Answer:
The cells would most likely get arrested in the metaphase stage.
Explanation:
Certain points found in the cell cycle of eukaryotes, at which the advancement of the cell to the next stage of the cycle can be prevented until and unless all the conditions become favorable are known as the check points. One of these checkpoints is the M checkpoint, which is found close to the termination of the mitosis metaphase stage.
It is also known as the spindle checkpoint as it determines the accurate attachment of the sister chromatids with the spindle microtubules. At the time of the anaphase stage, the distinction of the sister chromatids is an irreversible step, thus, unless and until each sister chromatids pair are attached strongly with the spindle fibers originating from the reverse poles of the cell, the cycle will not progress further.
Therefore, if all the chromosomes are not attached to the mitotic spindle the M checkpoint will not allow the cell to go the next stage and will arrest the cell in the metaphase stage.
The M phase checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. If this does not happen, then the cell will be arrested in metaphase.
The cell cycle can be divided into interphase and a mitotic 'M' phase in which the cell divides. The M phase can in turn be divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.The M checkpoint ensures the correct attachment of chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equator (middle) of the cell.In conclusion, the M phase checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. If this does not happen, then the cell will be arrested in metaphase.
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What does the sequence of DNA determine?
Answer:
It determines everything about you.
Explanation:
Sequencing DNA means determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule. The sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment.
The sequence of DNA determines the order of amino acids in proteins, dictating their structure and function, and influencing an organism's traits.
The sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) determines the specific instructions for constructing proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of a cell. These sequences encode for the order of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The process begins with a sequence of codons in DNA dictating the corresponding codons in messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then guides the transfer RNA (tRNA) in the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein. Variations in the nucleotide sequence can lead to mutations, potentially altering the structure and function of the resulting protein and affecting an organism's traits.
Which is a dominant trait that Mendel observed in pea plant
A. Bumpy pods
B. Short height
C. Yellow seeds
D. White flowers
Answer:im not 100% but i thinks its c
Explanation:
Answer:
C got it right
Explanation:
Which of the following are examples of short-term, human-induced environmental changes? Select three answer choices
mass extinction
global warming
deforestation
ozone layer destruction
pollution
Explanation:
we have mass Extinction deforestation and pollution
Answer:
ACD
Explanation:
ozone destruction
mass extinction
deforestation
and humans cause holes in the ozone when they let out gasses
Deforestation is the process of getting rid of forested areas for land ect
and mass extinction happens when to many of one species are introduced for example Humans
Therefore its ACD because they are all man made
Hey can someone answer this?
Proteins are one of the four main types of _________ .
biomolecules
living
complex
2.
One of the main functions of proteins is the creation of ________.
sugars
enzymes
3.
Enzymes are important for allowing and speeding up ________ in an organism.
reactions
chemicals
Answer:
Explanation:
1) biomolecules
2)enzymes
3)reactions
I think
1. Proteins are one of the four main types of Biomolecules.
2.One of the main functions of proteins is the creation of Enzymes.
3.Enzymes are important for allowing and speeding up reactions in an organism.
Thus, the correct option for 1, 2 and 3 are (A), (B) and (A) respectively.
What is Protein?Proteins are large biomolecules which are made up of amino acids. The basic unit of protein is called amino acids which are attached to each other in long chains. There are 20 types of amino acids which combine to form protein. They perform any functions and repair the structure and regulate the body tissues and organ .
There are so many proteins present in the body performing various functions like antibody, enzymes, messenger etc.
Enzyme is a type of protein which help to speed up the chemical reaction. It is also known as biological catalyst. For each type of substrate , there is a specific enzyme. Enzyme is effected by various factors like heat, harsh chemical conditions etc.
Enzyme support various important processes in the body. For example,
1. Digestive system
2.DNA replication
3.Liver enzymes production
4.Cell regulation
5. Respiration
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In cattle, coat color is inherited through incomplete dominance. Cattle homozygous for red have red coats, cattle homozygous for white have white coats and heterozygous cattle have roan coats. What is the probability of a cattle with a red coat resulting from a roan coat parent and a red coat parent?
