.1544[/tex]
Now, the probability that the women have red blood cell counts in the normal range from 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter will be :-
[tex]P(4.2<X<5.4)=P(-0.99<z<2.15)\\\\=P(z<2.1544)-P(z<-0.99)\\\\=0.9843955-0.1618458=0.8225497\approx0.8226=82.26\%[/tex]
Hence, 82.26% of women have red blood cell counts in the normal range from 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter.
Approximately 82.31% of women, when rounding to two decimal places, have red blood cell counts that fall within the normal range of 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter. This is determined using z-scores and the normal distribution given the mean of 4.577 million cells/μl and the standard deviation of 0.382 million cells/μl.
Explanation:To find the percentage of women who have red blood cell counts in the normal range from 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter, we use the concept of the normal distribution and standard deviation. The given mean for women is 4.577 million cells/μl, and the standard deviation is 0.382 million cells/μl.
First, we convert the values of the normal range to z-scores using the formula:
Z = (X - μ) / σ
For the lower range (X = 4.2 million cells/μl):
Z = (4.2 - 4.577) / 0.382 ≈ -0.99
For the upper range (X = 5.4 million cells/μl):
Z = (5.4 - 4.577) / 0.382 ≈ 2.15
Using a z-score table, we find the area under the curve to the left of z = -0.99, which is roughly 0.1611 (16.11%) and to the left of z = 2.15, which is roughly 0.9842 (98.42%). To find the percentage between the two z-scores, we subtract the area of the lower z-score from the upper z-score:
Percentage = 98.42% - 16.11% ≈ 82.31%
After rounding to two decimal places, we get 82.31% which is most similar to option C (82.26%).
Therefore, approximately 82.31% percent of women have red blood cell counts in the range from 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter.
List, in order, all the vessels blood must flow through to get from the abdominal aorta into the kidney and back to the inferior vena cava.
So, the complete path is:
Abdominal AortaRenal ArteryKidneyRenal VeinInferior Vena CavaTo trace the path of the blood from the abdominal aorta to the kidney and back to the inferior vena cava, let's list the vessels in the correct order:
Abdominal Aorta: The journey starts from the abdominal aorta, a major blood vessel that supplies blood to the lower part of the body.Renal Artery: Blood flows from the abdominal aorta into the renal artery.Kidney: Once the blood reaches the kidney via the renal artery, it undergoes filtration. The kidney removes waste products from the blood.Renal Vein: The filtered blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein.Inferior Vena Cava: Finally, the blood from the renal vein flows into the inferior vena cava, which carries blood back to the heart.2. The Isthmus of Panama cut off gene flow between Atlantic and Pacific populations of a species of fish. The cessation of gene flow led to the accumulation of genetic differences between the populations, which led to reproductive isolation. Now Atlantic and Pacific populations of this fish are separate species that cannot interbreed, even if they were again to come into contact with each other. The process described is that of
a. sympatric speciation.
b. parapatric speciation.
c. allopatric speciation.
d. reinforcement.
e. temporal isolation.
Answer:
C Allopatric Speciation
Explanation:
Evolution of two populations of same species into two separate species due to geographical isolation is called allopatric speciation.
In the given example, Isthmus of Panama serves as a geographical barrier and do not allow the interbreeding between Atlantic and Pacific fish populations of the same species.
These populations evolve genetic adaptation to make themselves better suited to the prevailing surroundings. Accumulation of genetic variations over generation leads to their reproductive isolation. Now, these two fish populations serve as two separate species as they can not interbreed.
Characteristics of the mature sperm include the ________. A. presence of two X chromosomes in approximately half the sperm B. absence of coiled mitochondria C. presence of Y chromosomes in approximately half the sperm D. absence of an acrosome
Answer:
Presence of Y chromosomes in approximately half the sperm.
Explanation:
Mature sperm cell consists of the following parts :
A head
A neck
A middle piece and
A tail.
Plasma membrane surrounds the complete body of sperm cell. Sperm head contains very little cytoplasm, an elongated haploid nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered by a cap like structure called acrosome. The acrosome contains enzyme which help in the process of fertilization with ovum. Acrosome is derived from golgi apparatus. There is a short neck region which contains both the proximal and distal centriole. Proximal centriole plays an vital role in the first cleavage of zygote formed. Distal centriole gives rise to the the axial filament present in the long tail of sperm cell. The middle piece contains the mitochondria which are arranged spirally and produce energy for the movement of tail. The tail contains the central axial filament, small amount of cytoplasm and is surrounded by cell membrane as external sheath. The sperms cell swims at the rate of 1.5 to 3 mm per minute and reach the fertilization site within 30 minutes.
