Answer:
11999.14 km
Explanation:
Given that the angular size of the Venus with radius, 45,000,000 kilometers is 55 arc seconds.
Also,
1 arc seconds = 1 / 3600 degrees
1 degree = π /180 radians
So,
1 arc seconds = π / (3600 × π) radians
So,
55 arc seconds = 55 × π / (3600 × 180) radians
Also,
Arc length is:
s = r * theta
s = 45000000 * ( 55 × π / (3600 × 180) )
s = 11999.14 km
Final answer:
The diameter of Venus is approximately 12,104 kilometers.
Explanation:
To find the diameter of Venus when it is 45,000,000 kilometers from Earth with an angular size of 55 arc seconds, we can use the formula for angular size:
Diameter = (Angular Size in radians)
To convert from arc seconds to radians, we use the conversion factor where 1 arc-second is equal to 1/206,265 radians (since there are 206,265 arc seconds in a radian). Then we can calculate the physical diameter of Venus by the formula:
Diameter = (Angular Size/206,265)
Using the given angular size of 55 arc seconds, we have:
Diameter = (55/206,265)
After converting the angular size to radians, we multiply it by the distance to Venus (45,000,000 km) to find the physical diameter of Venus in kilometers:
Diameter = (55/206,265)
Finally, Diameter = 12,104 kilometers, approximately.
Summarize the processes by which planetary interiors get hot. (please answer in your own words and please give the reference, thanks)
Answer:
Process of volcanism, erosion and tectonics.
Explanation:
Earth is divided into two-sphere as the land sphere and water sphere in which the water sphere has 70% of the earth volume and 30% of the land surface here in the interior of the earth there are certain forces i.e tectonic in nature act upon the landmass by the impact of erosion and deposition. Volcanism is considered as the dominant process of upwelling of hot lava and magma at the surface of the earth through ether fissure eruption, or vent explosions. Other processes like the heating of lands are much more pronounced in the northern hemisphere due to the solar radiation and heat from above. Interiors of the planet are considered as hot and humid as they directly observe the incoming light from above and their rate of spreading this heat is low and slow. Salinity, higher density and older age of rocks are found near the interiors of the planet as compared to when we move away from the interior to the coasts and oceans which are much open and separate.Give two examples each of nominal,ordinal,and ratio scale data. For the ratio scale data indicate whether these are continuous or discrete variables.
Answer:
Examples are given below, an ratio scale is a continuous scale
Explanation:
The nominal scale is the first level of measurement, it is called the categorical variable and defined in terms of labeling. An example where do you live 1. city, 2. town, 3. suburb. Other examples of nominal scale are gender, political preference, and place of residence. The ordinal scale is the second level of measurement or simply depicts the ordered variables. Examples of ordinal scale are the order of product quality, the status of the workplace. Variables can vary from grade, satisfaction, and happiness. The ratio scale is the fourth level of measurement. It measures the variable from the order of true zero. Inferential and descriptive analysis is used to apply on variables. Some examples of ratio scales are height, weight less than 5 feet, less than 50 kgs. The ration scale based on absolute zero, so money is measured on the ratio scale thus this scale shows continuous data. As magnitudes of data are the same as in case of heart rate, blood pressure, distance.Nominal, ordinal, and ratio scale data are levels of data measurement. Examples of nominal data could be hair color or type of pet; ordinal data could be satisfaction rating or educational level; ratio data could be age or number of car accidents, which could be continuous or discrete.
Explanation:Nominal, ordinal, and ratio scale data are all different types of scales used in data measurement. Nominal scale is a scale without order or direction. Examples include hair color (blonde, brunette, redhead) or type of pet (dog, cat, bird). These are categories, not numbers that can be added or subtracted.
Next, the ordinal scale data do have an order. Examples could be satisfaction rating (unsatisfied, neutral, satisfied), or educational level (elementary, high school, college). The order matters, but the differences between categories are not equal across the scale.
Finally, ratio scale data is the most precise, as it has an order, the differences are equal, and there is a clear definition of zero. Examples could include age (0, 1, 2, 3, and so on) which is continuous, or the number of car accidents a person has been in (0, 1, 2, 3) which is discrete. Here, not only do we have an order and equal differences, but we also have a meaningful zero point which allows us to say things like 'twice as old' or 'half as many car accidents'.