Answer:
Probability of having a cattle with a red coat resulting from a roan coat parent and a red coat parent [tex]= 50[/tex] %
Explanation:
Given -
Allele for red color coat be represented by "R"
and the allele for white color coat be represented by "r"
Genotype of red coated cattle is RR
Genotype of white coated cattle is rr
Genotype of roan coated cattle is Rr (Roan color is due to incomplete dominance)
Cross is carried out between roan coat parent (Rr) and red coat parent (RR)
RR * Rr
RR, Rr, RR, Rr
Out of four offspring two are having red coat (RR)
Thus, probability of having a cattle with a red coat resulting from a roan coat parent and a red coat parent would be
[tex]\frac{2}{4} * 100\\[/tex]
[tex]= 50[/tex] %
The probability of a calf with a red coat resulting from a roan coat parent crossed with a red coat parent is 50%, as offspring inherit one allele from each parent and the combination of RW (roan) and RR (red) results in a red coat calf 50% of the time.
Explanation:In cattle, coat color is determined by incomplete dominance, a form of inheritance where the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. In this case, red coat color (RR) is homozygous, white coat color (WW) is homozygous, and the roan coat color (RW) is the intermediate, heterozygous phenotype. When a roan coat parent (RW) and a red coat parent (RR) are bred, there is a 50% probability of a calf with a red coat color (RR or RW), because the roan parent can only pass down either the R or the W allele, while the red coat parent can only pass down the R allele. Thus, the resultant genotypes can be either RW (roan) or RR (red), making the chance of a red coat calf 1 in 2, or 50%.
The pattern in which a population is spaced within an area is called *
5 points
Growth pattern
specific variation
dispersion
population density
Answer:
The correct answer is... Dispersion
Which levels need to be correct for cells to function? Select four options. blood sugar body height body water body temperature blood oxygen
Answer:
blood sugar, body water, body temperature, and blood oxygen.
Explanation:
so (A) (C) (D) (E) hoped this helped :)
Answer:
1 3 4 5
Explanation:
_________ is a part of the male gamete formation
Answer:
The correct answer is "testes".
Explanation:
The missing options of this question are
testes
ovaries
gametes
oogonia
The correct answer is "testes".
Testes are part of the male gamete formation, actually testes are the site where the males produce their gametes in a process known as spermatogenesis. The main function of the testes is to produce and store sperm. Particularly, spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, developing haploid spermatozoa that is used for sexual reproduction.
An injury in which the epidermis remains intact, but blood vessels and cells in the dermis are injured,is called a(n):a.contusion.b.abrasion.c.concussion.d.avulsion.
Answer:
A- a medical term for common bruise.
Explanation:
This is a type of closed wound inflicted by a blunt object. Therefore the epidermis remains intact but there is disruption of the underlying dermis structure. Blood usually leaks from the damaged capillaries into the surrounding areas.And this marked the meaning of contusion.
It usually affects both the bones and soft tissues.When it occurs in the bone it is bone contusion, muscles as muscle contusion or as in the question;to the skin as skin contusion.
Adequate rests, cold compression, elevation of the affected part. or compression with bandage are the methods of treatment.
Bone contusion takes longer time to heal with X-ray examination,but other forms heal naturally.
How many glucose molecules can be formed by 6 molecules of carbon
dioxide?
A. 1
B. 12
C. 6
D. 18
Answer:
1
Explanation:
"Six carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) are required to create one glucose molecule (C6H12O6) because carbon dioxide has one carbon per molecule, while glucose molecules have six carbons."
Which statement about PCBs is false?
A. They are found at highest concentrations in Inuit women who eat herbivorous caribou.
B. They originate from industrial and agricultural production.
C. They cause a variety of health ailments in humans.
D. They can remain in the environment for long periods of time.
Explanation:
(B) They originate from industrial and agricultural production.
PCBs in humans have discovered expanded paces of melanomas, liver cancer, gall bladder cancer, biliary tract malignant growth, gastrointestinal tract disease, and mind malignancy, and might be connected to bosom diseasePCBs are known to cause an assortment of sorts of malignant growth in rodents, mice The most usually watched wellbeing impacts in individuals presented to a lot of PCBs are skin conditions, for example, skin break out and rashesPCB exposures in everybody are not liable to bring about skin and liver impactsThe false statement about PCBs is that they are found at highest concentrations in Inuit women who eat herbivorous caribou. PCBs tend to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in apex predators, not herbivores. So the correct option is A.
