What is the function of brown adipose tissue?

Explanation:

The myelin sheath, lipoprotein structure deposited around axons selected in inner nodules, interrupted periodically by Ranvier nodules, allows saltatory, rapid and effective conduction in the nervous system of vertebrates. The cells that construct myelin are the oligodendrocyte in the nervous central nervous system (CNS) and the Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. An oligonucleotide myelinates one or more axons, while the Schwann always forms a single myelin internodule. The process of myelination begins when a cell-sheath projection involves the axon and a loose spiral shape around it. Over time the formed layers are compacted by the expulsion of the cytoplasm and the formation of a lamellar structure with thick electrodes bands - derived from the apposition of the cytoplasmic phases of the membranes - and fewer electrodes - derived of the external phases of the membranes.

Schwann cells form the myelin sheath by wrapping their membrane around an axon segment in the PNS, creating a lipid-rich layer that facilitates rapid transmission of electrical signals. This insulation ensures efficient nerve impulse conduction with nodes of Ranvier allowing impulses to travel quickly by 'jumping' from gap to gap.

Schwann cells are a type of glial cell responsible for the production of the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). During the process of myelination, a Schwann cell envelops an axon segment by wrapping its cell membrane around the axon multiple times. This wrapping forms a lipid-rich layer with very little cytoplasm between the layers, effectively insulating the axon and aiding in the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

The myelin sheath's appearance has been compared to a pastry wrapped around a hot dog, with the sausage representing the axon and the pastry the myelin layers. Unlike oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), which can myelinate several axons at once, a single Schwann cell myelinates just one segment of a peripheral nerve. Myelin is not only comprised of the phospholipids from the Schwann cell membrane but also includes proteins that help maintain the structure of the sheath, supporting fast electrical signaling along the nerve fiber.

The role of Schwann cells and myelin is crucial as they contribute to the formation of nodes of Ranvier—regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction, wherein nerve impulses 'jump' from node to node, drastically increasing the speed at which they travel down the axon.

Answer:

Circulatory system

Explanation:

From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle through the pulmonary sigmoid valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left lungs to the capillary beds of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the left ventricle of the heart through the mitral valve, to the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve, to the whole body, to the systemic arteries, to the capillaries of the body tissues, to the systemic veins, to the superior cava vein and inferior cava vein, which enter the right atrium of the heart.

The statement describes the journey of blood through the cardiovascular system. It involves the right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, capillary beds of the body, superior and inferior vena cava.

The blood flow pathway you're describing is basically the journey of blood throughout the cardiovascular system, including its passage through the heart. The blanks in your statement can be filled in the following way: From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the (1) right ventricle through the (2) pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left (3) pulmonary arteries to the capillary beds of the (4) lungs to the (5) pulmonary veins to the (6) left atrium of the heart through the (7) mitral valve, to the (8) left ventricle through the (9) aortic semilunar valve, to the (10) aorta, to the systemic arteries, to the (11) capillary beds of the body tissues, to the systemic veins, to the (12) superior and (13) inferior vena cava, which enter the right atrium of the heart.

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Answer:

Option 1 and 2.

Explanation:

Bohr's effect explained the relationship between the binding affinity of oxygen with acidity and carbon dioxide content. Bohr effect was given by the scientist Christian Bohr.

The decrease in pH and increase in the amount of carbon dioxide reducing the binding affinity of oxygen. When the blood travels in tissue from the lungs, pH decreases and oxygen get unload from the hemoglobin as compared with the condition when there is no change in pH.

Thus, the correct answer is option (1)and (2).

The Bohr effect refers to the influence of pH on the interaction between oxygen and hemoglobin. A drop in pH (more acidic conditions) enhances the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin while an increase in pH (more basic conditions) inhibits this dissociation.

The Bohr effect describes the influence of pH on the binding of O2 to Hemoglobin (Hb). As the blood travels from the lung to the tissues, the pH drops due to the increase in carbon dioxide and byproducts of cell metabolism like lactic acid, carbonic acid, and carbon dioxide which makes the blood more acidic. This drop in pH promotes oxygen dissociation from Hb. Conversely, a higher, or more basic, pH inhibits oxygen dissociation from Hb. This is because there are fewer hydrogen ions available to contribute to the breakdown of bicarbonate ions, leading to less carbon dioxide.