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Question 4(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) Which of the following formed at a convergent plate tectonic boundary? Marianas Trench Mid-Atlantic Ridge Molokai fracture zone San Andreas fault Great Rift Valley
Answer: Option (1)
Explanation:
The earth is made up of numerous small and large plates and they are considered as the lithospheric plates. They are of two types, namely the continental plate (crust) and the oceanic plate (crust). These plates constantly move over the layer of Asthenosphere due to the convection current that forms in the mantle. This currents are formed due to the heat energy radiated from the core of the earth.
This plate motion takes places in three forms, such as-
(a) Divergent plate motion
(b) Convergent plate motion
(c) Transform plate motion
In a convergent plate motion, two plates moves towards each other. It can be either continental-continental or oceanic-oceanic or oceanic continental collision. Due to this crashing of the plates, a subduction zone is formed that is marked by a deep sea trench and deep-focus earthquakes are generated. Also volcanic and island arcs are formed.
The Mariana trench is formed due to the collision between the Pacific plate and the Phillipine plate. It is the world's deepest trench having a depth of approximately 11 km.
Hence, the correct answer is option (1).
2. What human activity produces the majority of these gases in the U.S. 3. In a natural environment, what contributes to surface water alkalinity (resistance to change in pH)? 4. Explain how acid rain might negatively impact aquatic ecosystems.
Answer:
Human activity produces Carbon monoxide and dioxide, Sulphur and other pollutants.
Explanation:
Human activity produces various gases in the U.S like dust and other harmful chemicals like carbon dioxide and methane and nitrogen oxides as the industry produces 22%, transport produces 29% and electricity produce 28% of harmful toxin and gases that release every year in the air. Total alkalinity is affected by environmental factors like acid rains overtimes. Due to increased use of pollutant gases and continuous release of large matter in the air that over time destroys the oxygen content from river lakes and harms the vegetation cover. Acidic rain precipitation usually takes in the form of rain which has high acid components like sulfur and nitrogen oxides that react with the water molecules to form. this train consists of a mixture of sleet fog and dry acidifying particles that can break through the buildings. Thus in 1970 USA made an acid deposition act due to the increased emission rates of industrial pollutants. Beef, cheese, pork and lamb substance were found in this artificially induced rain. Many fish tend to die due to the river becoming acidic for them to survive.Explain the origin of the rock cleavage seen in slate and the
mineral cleavage seen in amphibole or calcite.
Answer:
Cleavage of a mineral is defined as the direction along which the mineral breaks over the flat mineral surface. It is directly dependent on the mineral's crystallographic structure.
Slaty cleavage refers to the cleavage that is commonly found in the low grade metamorphic rock slate. Here, the fine grained minerals are so closely spaced and the lines of weakness are all parallel to each other, that allows the minerals to break in fine and thin layers. During the time of formation of slate, the smaller fractures are formed due to the increasing pressure. When groundwater moves through these fractures it forms a weak zone due to which these slaty cleavage forms.
When the rocks undergoes deformation and changes in the pressure and temperature condition then the cleavages are formed on the mineral's surface. The calcite contains rhombohedral cleavage are considered to be the perfect cleavage. Whereas the cleavage in amphibole is uneven and comprised of two directions that intersect each other at 56° and 124°.
Question 19 How does the density of Pluto compare to the density of the terrestrial planets?
Pluto's density is 1.9 g/cm³, suggestive of a composition which is a blend of rocky materials and water ice. This is comparatively less than the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) which have higher densities due to the presence of heavier elements, predominantly metals, in their cores.
Explanation:The density of a planet is calculated by taking the mass of the planet and dividing it by its volume. Using data from the New Horizons probe, the density of Pluto, a dwarf planet, has been measured as 1.9 g/cm³. This is indicative of a composition that is a mixture of rocky materials and water ice in nearly the same proportions as many outer-planet moons, such as Callisto.
In contrast, the terrestrial planets, the four innermost planets in our solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars), have varying densities due to their differing core compositions and sizes, but all exceed the density of Pluto. For instance, Earth is the densest of the planets, at around 5.52 g/cm³. This signifies a substantial presence of heavier elements, primarily metals, in their cores and lighter silicates near the surface. This difference in densities is crucial in determining and differentiating the attributes of terrestrial and dwarf planets.
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In the last question, I measured 1000 atoms of U-235 (parent) and 3000 atoms of Pb-207 (daughter) in a mineral. If the half life of U-235 is 700 million years, then how old is the mineral? If the mineral came from an igneous rock, then how old is the rock?