Explanation:The statement about PCBs that is false is: A. They are found at highest concentrations in Inuit women who eat herbivorous caribou. This statement is incorrect because PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food chains, meaning that they are found in higher concentrations in apex predators rather than in herbivorous animals. PCBs are industrial and agricultural pollutants that originate from human activities, such as the production of coolant liquids and can cause a variety of health ailments in humans. They are known to persist in the environment for very long periods and accumulate in higher trophic levels of the food chain, thus reaching high concentrations in predatory fish and the animals, including humans, that eat these fish.
There have been numerous studies on this topic, including research by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron, which showed that the apex consumer, the walleye, had more than four times the amount of PCBs compared to phytoplankton at the base of the food chain. Birds that eat these fish may have even higher levels. Therefore, populations such as the Inuit, who rely on higher trophic level marine predators, would be more at risk.
Would you expect a cell to continue or to stop dividing at a nonpermissive high temperature if it is a temperature-sensitive Ras mutant whose protein product is fixed in the GTP-bound form at nonpermissive temperature?
Answer:
Cell that's temperature sensitive,then they would not be able to divude.
Explanation: This is so, because cells become inactive when the temperature is extremely high
This image shows a stream of positively charged particles being directed at gold foil. The positively charged particles are called "alpha particles” and each one is like a nucleus without any electrons.
A laser source is shining red light onto a surface. Some bounces back at anges Some go straight through and some go through at an angle in both directions from the original path.
What is the best explanation for why a particle is striking point X?
a.) Alpha particles are mostly empty space, so they move in random directions, and one of these alpha particles can strike point X.
b.) The gold atoms contain negative electrons, so when alpha particles strike the gold they keep moving but in various directions.
c.) If an alpha particle hits the gold foil, a gold nucleus splits and a particle from it flies out at point X.
d.) When the dense, positive alpha particle passes close to a positive nucleus of gold, the alpha particle repels and hits the screen at point X.
Answer:
D.) When the dense, positive alpha particle passes close to a positive nucleus of gold, the alpha particle repels and hits the screen at point X.
Explanation:
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
plsssss help I need it in your own words not copy and pasted from other answers
The male resplendent quetzal bird has evolved to have tail feathers that are approximately 60 cm long. The female quetzal has short tail feathers. Using the quetzal as your example, describe how the mechanism of natural selection may have led to the evolution of the male quetzal’s extraordinarily long tail feathers.
Answer:
The male quetzal could have grown longer tails for breeding purposes.
Explanation:
His tail could be fluttered to impress a female, causing them to mate. If they do, they take turns sitting on the eggs. The long tail feathers of the male would help to keep the eggs safe and protected.
What occurs during the gametophyte stage?
The plant produces spores.
The plant travels in the wind to a new location.
The plant produces sperm cells and egg cells.
The plant releases spores into the air.
Answer:
the is c
Explanation:
hope this helps
Answer: C The plant produces sperm cells and egg cells.
Explanation:
A group of scientists designed a clinical study to investigate the effects of cholesterol deficiency in humans. For the duration of the 8-week study, the adult subjects must live in a special research unit of a hospital. The only food the subjects can consume is a synthetic formula that contains all known nutrients, except cholesterol. Based on this information, you would expect:a. 100% of the subjects to show signs and symptoms of cholesterol deficiency within the first 3 weeks of participating in the study.b. about 50% of the subjects to show signs and symptoms of a cholesterol deficiency within the first week of the study.c. none of the subjects to show signs and symptoms of a cholesterol deficiency during the entire study.d. about 10% of the subjects to show signs and symptoms of a cholesterol deficiency within the first week of participating in the study.
Answer:
c. none of the subjects to show signs and symptoms of a cholesterol deficiency during the entire study.
Explanation:
this is because the blood cholesterol is from two sources. Nearly 80% of the cholesterol the body needs are made by the liver and intestine.certain small amounts are also produced in the adrenal glands and the reproductive organs.The remaining fragment amounts comes from the diets.