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Answer:

16 million

Explanation:

The population at the beginning of the log phase is 1 million cells.

The generation time (doubling time) is 30 min.

In 2 h, there will be four generations.

The population will have doubled four times (2^4 = 16).

There will be 16 million cells.

In the logarithmic phase of bacterial growth, the population size doubles at regular intervals. Given a generation time of 30 minutes, a bacterial culture with a starting population of 1 million cells would grow to 16 million cells after 2 hours. This assumes ideal conditions for exponential growth.

The bacterial culture is currently in the log phase of growth, also known as the exponential growth phase. Given that the generation time, or doubling time, is 30 minutes, the bacterial population will double every half hour. Therefore, starting from a population of 1 million cells, after 2 hours of growth (or four 30-minute cycles), the population size would be 16 million cells.

The calculation is straightforward: Starting with 1 million cells (2^0), after one 30-minute cycle (2^1), we have 2 million cells. After two cycles (2^2), we have 4 million cells. After three cycles (2^3), we have 8 million cells. And after four cycles (2^4), we have 16 million cells.

It's important to understand that this idealized exponential growth assumes that the conditions remain constant and optimal for the bacteria, without food shortages, waste accumulation, or other inhibitions to growth. In environmental conditions, such growth rate might not be sustained over time and could be affected by various factors.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option b. "atrophy of muscles can cause an increase in their size".

Explanation:

Muscle atrophy is defined by the partial or total loss of muscles mass that results from disabling circumstances. Muscle atrophy results in weakness, since the ability of the muscle to exert force is closely related to its size. Therefore, is false to state that muscle atrophy can cause an increase in its size. Actually, is the opposite, an atrophy in a muscle results in a decrease in its size.

Answer:

Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing. Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane

Answer: c. 36

Explanation:

Cellular respiration oxidizes food molecules. The chemiosmotic model suggests that one ATP molecule is generated for each proton pump activated by the electron transport chain. Since the electrons from NADH activate three pumps and those from FADH2 activate two, we would expect each molecule of NADH and FADH2 to generate three and two ATP molecules, respectively.

However, because eukaryotic cells carry out glycolysis in their cytoplasm and the Krebs cycle within their mitochondria, they must transport the two molecules of NADH produced during glycolysis across the mitochondrial membranes, which requires one ATP per molecule of NADH. Thus, the net ATP production is decreased by two. Therefore, the overall ATP production resulting from aerobic respiration theoretically should be 4 (from substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis) + 30 (3 from each of 10 molecules of NADH) + 4 (2 from each of 2 molecules of FADH2) – 2 (for transport of glycolytic NADH) = 36 molecules of ATP

Answer: P-class pumps, V-class proton pumps, F-class proton pumps, and ABC superfamily.

Explanation:

The P-class pump can be found at the Plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells (Ca2+ pump), and Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane in muscle cells. All P-class ion pumps possess 2 identical catalytic subunits that contain an ATP-binding site.  V-class proton pumps can be found at endosomal and lysosomal membranes in animal cells, in the plasma membrane of osteoclasts and some kidney tubule cells.  F-class proton pumps can be found at the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial plasma membrane. ABC superfamily can be found in bacterial plasma membranes (amino acid, sugar, and peptide transporters), and mammalian plasma membranes.

Answer:

Jack parents' genotype = Both Heterozygous dominant (carrier)

Jack's genotype = could be homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant

Jack and Jill can have a child with Tay-Sachs if both of them are heterozygous dominant for the disease.

Explanation:

Since Jack's brother died of the disease, his parents should be heterozygous dominant for the disease. Both the parents served as the carrier (Aa x Aa, assuming that allele "a" is responsible for Tay-Sachs disease) and had one affected child (Jack's bother= "aa").  

Since Jack is not affected by the disease, he could be homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous dominant (Aa). But, his exact genotype could not be determined by the given information.

Child of Jack and Jill could be affected with the disease only if both of them are heterozygous dominant (Jack: Aa and Jill: Aa) and serve as the carrier for the disease.