Answer:
1400 millon years, it is probable that if the mineral came from igneous rock, ithe rock age would be the same. There were active volcanoes 1400 year ago in proterozoic era.
Explanation:
Lifetime of radiactive compound is calculated with
[tex]ln(\frac{N_t}{N_0})=-kt[/tex] with [tex]N_t:[/tex] mass at time t, [tex]N_0:[/tex] original mass, [tex]k:[/tex] decay constant.
So we know that when 700 millon years pass, the half of original material decays ([tex]\frac{N_t}{N_0})=0.5[/tex]. With that information we can know k.
[tex]ln(0.5)=-k*700[/tex] so, [tex]k=-ln(0.5)/700=0.00099[/tex]
With k, the actual and original quantity of material we can know how old is the rock:
[tex]t=-ln(\frac{N_t}{N_0})/k[/tex] so, [tex]t=-ln(\frac{1000}{4000})/0.00099=1400 millon years[/tex]
([text]N_0=1000+3000[/text] is the actual quantity plus the quantity that decays to Pb-207)
Q2: Which of these age ranges corresponds to the range in ages of the basement rocks in Arizona and the Southwest?
a. About 1.8 to 1.4 billion years old.
b. About 4.0 to 3.5 billion years old.
c. About 150 million to 65 million years old.
d. About 500 million to 300 million years old.
Answer:
Option (A)
Explanation:
Arizona is one of the state in the United States of America, located at the southwestern part of it. The rocks in this region are belongs to the precambrian age. The rocks that are present at the base are the igneous as well as the crystalline metamorphic rocks. With the increasing time, periodic mountain building process has taken place here, such as the Grenville orogeny during the Proterozoic, Nevadan orogeny as well as Sevier orogeny in the Mesozoic era.
The age of this basement rocks and the south east portion of Arizona is about 1.8 to 1.4 billion years old.
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
What would happen to the surrounding weather if the ITCZ did not shift throughout the year?
-What if it shifted more?
-How would this happen?
Answer:
ITCZ does not shift much as the sun's movement is controlling the shift through the year.
Explanation:
ITCZ follows the sun and thus leads to changes in the season it moves in the northern hemisphere in summer and winter and thus responsible for the wet and dry seasons in tropics. ITCZ changes its position around the year as a result of the spinning of the earth. Its also called the doldrums the horizontal air movements. Thus there is a movement in July and January throughout the year. If this layer did not shift uneven heating and cooling can be felt in the tropics.Based solely on its location, which ocean likely contains the highest percentage of dissolved gases?
A. Indian Ocean, because it is located mostly around the equator
B. Pacific Ocean, because it covers the largest area
C. Atlantic Ocean, because it covers a long mid-ocean ridge system
D. Arctic Ocean, because it is located mostly around the North Pole
The ocean that contains the highest percentage of dissolved gases is B. Pacific ocean, because it covers the largest area.
Explanation:The Pacific Ocean covers a greater area and it also contains a big quantity of methane which is a greenhouse gas that can be released to the atmosphere if there is an unwanted disturbance to the seawater.
South Pacific also has the largest carbon dioxide reservoir which is a greenhouse gas as well at the depth of 2 kilometer - 4.3 kilometer. This ocean is one of the largest ventilation window due to the emission of greenhouse gases. The ocean currents release water rich in carbon from greater depth to the surface.
As the process continues, the carbon dioxide gas from the carbo-rich water is released to the atmosphere.
it is possible for two stars to have different temperatures and different sizes but the same luminosity. explain how.
Answer:
Two stars (a and b) can have the same luminosity, but different surface area and temperature if the following condition is met:
(T_a^4)(R_a^2) = (T_b^4)(R_b^2)
Explanation:
The luminosity of a star is the total energy that produces in one second. It depends on the size of the star and its surface temperature.
L = σ(T^4)(4πR^2)
L is the luminosity f the star, T is the temperature of the surface of the star and R is its radius.
Two stars can have the same luminosity if the relation between the radius and the surface temperature is maintained.
To see this lets suposed you have 2 stars, a and b, and the luminosities of each one of them:
L_a = σ(T_a^4)(4πR_a^2)
L_b = σ(T_b^4)(4πR_b^2)
you can assume that L_a and L_b are equal:
σ(T_a^4)(4πR_a^2) = σ(T_b^4)(4πR_b^2)
Now, you can cancel the constants:
(T_a^4)(R_a^2) = (T_b^4)(R_b^2)
as long as this relation between a and b is true, then the luminosity can be the same.
