What is a spectrogram? What variables are on the x- and y-axes?

The base pairing between a DNA strand and RNA nucleotide determines base added to an RNA strand

During Transcription an RNA copy is made from a gene sequence which called an mRNA molecule. and it leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell.

The Base to be added to an RNA strand is basically determined by the base pairing between a DNA strand and RNA nucleotide.

Hence we can conclude that what determines the base added to an RNA strand is The base pairing between a DNA strand and RNA nucleotide.

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Optimization refers to the activity of making the most or best efficient use of a resource of situation. Optimization suggests that it is probable to sustain performance in some areas via spontaneous practice and the application of new technology.  

The older adults get involved in numerous sexual activities, companionship is essential to age individuals. The optimization in older adults’ sexual activity can be expressed by getting involved in more kissing, cuddling, and fantasizing in comparison to intercourse for satisfying the sexual activity.  

Answer:

1. atmosphere

2. troposphere

Explanation:

1. Weather on Earth is caused by heat from the sun and movement of the air. All weather happens in the lower layer of Earth's atmosphere, which is a layer of gases surrounding Earth. The sun's heat warms the air in this layer to different temperature levels in different places. ... This movement of air is what we call wind.

2. The troposphere is the lowermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. Most of the weather phenomena, systems, convection, turbulence and clouds occur in this layer

Luca Cavalli-Sforza is a geneticist who hypothesized that the skin-color change came late because previous people had complete vitamin D access to the foods that they are eating. But the moment they started farming, the main vitamin sources are reduced, making a larger gain of having light skin.

Luca Cavalli-Sforza's hypothesis suggests that the change in skin color came later in European populations due to adaptation to reduced ultraviolet radiation exposure.

Luca Cavalli-Sforza's hypothesis for why skin color change came late is related to adaptation to changing levels of ultraviolet radiation. As humans migrated from Africa to areas with less exposure to UV radiation, their skin pigmentation became lighter in order to compensate for the reduced absorption of Vitamin D, which is necessary for bone health and immune function. Cavalli-Sforza's hypothesis suggests that this adaptation occurred later in European populations compared to those in other regions.

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Transplanting genetic material into bacteria is not a simple task; it is a complex process involving genetic transformation, genetic transfer, and bacterial conjugation. While competent bacteria can take up new DNA, creating transgenic organisms or introducing synthetic genomes into bacteria is more challenging and less straightforward.

Is Transplanting Genetic Material into Bacteria a Simple Task?

Transplanting genetic material into bacteria can be a complex process, as it involves several steps that need to be carried out with precision. Genetic transformation, genetic transfer, and bacterial conjugation are means by which bacteria can receive new genetic information. The introduction of recombinant DNA into a bacterium is facilitated through different mechanisms, such as natural competency, transformation, transduction, and conjugation using structures like the F pilus or sex pilus. As mentioned in LibreTexts, competent bacteria are able to take up DNA from their environment, and other methods may involve using plasmids or direct injection. Genetic engineering often takes advantage of these processes to introduce new genes into bacteria for the production of proteins or to create transgenic crops.

However, in the context of synthetic biology, the (booting) of a completely synthetic genome into a bacterial host presents a greater challenge and is currently a more complex and expensive process. Thus, the statement that transplanting genetic material into bacteria is a simple task is generally considered false.

The correct representation of energy flow through an ecosystem is: Sun - autotrophs - heterotrophs.

A pyramid of energy can be defined as a graphical model that is used to depict the flow of energy from one trophic level (feeding level) to the next in an ecosystem.

This ultimately implies that, a pyramid of energy is a diagram that compares the energy that is used by living organisms at each trophic level of the food chain in an ecosystem.

In conclusion, the correct representation of energy flow through an ecosystem is:

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Answer: 20%

The alcohol that is swallowed by a person avoids the normal digestive process. It travels down the esophagus into the stomach and the small intestine and goes right into the bloodstream. About 20 percent of the alcohol consumed by the body is absorbed in the stomach, and about 80 percent is absorbed in the small intestine. The liver is the organ that is particularly affected by alcohol because it is the main organ that processes alcohol.

According to the CDC, tooth decay affects more than one-fourth of U.S. children aged 2 to 5.Tooth decay is the damage of the structure of the tooth which is caused by acids that are produced when sugar is being broken down by plaque bacteria in the mouth. Tooth decay is the primary cause of tooth loss in children in the United States.

Sanitary landfills are safeguarded against groundwater contamination by being lined with plastic and compacted clay and being located in areas where the groundwater isn't used for drinking or agriculture.

To safeguard against groundwater contamination, sanitary landfills are constructed with specific features. They are lined with plastic and compacted clay to act as a barrier between the trash and the natural soil below. This liner prevents potential contaminants in the waste from seeping into the groundwater.

Moreover, landfills are typically built in places where the geography or land use won't interfere with the natural flow of water in the area. They may be located on industrial sites where groundwater is not tapped for drinking or agricultural purposes, reducing the risk of trash pollutants seeping into water sources used by humans. Therefore, the location and construction materials used for sanitary landfills are both essential to protect groundwater resources.

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A dangerous cargo manifest is most commonly associated with the Water mode of transportation. Anyone who would like to ships any materials that are hazardous in a vessel must arrange a Dangerous Cargo Manifest (DCM) or sometimes called the stowage plan for those hazardous materials.

Adaptive immune system is based on immunological memory.

This system is a specialized sub system of immune system that can eliminate pathogens and prevent their growth in the body.

After its first encounter with the pathogen, it creates an immunological memory that can last up to lifetime and it is highly specific. The memory of the first encounter leads to enhanced response in future with the particular pathogen.

For example, a person who gets affected from measles gets a lifetime protection from the pathogen.