Jack's parents are carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene, and Jack has a 50% chance of being a carrier as well. For Jack and Jill to have a child with Tay-Sachs, both of them would need to be carriers and pass on the faulty copies of the gene.

The fact that Jack's parents are unaffected but his brother has Tay-Sachs indicates that they are both carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene. This means that they each have one normal copy of the gene and one faulty copy, which they passed on to Jack's brother. Jack himself has a 50% chance of being a carrier like his parents. In order for Jack and Jill to have a child with Tay-Sachs, both of them would need to be carriers and pass on their faulty copies of the gene, resulting in the child inheriting two faulty copies and developing the disease.

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Answer:

Synaptic cleft

Synaptic cleft may be defined as the space between two neuron and the gap between post synaptic and pre synaptic neuron. This is one of the component of synapse. The signals are transmitted in the form of chemical signal.

Synapse:

Synapse may be defined as the functional contact between two neurons and the gap between two consecutive neuron. This synapse consists of Presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane. The signals can be transmitted in form of electrical and chemical synapse.

Answer:

A life threatening drop in blood pressure due to vasodilation caused by rapid release of histamine as allergic response.  

Explanation:

Anaphylactic shock is one of the rapid immune response towards the entry of an allergen into the blood stream. Presence of allergen in the blood triggers the rapid release of histamine. Histamine is a vasodilator and increases the permeability of capillaries. The relation of blood vessels all over the body results in a fatal drop in blood pressure.

Sterile broth should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for incubation.

At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, sterile broth should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for incubation.

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At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, a sterilizing agent such as ethanol or bleach should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for a sufficient amount of time to kill any remaining bacteria.

At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, a sterilizing agent such as ethanol or bleach should be added to the plates or tubes, and everything should be soaked for a sufficient amount of time to kill any remaining bacteria. This is done to prevent any contamination and to ensure the accuracy of the results.

For example, after completing an experiment to grow bacterial cultures, you would add ethanol or bleach to the plates or tubes and let them soak for at least 10 minutes. This ensures that any bacteria left on the surfaces are killed before handling or disposing of them.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option B ( ligand gated channels opened by neurotransmitter molecules).

Explanation:

Input region or postsynaptic region or dendrite is the site of neuron cell which receives the impulse from the pre-synaptic neuron at the synaptic junction.

The cell membrane of the dendrite is embedded with ligand-gated channels which opens up in response to the ligand (neurotransmitters) produced by the neurotransmitter vesicle of axon or output region of neuron.

The neuromuscular junction is such a case where acetylcholine receptors present in the dendrite opens in the presence of acetylcholine.

Thus, option B ( ligand-gated channels opened by neurotransmitter molecules) is the correct option.

Answer:

release enzymes for chemical digestion of food

Explanation:

Liver is a large organ located on the right upper quadrant just below the diaphragm of an organism.

Liver detoxifies the drug and harmful substances of the body. Liver produces bile juice, regulate carbohydrate metabolism and regulates the cholesterol excretion. Liver doesn't produce any enzyme for the the digestion of food. The bile juice of liver contains salts and chemical that helps in the emulsification of food.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Answer: Why are Type A's more prone to heart attacks?  

Explanation:

The fluid-filled space between the cornea and iris is called the anterior chamber. It is filled with a watery fluid called aqueous humor.

The function of the anterior chamber is to provide a space for the passage of aqueous humor, a clear fluid that helps to maintain the shape, pressure of the eye and provides nutrients to the cornea and lens. It also helps regulate intraocular pressure, which is important for maintaining the overall health of the eye.

It is located between the cornea and the iris, and is filled with aqueous humor produced by the ciliary body. The anterior chamber also plays a role in the refractive power of the eye, contributing to focusing light onto the retina.

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Answer:

60%

Explanation:

Answer:

B - Positive psychology

Explanation:

By definition, positive psychology is the study of a healthy mind and it is a applied to achieve peak operational functioning of the mind. It does this by identifying and promoting qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled and contented lives. Positive psychology is based on nurturing what is best withing oneself, thereby improving both individuals and communities.