Stars can have the same luminosity but different temperatures and sizes. This is because luminosity not only depends on a star's temperature, but also its size. Taking the example of the Sirius binary star system, the two stars have nearly the same temperature but differ in size, leading to very different luminosities.
Explanation:Yes, it is possible for two stars to have different temperatures and different sizes but the same luminosity. Luminosity is a term used to describe the total amount of energy emitted by a star per unit of time and depends on both its size and its surface temperature. If you increase the size of a star but decrease its temperature, or increase the temperature but decrease its size, you could end up with two stars of the same luminosity but different temperatures and sizes.
For example, in the Sirius binary star system, Sirius emits 8200 times more energy than its companion despite having nearly the same temperature. This is possible because the radii of the stars differ, leading to different luminosities. This can be visualized on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which shows the relationship between the temperature and luminosity of stars.
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Q5
Does that mean that aerosols warm or cool the planet?
Warm
Cool
Answer:
Option (2)
Explanation:
The aerosol are defined as the suspended finer solid particles or very small drops of liquid that are present in air or gas.
These aerosols can affect the climate by changing the amount of heat that is penetrated into and eliminated from the atmosphere. They are light colored and have the ability to reflect the incoming solar radiations back into the atmosphere.
This aerosols can be naturally occurring or it can be anthropogenic. Some of the natural aerosols are dust and fogs, whereas, the anthropogenic aerosols includes smoke and haze.
This has both positive and negative impact on the climate, but overall, it can be considered that the presence of these aerosols helps in the cooling of the planet as it reflects more amount of heat into the space like the clouds.
Thus, the correct answer is option (2).
Aerosols can either warm or cool the planet depending on their composition. Reflective aerosols like those from volcanic eruptions cool the planet by reflecting sunlight. However, aerosols like black carbon absorb sunlight and warm the planet, but the net effect of all aerosols is a cooling one.
The question revolves around whether aerosols warm or cool the planet. Aerosols are small particles or liquid droplets in the atmosphere. They can either absorb or reflect sunlight, with varied climate effects. Those aerosols that have a high albedo, meaning they are more reflective like particles from volcanic eruptions or sulfur emissions from burning coal, contribute to cooling the planet as they reflect sunlight back to space.
This is known as a negative forcing. However, some aerosols like black carbon (a component of soot) can absorb sunlight, which leads to warming. Broadly, the net effect of all aerosols is thought to be cooling, as they are estimated to offset about one-third of the warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases. This cooling effect is significant, even though it does not cancel out all of the warming from greenhouse gas emissions.
1) Scientists do not agree on the causes and effects of global climate change. What is your opinion?
Answer:
My opinion as follows.
Explanation:
Scientists are of the opinion that global warming is a root cause of prolonged human interference with the natural environment and its due to the natural environment is contaminated by people and their technology the scientist all around the world are focusing on the positive and negative effects of climate change. This change that has brought by the artificial use of nature by man for his survival and destruction of the earth that the Holocene epoch is going to create when it ends will be fatal for the planet. henceforth science has made research labs around remote corners of the world trying to study sensitive environments and gather data and estimate the seasonal variations and fluctuations in patterns of the landscape from ice to land and then to water and then to complete transformation of the earth.Climate change is primarily caused by human activities, leading to rising global temperatures and shrinking polar ice caps. Scientific organizations agree on the existence of climate change and its risks, though predictions for future warming vary.
Climate change is a highly debated topic among scientists and environmentalists, with a clear consensus that it is primarily caused by human activities leading to excess greenhouse gases.
Global temperatures are on the rise, and the shrinking of polar ice caps indicates the impact of these changes. However, there is variance in predictions for future warming due to factors such as aerosols, cloud feedbacks, and uncertainties around tipping points.
Scientific organizations like NASA and NOAA agree that climate change is happening and poses significant risks. Despite some disagreements on specific components, there is broad consensus that human activities are driving climate change.
True/ False: A cartogram cannot be accurately interpreted unless the audience is already familiar with the geographic shapes of the region
Answer:
True, as map making is an art.