Therefore even if these subjects were fed with diet without cholesterol, it will not have any significant effects on the body cholesterol composition. Therefore no symptoms of its deficiency will be observed.
Generally it biosynthesis is regulated by the amount of cholesterol present in the blood.
were green algae the first plants
Answer:
Yes. Green algae were considered to be the first ancestral organism to be considered part of the Plantae Kingdom. However, the first land plants appeared around 470 million years ago. These plants were a sort of moss like organism.
All of the following are functions of a coelom EXCEPT serving as a hydrostatic skeleton. processing and storing food. allows digestive tract to expand within the body. cushioning internal organs. permits independent movement of digestive tract.
Answer:
Processing and storing food.
Explanation:
The coelom is the hollow structure formed in the organisms filled with the coelom fluid. The coelom is formed during embryogenesis which may be lined by the mesodermal layer or not.
The formation of coelom serves many functions in different organisms like it allows the internal movement of the organs in the body, allows the independent movement of the digestive tract, the fluid present in the cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton in the lower organism and cushions the internal organs.
The function that is not performed by the coelom is that it is not involved in the processing and storing food in organisms.
Thus, Processing and storing food is correct.
Recent studies indicate that the addition of iron to areas of the ocean could increase productivity. Increased productivity could be beneficial for many reasons. What may be one of the largest negative impacts that could occur with "fertilizing the oceans with iron"?
a. Increased productivity could result in higher respiration rates and regions of depleted oxygen in the ocean.
b. Increased productivity would provide more biomass for subsequent levels on the trophic pyramid.
c. Increased productivity could result in depletion of nitrogen available in ocean waters.
d. Increased productivity would be matched by increased detritus falling to the ocean floor, burying many deep-sea organisms.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The addition of iron to the ocean can result in increasing the productivity of the ocean. This will affect the life of the organism living in their.
The organism that lives in water respire and use oxygen for this process. Once the productivity of the ocean is increased there is a lack of oxygen in ocean.
The biological demand of the ocean will increase and the organism will be limited in the water as there will not be adequate amount of oxygen left for the organism to consume it because of the increased productivity.
hence, option A is the correct where the increased productivity will lead to increased oxygen demand and its rate will be depleted.
Final answer:
The correct option is a. Increased productivity could result in higher respiration rates and regions of depleted oxygen in the ocean. The addition of iron to oceans can cause an increase in productivity leading to eutrophication and the creation of dead zones due to depleted oxygen. Fertilizers, which often contain excessive nitrogen, can exacerbate these conditions, putting aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity, including coral reefs, at risk.
Explanation:
One of the largest negative impacts that could occur with "fertilizing the oceans with iron" is increased productivity leading to regions of depleted oxygen in the ocean, also known as eutrophication. This process often results in the creation of dead zones, where the lack of dissolved oxygen greatly restricts the ability of marine life to survive. The excessive growth of algae from the added nutrients triggers a cycle wherein the excessive biomass depletes oxygen during decomposition, impacting entire aquatic ecosystems and creating hypoxic conditions.
Artificial fertilizers, when used carelessly or in excess, lead to similar nutrient runoff effects in aquatic ecosystems, causing algal blooms and disrupting the balance of marine habitats. Fertilizer runoff primarily contains nitrogen-rich compounds, which can result in serious depletion of oxygen, particularly in coastal zones. Studies predict that the continued introduction of excess nutrients could substantially increase by 2050, threatening biodiversity and natural cycles, as seen in the degradation of coral reefs.
How is the ecosystem of Cotopaxi different to that of the rainforest? Think about how the landscape affects what kinds of plants and animals live here.
The ecosystem of Cotopaxi differs from a rainforest due to different factors such as latitude, elevation, temperature, and rainfall. This results in a variety of biomes in Cotopaxi and much biodiversity in rainforests. Both ecosystems face challenges from environmental disturbances and human activities.
Explanation:The ecosystem of Cotopaxi, a high-elevation ecosystem, differs greatly from that of a rainforest due to factors such as latitude, elevation, temperature, and rainfall. For example, as you ascend the mountain, changes in these factors mean that you will encounter different biomes along the way. These can range from temperate forests at lower elevations, to tundra-like conditions at the peak.