Answer:

All cross bridges broken

Explanation:

Muscle contraction is explained by the most accepted sliding filament theory given by Huxley and Huxley. During the process of muscle contraction actin filament slide over the myosin filament by the formation of cross-bridges. In this process the length of I band reduces whereas the length of A band remains the same. Also we should note that the actin and myosin filament remains unchanged.

The release of acetylcholine at the neuro-muscular junction stimulates the release of calcium ions from endoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. During the relaxed condition troponin-tropomyosin complex always block the myosin binding site on the surface of actin.

Once calcium is released it binds to the TpC component of troponin causing the shift of troponn-tropomyosin complex. Now actin can attach and slide over myosin.

The myosin head binds to actin forming the cross bridge and the pulling of myosin head towards M-line along with actin is called the power stroke. But myosin head also has a site for binding of ATP. Binding of ATP causes the detachment of myosin head from actin filament. Now since its the analog of ATP i.e AMPPNP present in the solution, cross-bridges will be broken. And only if ATP undergoes hydrolysis, the angle of myosin head changes into high energy cocked head conformation. Since AMPPNP is non-hydrolyzable we can rule out the fourth option.

Answer:

An EEG is formally known as an electroencephalogram, thus the letters on the name.

This is a diagnostic test whose main purpose is to record the electrical activity within the brain through a series of electrodes that are placed on the scalp surrounding the skull of a person. As neurons communicate with each other through electrical impulses, the EEG, with its capacity to sensor these impulses, records the intensity, duration, wavelength and type of the electrical message to diagnose whether this communication is normal, or if it is being affected. The EEG is one of the most efficient diagnostic tests for epilepsy, narcolepsy, and other affections in the brain.

Answer:  b. Chromoplast

Explanation:

Plastids only occur in plant-like protists and are organeles surrounded by a double membrane. There are many types of plastid in plant cells. Chromoplasts include pigments different than chlorophyll and are associated with vividly colored structures and is known to give fruits & flowers their bright coloration. Plastids contain their own DNA in a small ‘plastid genome’ containing genes for some chloroplast proteins.

The first two sentences of the given essay extract function as the hook, drawing readers into the contentious issue of animal testing via vivid and emotionally charged descriptions of laboratory practices.

The first two sentences of this excerpt form the hook that is designed to draw the reader's attention. These sentences are: 'Somewhere in a claustrophobic laboratory a dog is forced to breathe tobacco smoke. In another lab in another part of the country, a rat is squeezed into a narrow glass tube and forced to breathe tobacco smoke.' A hook in an essay is the first one or two sentences that are intended to capture the attention of a reader and engage them in the topic. In this essay, the hook introduces the contentious issue of animal testing by painting a vivid, disturbing picture of what animals may undergo in the process.

By using the technique of vivid description and somewhat shocking imagery, the writer effectively brings the issue of animal testing to life for the reader. This hook catches the reader's attention and makes them want to read further to find out more about the situation, the ethical considerations, and what might be done to change it.

It is crucial to note that a strong hook not only draws in the reader but also sets the tone of the essay and introduces the main topic in a compelling and engaging way. The mentioned sentences accomplish all of these tasks effectively, setting the stage for a persuasive argument against animal testing.

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Question #1

To know which baby belongs to who you need to draw both families Punnett squares.

Let's start with the Jones family. Mr. Jones is AB this means, he has co-dominant alleles. Ms. Jones is 0 this means, she has two recessive alleles.

When you draw the Punnett square, you'll find that chances are 50% group A, and 50% group B.

Now, analyze the Smith family Mr. Smith is group A this means, he has either two A alleles or A0. Ms. Smith is group 0 this means, she has two recessive alleles.

If Mr. Smith is AA, 100% of children will be A, and if Mr. Smith is A0, 50% of children will be group A, and 50% will be group 0.

Baby Jane is group A, she could be either Smith or Jones, but baby Sara is group 0 the only chance is that her family was the Smith.

Question #2

Meiosis is a process in which gametes create. You have two stages: meiosis I, and II. At the end of meiosis I, you still have diploids cells (2n) this means, you have a pair of chromosomes in each cell. At the end of meiosis II, you have all haploid (n) cells, with half of the genetic charge.