Explanation:
A cartogram is a map with a thematic mapping layer such as travel time, population and GNP or land area or distance. The geometry of the space is distorted sometimes to extremely and sometimes due to display analysis. Cartograms area is referred to as a value-by-area map done through the scaling of the area in each country in proportions. An area cartogram must be contiguous and noncontiguous. These cartograms must be classified by properties of shape and topology preservations. Nowadays several geographic software like CAD type software like GIS is used for making this type of projection. Cartograms can also be made through the hands and by a block diagram, constructed by arranging the geometric regular size locks.1. What happens and what results from an Earth's precession?
Answer:
Active precession is a slow and a gravity induced change resulting from the orientation of the planet
Explanation:
The tilting nature of the earth and the bulge associated with the planet due to its rotation occurs as a result of the gradual shift in the orientation of the planet. The precision of equinoxes and solstice is possible due to the elliptical motion of the planet around the sun. This shift cause changes in motion and speed of the earth s the wind motion takes its impact on the northern and southern spheres. The tidal force of the sun and moon are also responsible for the effects seen on the surface. Similarly, this also impacts the flow of energy from the solar system and regulation of the earth's interior energy i.e erosion and deposition in the form of the features found at the surface.show me the earth and the sun relationship in regards to climate, westher, orbital considerations, solar wind, tilt, and magnetosphere
Answer:
Relation is shown below.
Explanation:
The weather phenomenon like the cycle, thunderstorms and other turbulent events are all formed due to the reaction of the earth atmosphere with that of suns. With regards to orbital considerations in the sun, solar system the planets revolve cyclically in a clockwise direction which itself is sufficient to explain the day and night on the plant and various seasons on earth. Solar winds and pressure belts regions are on the earth are caused due to the force of solar radiation and convection currents that raise from the equator and make changes in latitudes above. With regards to the magnetosphere, the earth experiences the electronically charged particles that produce the effects of auroras on the outer layers of the earth.Question B
Some might say that the Roman Civilization was an imitation of the Greek’s accomplishments. Do you agree or disagree with that statement? Provide an example to support your position.
Answer and Explanation:
Imitating isn't proper term to use here, I think affected would be a superior wording since Roman development was to a great extent impacted by Greek human progress. We can demonstrate it by observing the similarity between both the human advancements. both developed wine and olives inspite of contrasts in territory and geography.
The specialty of both the developments additionally has loads of likenesses. However, it is additionally certain that not both expressions of the human experience are absolutely same and in this manner we ought not call it as impersonation. The reality of the situation may prove that Roman progress built up their craft with impact of Greeks however with specific alterations.
In this manner, it is certain that Roman development was impacted by the Greek progress yet it was anything but an ideal impersonation and rather an alteration in Greek human progress.
where is most if the earth’s freshwater stored
Answer:
In glaciers, North and South poles and some lakes.
Explanation:
As more than 70% of freshwater can be found in continental glaciers around the world. The rest is in icecaps and 0.5 % store in lakes and rivers, and swamps. Rest if possible may be found in the groundwater aquifers, hidden in remote and cut off lace of the world. Antarctica and arctic alone consist of a huge share of freshwater in the world which is stored in ice forms. While 97% of oceanic water is saline not fit for drinking. Various techniques are available for desalination of water but most of it not suitable for long term use. As it may have bacteria and harmful effects on the body. Due to climate change release of methane gas and other harmful greenhouse gases are quickly melting and depleting the freshwater rWhich of the following places is more likely to have the coldest winter?
Question 62 options:
A place with 30°N latitude in East Asia
A place with 30°S latitude in Africa
A place with 45°N latitude in central Asia
A place with 47°S latitude in South America
Answer:
A place with 45°N latitude in central Asia
Explanation:
Central Asia consists of a 4,003,451 km square area and has a population of 71,982,775. Being an extremely wide region with well-defined geography with vast desert land and mountainous terrain. Most of this area is too rugged for farming. It also has some geographic extremes like the Eurasian pole of inaccessibility. Worlds shorted distance between the non-frozen desert and permafrost: 770 km. The world's northernmost desert located in Mongolia. and southernmost permafrost, also at Mongolia. It's not buffed with a large body of water as the areas are the dry and continental type of climate thus it has coldest winters like Kazakhstan -4 °C and -19 °C.The way of transferring heat in that warm air rises in daytime is__.
Question 45 options:
Reflection
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Answer:
Option (3)
Explanation:
In a region where the temperature is high, the air gets heated up. As a result of which the air becomes warm and less dense and rises up into the atmosphere forming a low pressure zone. This air when rises up, it experiences a cooler temperature and gets cooled. This cooling allows the air mass to become dense and starts condensing. It then precipitates in the form of rainfall. This motion of air particles in the atmosphere forms a convection, that is similar to the one that forms in the mantle layer of the earth.