In a rainforest, however, due to typically high temperatures and rainfall, you would see a great amount of diversity with plants like epiphytes and a variety of animals adapting to an arboreal lifestyle. On the other hand, terrestrial ecosystems like Cotopaxi, are comprised of a range of different biomes, including grasslands, desert-like areas, and eventually, ice-covered peaks. These differing conditions support differing vegetation and animal life.
Both ecosystems are, however, susceptible to environmental disturbances. This could be due to yearly variations in rainfall and temperature, or human activities like deforestation, pollution, and other harmful practices. Understanding these differences can be crucial for conservation efforts in these unique ecosystems.
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Use the law of superposition to choose the correct answer for the following questions about rock layers and relative age.
Answer: Layer 6 is older than layer 8 and layers 2 and 3 are younger than 4 and layers 7 and 9 and deposited before 5
Explanation:
Answer:
- layer 8
-layer 2 and 3
-layer 7 and 9
Explanation:
just took question on edge!
He tube feet have a bulb-like structure at one end called the 7)__ and a 8) __ at the other end, which aids in the starfish's ability to attach to surfaces, as well as hold its prey.
Answer:
The tube feet have a bulb-like structure at one end called the ampulla and Podium at the other end, which aids in the starfish's ability to attach to surfaces, as well as hold its prey.
Explanation:
Echinoderms i.e Starfishes have hundreds of tiny projections known as tube feet on the underside of their body. They allow the starfish to move and hunt for food in the ocean.Tube feets are hollow thin walled structures that end in being suction cups and helps in
1.Locomotion
2.Respiration
3.Feeding
Starfishes use tube feet on their arms to help them move, and each tube foot contains what is called an ampulla. These ampulla move water into the tube feet to help stretch them. They operate through water vascular system.
Water vascular system provides the vascular pressure which allows the tube feet to operate. Water enters the system through a sieve-like structure on the upper surface of the animal, called the madreporite. From here it moves into the ring canals and into radial canals and then into the tube feet, which allows them to move.Water also leaves through madreporite.
Through podium the starfish attaches to the surfaces of its prey, such as a snail, clam or oyster, and uses tube feet to capture it, hold it close to its mouth. Once the prey is close and secure, the starfish pushes its stomach out through its mouth to digest the prey.
What are the functions of the male reproductive system
The male reproductive system's primary functions are to produce sperm and secrete testosterone, which are essential for reproduction and the development of male characteristics.
Functions of the Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system performs several critical functions related to reproduction and sexual development. These functions can be categorized mainly into two roles:
Producing sperm: Sperm are the male gametes necessary for fertilization of the female gamete (the egg) during reproduction. The testes are the primary organs responsible for sperm production.Secreting testosterone: Testosterone is the dominant male sex hormone that guides the growth, development, and maintenance of male characteristics and the reproductive system. Its presence triggers puberty and supports the continuous production of sperm.The system includes the testes where sperm and testosterone are produced, and a network of ducts and glands that contribute to the maturation and transport of sperm. Together, these parts ensure the male's reproductive capabilities.
Which diagram shows magnets aligned so they will attract each other?
C
The diagram shows magnets aligned so they will attract each other is D. as it shows the magnetic pole is showing attraction.
What is the magnetic pole?A magnetic pole, placed at every give up of a magnet in which the outside magnetic area is strongest. A bar magnet suspended in Earth's magnetic area orients itself in a north-south direction. The north-looking for pole of one of this magnet, or any comparable pole, is known as a north magnetic pole.
A magnet continually comes with poles: a north pole and a south pole. The major distinction between north and south pole is that a north pole is attracted toward the south pole of any other magnet whilst a south pole is attracted toward the north pole of any other magnet.
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What part(s) of the brain deal with visual input and processing?
Answer: visual cortex
Explanation:
Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to?
Answer:The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus, and carry blood away from the glomerulus that has already been filtered. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure.
Pancreatic β cells release insulin from intracellular vesicles. This release is regulated in part by the activity of glucokinase. How would insulin release be affected if pancreatic β cells were mutated to express hexokinase rather than glucokinase?
Answer:
Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets, synthesising and secreting insulin and amylin. Beta-cell mass and function diminish in patients with type I or type II diabetes, resulting in inadequate insulin secretion and hyperglycemia.