The formation of blood cells is a complex process. In most cases, the cells have been transformed ("morphed") from a previous cell type. The precursor cells from which each individual type of blood cell is formed through a series of maturation steps are called _________.
stem cells
progenitor cells
colony-forming units
blast cells
all of these choices
Answer:
The correct option is: (A) stem cells
Explanation:
The bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which is generally found in the spongy portions of the bones. In the bone marrow, all the blood cells are produced from the unspecialized precursor cells, which are known as the stem cells. Firstly, the stem cells divide and form the immature blood cells. These immature blood cells then further divide and mature to form the mature blood cells.
Therefore, the stem cells are the precursor cells which transform and mature to form the blood cells.
What is the difference between an endocrine and an exocrine gland?
Answer:
The difference between an Endocrine and an Exocrine Gland is that Exocrine Gland are those glands that pour their product of secretion to the outside of the body ( have secretion channels) and Endocrine Glands are those that pour their product of secretion (hormones) into the bloodstream ( have no secretion channels).
Explanation:
The glands are structures that can be constituted by one or several cells, and that are formed from epithelial tissue. Their function is to secrete various substances, such as hormones, and they are classified as endocrine and exocrine, according to the place where they discharge their secretions.
The Endocrine Glands are very vascular structures, that is, irrigated by a large network of blood capillaries, thin and porous walls. These glands produce hormones that are poured directly into the bloodstream and transported by the blood vessels to the target tissues, where they come to perform their function. According to the chemical nature of the hormones produced by the endocrine glands, the organelles of the cells that constitute them can reach different degrees of development. For example the pancreas secretes insulin, which allows the body to regulate blood sugar levels.
The Exocrine Glands secrete substances through ducts directed to the surface of the body or to the interior of some organs. For example, exocrine glands are mucus-producing goblet cells, present in mucosal epithelia such as the lining of the intestine, and the sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands. Tears are also produced by exocrine glands.
27. What is the major reactant needed for the Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs Cycle)?
a. Pyruvate
c. Chlorophyll A
b. Acetyl Co-A
D. Water
Answer: b. Acetyl Co-A
Explanation:
Acetyl CoA produced through pyruvate, amino acids, and fatty acids are oxidized in the Krebs cycle in CO2, obtaining as products NADH, FADH2 and GTP (ATP). Parallel to this oxidation, the Krebs cycle produces compounds used as precursors for biosynthesis. As it is a cycle, an oxaloacetate molecule could, in principle, oxidize an amount indefinite of acetyl CoA. Acetyl-CoA is formed from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, sequentially performed by pyruvate dehydrogenase -PDH (complex multi enzymatic of 3 enzymes), in the mitochondrial matrix.
1. A couple of mice with brown fur and black eyes had litter with the following distribution of traits: 9 with brown fur and black eyes, 3 with brown fur and red eyes, 3 with grey fur and black eyes, and one with grey fur and red eyes. Propose an explanation.
Answer:
The genotype of the couple of mice is heterozygous.
Explanation:
First, we going to classify each trait as dominant or recessive allele:
Brown fur: It’s a dominant allele because 12 of 16 mice have brown fur, therefore 75% of the litter have this trait.
Black eyes: It’s a dominant allele because 12 of 16 mice have black eyes, therefore 75% of the litter have this attribute.
Grey fur: It’s a recessive allele because only 4 of 16 mice have this trait, so 25% of the litter have grey fur.
Red eyes: It’s a recessive allele because 4 of 16 mice have red eyes, so 25% of the litter show this trait.
Second, we going to name each phenotype with a letter and use a capital letter for dominant allele or a small letter for recessive allele.
For the color of the fur, let’s use letter “F”:
F: Brown fur
f: Grey fur
For the color of the eyes, let’s use letter “E”:
E: Black eyes
e: Red eyes
The genotype of each phenotype is conformed by two letters that indicates, the recessive allele is showed in the phenotype only when both letters in the genotype are small letter.