Thus, the warm air transfers heat forming convections.
Hence, the correct answer is option (3).
Question 12 tiple Choice Worth 3 points) Glossopteris is considered evidence for the rock cycle. drift of continents layering of earth's interior earthquakes along the San Andreas fault. volcanoes on hot spots in the earth's crust
Answer:
Option (2)
Explanation:
Glossopteris were the fossilized trees whose leaves were tongue shaped, and were about 30 meters in height. This trees were dominant in the Permian and got extinct due to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. The fossils of this glossopteris has been found in all the continents of southern hemisphere. This provided a good evidence supporting the continental drift theory.
It was observed that the continents were all once together and now have separated and these continents are now moving at different place in different direction due to the convection current that forms in the mantle. This supports the plate tectonic theory.
Hence, the correct answer is option (2).
On your most recent mountain climbing adventure, you recorded a barometric pressure of 1000 mb at the base of a mountain. When you reached the summit (top of the mountain), you measured a barometric pressure of 950 mb. Approximately how tall is the mountain?
A) 50 meters
B) 5000 meters
C) 500 meters
Answer:
B) 5000 meters
Explanation:
Barometric pressure depends on the height, as of course there is more air above an area as the air column is higher. Usually, it is defined as a exponential relation which comes as follows:
1. [tex]P=P_{0}*e^{(\alpha*h) }[/tex]
Being:
P the pressure at the determined height. In our case, would be the 950 mb at the summit
[tex]P_{0}[/tex] the initial pressure. In our case, would be the 1000 mb at the base.
α a constant value, which is usually found on literature as [tex]-1.19*10^{-5} m^{-1}[/tex] . It depends on the air density and the estimations on how much air do we have above.
h is the height which we want to determine the pressure at
Of course, we need to clear the height on the previous equation, so we need to seek help on the natural logarythm. First of all, let's clear the exponential expression from 1 :
2. [tex]\frac{P}{P_{0}}=e^{\alpha*h}[/tex]
After that, apply the natural logarythm at both sides of the equation 2:
3. [tex]ln(\frac{P}{P_{0}})=ln(e^{\alpha *h})[/tex]
Computing 3:
4. [tex]ln(\frac{P}{P_{0}})=\alpha*h[/tex]
And clearing h in 4:
5. [tex]\frac{ln\frac{P}{P_{0}} }{\alpha } =h[/tex]
Replacing known values in 5. Please have in mind, when replacing, both of the pressure values need to be in the same unit (in this case, millibars)
[tex]h=\frac{ln\frac{950 mb}{1000 mb} }{-1,19*10^{-5} m^{-1}}=4310,36 m [/tex]
As this is an estimate, we would say that mountain is approximately 5000 m. Quite far from the result, maybe the source has different α constant values.
agree or disagree:
Tectonic plates is the term to how faults and landmasses are created. The mantle of the earth contains two components which are Asthenosphere and Lithosphere. The Asthenosphere is a plastic like material which underlies the Lithosphere which is solid and rigid rock materials. The concept of Continental drift is thought of that the continents were once formed together which explains how the landmasses appear to resemble as puzzle pieces. This one huge landmass that was predicted to have once existed is named Pangea. However, the term Continental Drift determines that through tectonic plates enacting seafloor-spreading was the reason for Pangea to have separated. Through seafloor-spreading, the formation of oceanic ridges occur with the separating of landmasses which results in a larger seafloor. The opposite can also happen, when landmasses are being pushed together creates mountain ranges. Faults are what underlies beneath continents which makes seafloor-spreading and the formation of mountain ranges to occu
Answer:
Agreed
Explanation:
Plate tectonics is a term used to describe how the plates or slabs are formed as a result of faults and folds created within the earth surface and this term also used in describing how the earth was formed due to the impact of large solid objects from the outer space and the removal of gas due to the SolarWinds. The mantel that is composed of three layers and the top of them being the asthenosphere on which Alfred Wegener gave evidence that the terrestrial plate floats freely on these with less resistance offered by SIMA. The puzzle evidence also suggested by him was about the same theory that made the large supercontinents in existence and from which the later land masses broke off to form Pangea and Gondwanaland. Later on much-studied were conducted in this tic to test its validity and found that the continents were truly displaced due to the spreading of the oceanic floors due to the mid-oceanic ridges and these accounts for 99% of the oceanic crustal masses. It was only possible through the deep exploration of the paleomagnetism and chain of rocks of various ages.What would it be like to lead a low-energy lifestyle? Are people already successfully using less energy while maintaining a high quality of life? What are some of the challenges in convincing more people to embrace a low-energy lifestyle?