If hexokinase was expressed rather than glucokinase, the release of insulin from pancreatic β cells would be constant, and changes in serum glucose would not affect the expression of insuline.
Muscle contraction occurs in a cyclic process. Write down its sequence in the correct order?
Options are not provided in the question. The complete question is:
Muscle contraction occurs in a cyclic process. Which of the following sequences is in the correct order?
A. power stroke, cross bridge formation, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin
B. cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin
C. cross bridge formation, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin, power stroke
D. cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation, power stroke, cocking of myosin
E. cross bridge formation, cocking of myosin, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation
Answer: B. cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin
Explanation:
Muscle contraction is the activation of sites that produce stress within the muscle fibres.
The process of contraction begins with the Calcium ions that bind to the protein complex troponin and reveal the active-binding actin sites. The high-energy myosin head fills the gap, creating a cross-bridge, until the actin-binding sites are exposed. The filaments shift roughly 10 nm towards the M line as the actin is removed which leads to power stroke because it is the phase at which force is generated. Then teh ATP binds to the myosin and allows the bridge between actin-myosin dissociate. So soon so myosin attaches to actin, myosin's cocked head releases the actin fibre to slide. The cross-bridge generates energy, and actin displaces the myosin cross-bridge reaction products (ADP and Pi). This allows the process of contraction.
Hence, the correct order is B.
a farmer spreads a nitrate rich fertiliser over his fields. each time he does this, he washes out his spreading equipment in a farm pond. suggest and explain what the likely effects of such pollution will be on the plants and animals in the pond
Answer:
Chemical because of the fertilizer the farmer is using.
Explanation:
Washing nitrate rich fertiliser equipment in a pond can lead to eutrophication, which results in algal overgrowth, decreased oxygen levels, and potentially toxic conditions for the aquatic ecosystem.
When a farmer washes out nitrate rich fertiliser equipment in a farm pond, the likely effects on the pond's plant and animal life include the phenomenon of eutrophication. This process occurs when excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers, often containing nitrates (NO3-) and phosphates (PO43-), run off into the water body, causing an overgrowth of algae. Excessive algae growth can deplete the pond's dissolved oxygen as the algae die and decompose, creating an anaerobic environment unsuitable for most aquatic life.
The algal blooms can block sunlight, preventing other aquatic plants from performing photosynthesis, which disrupts the pond's ecosystem. In addition, some algae produce harmful toxins that can affect both aquatic and terrestrial organisms, including humans, through the food chain. The fertilizers can also carry other pollutants, like pesticides and bacteria, further harming the pond's inhabitants.
Why does the tree resin do that helps the DNA?
Tree resin (along with other gum and latex fluids) plays an extremely important function in trees by rapidly sealing over wounds used as introductory pathways by invading insects and fungal disease agents. Organisms that try to enter a tree via a wound can be flushed out, can become stuck and trapped in the seal and can be overcome by the resin's toxicity. It is also thought that resins have high antiseptic qualities that prevent decay and that they also lower the amount of water lost from the plant's tissues. In any event, consistent resin flow is essential to the continued health of most conifers.
If you have regularly handled or touched the bark or cones of pine, spruce or larch, you know about the fragrant "sticky" resin they copiously ooze. That resin is contained in ducts or blisters that run through the bark and wood and diminish in size and number as they enter roots and needles. Hemlocks, true cedars, and firs have resin mainly restricted to the bark.
Wound trauma to a tree can stimulate the production of "traumatic resin canals" that help in containing the injury and help in healing any resulting infection. Resin-laden blisters contained in the conifer secrete the light liquid, which immediately loses oils to evaporation and forms a heavy solid scab. It is interesting to note that this reaction to trauma by a tree is used in the manufacturing process of certain commercial resins and essential oils by stimulating resin flow by inflicting a purposeful injury or bark irritation (see tapping below).
The production of resin is very common in nature, but only a few plant families can be considered of commercial importance to resin collectors. These important resin producing plants include the Anacardiaceae (gum mastic), Burseraceae (incense tree), Hammamelidaceae (witch-hazel), Leguminosae, and Pinaceae (pine, spruce, fir, true cedar).