For example, for fur, there are three combinations:
FF: Brown fur (two dominant alleles)
Ff: Brown fur (A dominant allele and a recessive allele)
ff: Grey fur (Two recessive alleles)
For eyes, there are also three combinations:
EE: Black eyes (two dominant alleles) (
Ee: Black eyes (A dominant allele and a recessive allele)
ee: Red eyes (Two recessive alleles)
When both allele of the genotype are dominant or recessive, it is heterozygous, if there are a dominant allele and a recessive one, it is a homozygous.
Since there are 7 mice that show recessive phenotype, that means the genotype of the couple of mice are heterozygous. Although, both mice show a dominant phenotype, the genotype have a dominant allele and a recessive allele.
The genotype for the couple of mice is:
FfEe x FfEe
So, when we apply the Mendel's third law, we got the results showed in the chart.
1-. What energy source is directly used to drive the final enzyme in oxygenated, cellular respiration, the ATP synthase?
a. Proton Motive Force
b. Calvin cycle
c. Acetyl Co-A breakdown
d. Photosynthesis
Answer: a. Proton Motive Force
Explanation:
As a process presented in Bacteria, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts, the chemiosmosis is important to generate ATP from ADP. In this process, we have two main components an electrical potential and a proton concentration gradient, that act in a process called proton-motive force. The ignition starts via the movement of electrons with different energy states via electron carriers.
1.) The headwaters of a stream are always located at a/an _______ elevation than the mouth of the stream.
2.) A stream’s velocity is _______ at the bottom and edges.
3.) A stream’s invisible _______ load represents (on average) about 15% of the mass of material transported.
4.) A stream with many rapids and waterfalls is likely a/an _______ stream.
5.) In a meander, water flowing around the outside of a curve flows _______ than water flowing around the inside of the curve.
6.) An oxbow lake can form near a/an _______ stream.
7.) A/An _______ is likely to form where a stream deposits sediment as it enters another body of water.
Answer:
higher
slowest
dissolved
youthful
faster
meandering
delta
Explanation:
Answer:
given below
Explanation:
1) higher
stream is located at higher location because of high head energy of the flow will be more.
2) small
at the bottom of the stream the energy head is small.
3) dissolved
dissolved invisible load will represent 15% of mass.
4) young
when the stream is young it has huge energy and the velocity is very high.
5) faster
water flowing outside the curve flow is faster than inside the curve.
6) meander
the zig zag movement of the river is called meander and the oxbow lake is found near meanders.
7) delta
delta is present when river falls in the oceans, all the river deposits sediments in the delta.
David Fee studies sound waves so deep and low that humans cannot hear them. What are these low frequencies
called?
infrared
seismology
geosound
infrasound
Answer: infrasound
Explanation:
The infrasound is called as the low frequency sound. The frequency of these sounds is less than 20 Hz. The sound waves of the infrasound cannot be perceived by the humans as human ear are less sensitive to the low frequency. The infrasound can be produced in extreme weather conditions, earthquakes, meteor impacts, explosive detonation, collision of oceanic waves, waves on beach, and sound produced by the air conditioner.
Historically, an important strategy for disrupting the adhesion of integrins to their ligands is by using a synthetic peptide that mimics the binding site on the ECM molecule to which the integrin attaches. In the case of fibronectin, the amino acid sequence is arginine-glycine-aspartate (when written using the single letter designation for each amino acid, this sequence becomes RGD). Explain why addition of such synthetic peptides would disrupt binding of cells to their normal substratum.
Answer:
Upon binding of integrins with such synthetic peptides, disrupts the receptors, and make them unavailable to bind with fibronectin or laminin.
It would impact in inhibition of binding of cells to extracellular matrix (ECM). It is an important strategy that disrupts the adhesion of integrins and ligands. It can have significant role in tumor invasion and metastasis.
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A. the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell B. the membrane potential has been reestablished C. proteins have been resynthesized D. all sodium gates are closed
Answer:
(B). the membrane potential has been reestablished
Explanation:
Nerve impulse can be defined as a signal that transmits along the nerve fibers. The neurons are said to be in resting phase when there is no nerve impulse.
When a stimulus is applied to resting membrane, sodium ions freely pass inside the cell and membrane is now said to be in depolarized phase. Due to this, a difference in electrical potential is generated across the membrane, known as nerve impulse or action potential.
When the action potential is over (after transmitting the nerve impulse through neuron) the cell membrane potential returns back by repolarizing the membrane.
Once the membrane potential is completely returned to its resting potential (when membrane potential is reestablished), the neurons become ready for second or next nerve stimulus.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until the membrane potential has been re-established. Therefore option B is correct.