Answer and Explanation:
In the event that we talk about the present situation where everybody requires high measure of vitality to look after his/her way of life and any decrease in vitality is the greatest danger for some individuals, low vitality way of life is extreme for the vast majority of the individuals however this is the need of great importance. With common assets diminishing step by step and obviously their non inexhaustible made them comprehensive in nature we have to change to some economical method of living so our coming ages can have a touch of what we are getting a charge out of today.
There are individuals in different nations like Ireland where they are utilizing less vitality from no inexhaustible assets and repay their interest from different sources which are sustainable in nature (wind vitality, water vitality, vitality from waste and so forth.) and in this way keeping up their way of life entirely economical. The difficulties that is making this sort of low vitality way of life a test is the multifaceted nature engaged with different sustainable sources and the simplicity and solace given by traditional vitality sources.
2. Which of the following only happens within the tropical latitudes?
A. The Sun reaches the zenith
B. The Sun rises in the west and sets in the east
C. The Sun is up for 24 hours at a time
D. The Sun does not cross the meridian
Answer:
Option (A)
Explanation:
The tropical region refers to the tropic of both the hemisphere. The tropical and the equatorial region receives a maximum amount of sunlight because the sun is directly overhead in this region. It is because of the tilting of the earth, and as a result of which the season comes into the picture. Due to this tilting of the earth and the relative position of the sun and earth, there occur four types of seasons and they are summer, autumn, winter, and spring.
Thus, the sun in these regions makes a zenith or it can be said that the sun is directly overhead in these regions.
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
The phenomenon that only happens within the tropical latitudes is A. The Sun reaches the zenith, occurring between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
Explanation:The correct answer to which phenomenon only happens within the tropical latitudes is A. The Sun reaches the zenith. This means that the Sun appears directly overhead at noon at least once during the year. This phenomenon only occurs between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, the latitudinal lines that mark the boundaries of the tropics. For example, when the Sun is at the celestial equator, as seen from the equator on Earth, it passes through the zenith. Options B, C, and D are not phenomena characteristic of tropical latitudes, as the Sun neither rises in the west and sets in the east nor is it visible for 24 hours straight or fails to cross the meridian in these regions.
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Two stars have the same luminosity, but Star A is 10.0 times farther away than Star B. How much fainter does Star A appear compared to Star B? times fainter
Answer:
B(A)100=B(B), the star A is 100 times fainter than star B.
Explanation:
Brightness of the star is defined by the formula,
[tex]B=\frac{L}{4\pi d^{2}}[/tex]
Here, L is the luminosity and d is the distance.
For star A, the distance is 10d. The brightness of star A.
[tex]B(A)=\frac{L}{4\pi (10d)^{2}}[/tex]
For star B, the distance is d. The brightness of star B.
[tex]B(B)=\frac{L}{4\pi d^{2}}[/tex]
Now according to the question luminosity of two stars is equal.
Therefore,
[tex]B(A){4\pi (10d)^{2}}=B(B){4\pi (d)^{2}}\\B(A)100=B(B)[/tex]
So, star B is 100 times brighter than star A.
Therefore the star A is 100 times fainter than star B.
Final answer:
Star A would appear 100 times fainter than Star B if it is 10 times farther away than Star B, due to the inverse square law governing the relationship between distance and apparent brightness.
Explanation:
When considering the apparent brightness of two stars with the same luminosity, the distance to each star plays a crucial role. The apparent brightness of a star follows the inverse square law, meaning that as the distance from a star increases, its apparent brightness decreases proportionally to the square of the distance. For example, if Star A is 10 times farther away than Star B, but they have the same luminosity, Star A will appear 100 times fainter than Star B. This calculation is based on the inverse square law (10 squared is 100), accurately showing how distance affects the perception of a star's brightness.
Most of the time in the atmosphere, the upward-directed pressure gradient force is exceeded by the downward pull of gravity.