Metaphase of meiosis II: Sister chromatids are in the equatorial plane to be pulled apart without being replicated. Here you have 46 chromosomes about to create two cells with 23 (n) chromosomes.

Metaphase of meiosis I: homologs chromatids are in the equatorial plane to be pulled apart after replication. Here you have 46 pairs of chromosomes about to create two cells with 46 chromosomes each (2n).

Anaphase of meiosis II: all singles chromatids (n) are in the poles and the plasmatic membrane begins to close to obtain two haploids (23 chromosomes each) cells.

Egg cell is the result of meiosis II and is the breeding cell. Its chromosomic charge is 23.

Answer:

It is a single stranded DNA since adenine percentage is not equal to that of thymine and the percentage of guanine is not equal to cytosine.

Explanation:

According to Chargaff rule, the amount of adenine in a double-stranded DNA is always equal to that of thymine. This is due to the fact that adenine pairs with thymine in a double-stranded DNA. Likewise, the amount of guanine is always equal to that of cytosine in a double-stranded DNA.

The percentage of four types of bases in the genome of the virus does not follow the Chargaff rule and hence, it is a single-stranded DNA.  

Answer:

severe injury or death

Answer:

White: A---

Black: aaB-

Brown: aabb

Explanation:

As per given information, the genotype of parent white sheep is AaBb (heterozygous white).

The gene "A" is dominant over gene "B". Hence, all the genotypes with one or two copies of "A" would exhibit white phenotype.

All the genotypes that have "aa" and one or two "B" alleles would exhibit black phenotype.

All the genotypes with "aabb" allele combination would exhibit brown phenotype.

Answer:

T cell activation : proliferation

Explanation:

The pairs that are correctly matched are:

Helper T cell: Killing of Virus infected cells

Helper T cells are also known as cytotoxic T cells which destroys cells with infected virus and tumor.

Plasma cell: Antibody Secretion

Plasma cell is also known as white blood cell. The cells are present in the bone marrow and secrete proteins called antibodies.

Effector B cell: Plasma cell

Plasma B cells are also known as Effector B cells.

Taking about,

T cell activation : proliferation

T cells are a type of lymphocytes that develops in the thymus gland. It is plays a central role in immune response. Thus, both T cell activation and proliferation are the different steps in the immune response by the T cell.

Thus, they are mismatched.

Answer:

I believe synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters.

Explanation:

In the far end of a neuron, there is the branch like ending with called the axon terminals. This is where neurons communicate with other neurons through a space called a synaptic cleft with the aid of neurotramitters. To better understand the significance of the synaptic vesicles, I have explained the functioning of the terminal before with an attached picture.

When a neuron receives a signal/stimulus from the external environment via the dendrites, it converts this signal into a nerve impulse in the cell body. The impulse. The impulse then travels along the myelinated axon to reach the end of the neuron called the axon terminal which links up with the next organ or neuron. When the impulse reaches the membrane of the axon terminal, it stimulates the opening of voltage gated calcium ion channels. This causes an influx of calcium ions inside the membrane of the cell and that stimulates synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called neurotransmitters to move towards the membrane of the axon terminal. When they reach the membrane, they fuse with it and rapture releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters bind to ligand gated ion channels on the second neuron or the second cell causing a response in it. The voltage gated channels close and the synaptic vesicels that were not opened up continue holding the remaining neurotransmitters.

The substance found in synaptic vesicles of the axon terminal is called a neurotransmitter.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help neurons talk to each other. These small substances are kept in tiny containers called synaptic vesicles. These containers release the substances into a small space between two neurons called the synaptic cleft.

When an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve cell, it causes the release of chemicals that help transmit messages to other nerve cells. The chemicals called neurotransmitters move through a small gap and attach to receptors on the receiving neuron. This causes an electrical reaction in the receiving neuron.

Neurotransmitters are important for lots of things in our body like moving, feeling things, emotions, and thinking. Problems with how brain cells communicate can cause different brain illnesses like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and depression.

Learn more about Neurotransmitters

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Answer:

The answer is A-2.

Explanation:

Even though four ATP molecules are produced in the second half. The net gain of glycolysis is only 2 ATP because 2 ATP molecules are used in the first half of the glycolysis.