After a nerve impulse, the membrane potential of a neuron undergoes changes due to the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
During an action potential, the membrane depolarizes as sodium ions (Na+) rush into the cell, followed by repolarization as potassium ions (K+) move out of the cell.
Following the repolarization phase, the cell membrane needs to be restored to its resting state in order for another nerve impulse to be generated.
This process is called reestablishing the membrane potential. It involves the following steps: Sodium-Potassium Pump, Ion Channels, and Resting Membrane Potential.
Once the membrane potential is re-established, the neuron is ready to generate another action potential and transmit a new nerve impulse.
This process ensures that nerve impulses are transmitted in a coordinated and regulated manner.
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Describe the pain associated with leukemia and explain the reason for it.
Answer:
Bone pain is associated with leukemia because large number of cancer cells are present in the bone marrow.
Explanation:
Leukemia may be defined as the cancer of blood cells. This cancer generally starts in the bone marrow and leads to uncontrolled division of the cell.
An individual suffering from leukemia may experience bone or joint pain. Bone pain is more common in lymphoblastic leukemia. The bone pain is mainly caused by the uncontrolled growth of cancer cell in the bone marrow.
Proteins are transported via axoplasmic transport at slow rates (0.5 to 2 mm per day) and fast rates (200 to 400 mm per day). The difference in transport rate directly results from:
a. the difference in the time spent per day in transport by kinesin on microtubules.
b. the site where the protein is synthesized
c. the substrate molecule used by the motor protein
d. the motor protein used to transport the proteins
Answer:
Option (a).
Explanation:
Protein is one of the most important biomolecules and a basic building block of the body. Axoplasmic transport of protein includes the transportation of protein to and from the neuron.
Axoplasmic transport of protein shows the difference in transportation rate because different proteins spent different time on microtubules during transport by the kinesin molecule.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
2. If you can roll your tongue,
a) you have at least one copy of the dominant allele T
b) you have two copies of the recessive allele t
c) you must be male
d) you are haploid
Ans:
(A). You have at least one copy of the dominant allele T
Explanation:
Tongue rolling is the capability of individual to roll the tongue upwards in a tube-like structure. The muscles in the tongue allow this rolling movement.
Tongue rolling is related with genetic inheritance. Different genotype determines rolling of tongue. Individual with dominant allele(T) either heterozygous dominant(Tt) alleles or homozygous dominant(TT) alleles shows the tongue rolling trait. The homozygous recessive genotype will not show tongue rolling trait. So, tongue rolling trait is determined by a dominant allele.
Thus, the correct answer is option(A).
Explain Gynecomastia in males.
Gynecomastia is an increase in the size of the mammary gland in men. The condition can occur in one or both breasts. It starts as a small mass under the nipple, which can be sensitive. One breast can be bigger than the other. Its cause is an imbalance between the stimulatory effects of estrogen (female sex hormones) and the inhibitory effects of androgens (male sex hormones) in the breast tissue, when the first ones increase, or the second ones descend.
Gynecomastia is a problem relatively common in the population, and there are three prevalence peaks throughout life:
Newborns: Between 60 and 90% of newborns have gynecomastia, produced by the passage of maternal estrogens through the placenta. It is a transient gynecomastia that disappears in about 2-3 weeks.
Puberty: Gynecomastia in puberty affects mainly young people aged between 10 and 14 years, and is due to the transient and physiological increase in estrogen that occurs at this age.
Elderly: Is due to an increase in fatty tissue with a greater peripheral aromatization ( a process that occurs in adipose tissue and that involves the conversion of androgens into estrogens), a decrease in the production of testosterone by the testes and the use of drugs.
How does RNA leader sequence affect Trp operon syst
Answer:
The base pairing of complementary regions of RNA leader sequence determines if the transcription will be attenuated at the end of leader sequence or will continue for structural genes.
Explanation:
The RNA leader sequence of trp operon is the site where the transcription is initiated.
When tryptophan levels are high, translation of sequence 1 of the leader sequence is followed by base pairing between the complementary 3 and 4 regions of the leader sequence. The base pairing forms a terminator like attenuator and stops the expression of structural genes.
When tryptophan is not present, ribosome pauses at tryptophan codon of region 1 of the leader sequence. Hence, the regions 2 and 3 of the leader sequence base pair and prevents the formation of attenuator by not allowing the region 3 to pair with region 4.