True
False
Answer:
Ture
Explanation:
The pressure gradient is the force that is produced due to the rotation of earth pressure cells that creates lighter air to move upwards and heavier to move downwards due to the difference in densities of air. As the air above consists of lighter elements the oceanic air mostly consist of diatomic molecules of oxygen and nitrogen thus containing a large amount of water vapor, all these molecules have a mass that are pulled down by the gravity and this pull of gravity on columns of gas applies a force what we see an atmospheric pressure. The gas particles and molecules of heavy and denser matter get stuck at the ground, similarly, as the air cools is descends and warm air rises. Thus upwards and downward motion of air causes convergence and divergence of molecules.What characteristic of the depositional environment influence
the properties of sedimentary rocks?
Answer:
The characteristic of the depositional environment affects the properties of sedimentary rocks are as follows-
(1) Lithology- It describes the constituent mineral and the type of texture these crystals have, which forms a sedimentary rock. These minerals occur in a certain depositional environment. When the weathered materials are derived and transported to some other place, then it forms a stable one in a fixed environment as the rocks are subjected to compaction and lithification, The environment in which these minerals have led to the formation of these rocks can be determined.
(2) Structure- There are various structures that occur in rock, such as ripple marks, cross-bedding that highlights the flow direction of water and wind. Many structures like slickensides, folding, faulting occurs in the sedimentary rocks that are formed due to tectonic activities. These structures can easily be identified and their environment of deposition can also be determined.
(3) Fossil content- Fossils are found to be embedded in the sedimentary rocks. The shells of organisms after death are accumulated at the bottom of the ocean. As a result of this, these shells are covered with the sediments and after millions of years, turn into fossils. For example, Sandstone, Limestone, and shale comprised of various types of shells. These fossils are found to be deposited in a shallow marine environment.
Question 11 Which object seems to fit the following trend the least: Higher density closer to the sun, lower density farther from the sun? a) Jupiter b) Mercury c) Neptune d) Pluto
Answer:
Mercury is considered to be most densest and Jupiter has least
Explanation:
As being a terrestrial planet mercury has a density of 5.427g/cm cube only slightly less than earth. As mercury is smaller as compared to the earth its thinner regions are subjected to fewer compressions and thus high density is believed to be of the iron-rich core. As nickel and iron are believed to make up 70% planet ms higher than other planets while the mass of silicate rocks account for 30%. Mercury has a gravity of 3.7m/s square. which is equivalent to 0.38 of earth's gravity. As a gas planet, Jupiter has a density of 1.326g.m/cm cube being a second densest gas planet in the solar system. Measured from the surface Jupiter's gravity is half that of the earth.What is isomorphous substitution and how does it affect the charge of layer-silicate
clay minerals? What is the dominant type of charge (permanent or variable) on layer-
silicate clay minerals and why?
Answer:
Isomorphous substitution has a net negative charge on clay. This charge needs to be balanced as to produce a positively charged ions from the solution.
Explanation:
As the word isomorphous closely related to the same shape and thus atoms must contain the physical and chemical properties. Clay minerals have silicate layers as a result of the usually a product of chemical weathering. Most of them are found in shales a common type of sedimentary rock. As they act as chemical sponges they hold water and dissolved pale matter from other chemicals. This results in unbalanced electric charges, clay minerals that can attract molecules as an example of mica. Soil containing 45% of minerals, 5% of organic matter, 25% of both air and water make up the sand, silt, and clay, etc. Kaolinite, Vermiculite, Illite, and Sodium Smectite along with Calcium smectite are generally considered as the soil clay forming minerals.Final answer:
Isomorphous substitution occurs when similar cations substitute for each other in clay minerals, creating a net negative charge that results in a permanent charge on layer-silicate clay minerals.
Explanation:
Isomorphous substitution is a process whereby one cation is substituted for another of similar size and charge in the crystal lattice of a mineral, without changing the basic structure of the mineral. This process is significant in layer-silicate clay minerals. When substitution happens, for example, when [tex]Al^{3+}[/tex] replaces [tex]Sl^{4+}[/tex] in the tetrahedral layer, it causes a decrease in the overall positive charge, leading to a net negative charge on the layers. This charge is balanced by cations in the interlayer spaces.
The dominant type of charge on layer-silicate clay minerals is permanent charge, which is due to isomorphous substitution. It is permanent because it is an inherent part of the mineral's structure and not affected by pH or other environmental changes, unlike variable charges which can occur on the edges of clay particles and organic matter and can change with pH.