which energy source has been developed and improved by chemist

Final answer:

J. J. Thomson discovered electrons, Ernest Rutherford found protons, and James Chadwick discovered neutrons, all of which conflicted with Dalton's theory of indivisible atoms.

Explanation:

Dalton's Atomic Theory stated that matter is made up of indivisible particles called atoms. However, subsequent scientists' discoveries supported or differed from Dalton's theory in the following ways:

We have that the mol of CO₂. formed  is mathematically given as

The reaction will form 16.2 mol of CO₂.

Generally the equation for the Chemical Reaction  is mathematically given as

C₃H₈ + 5O₂ ----> 3CO₂ + 4H₂O

You want to convert moles of C₃H₈ to moles of CO₂

The molar ratio is 3 mol CO₂:1 mol C₃H₈

Moles of CO2= 5.5 mol C₃H₈ * (3 mol CO₂/1 mol C₃H₈)  

Moles of CO2=16.2

Therefore

The reaction will form 16.2 mol of CO₂.

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Final answer:

When 5.5 moles of propane are burned, 16.5 moles of carbon dioxide will be produced, based on the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane.

Explanation:

To determine how many moles of carbon dioxide will form if 5.5 moles of C3H8 (propane) is burned, we need the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane:

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

According to the equation, the combustion of 1 mole of propane produces 3 moles of CO2. Thus, the combustion of 5.5 moles of propane will produce 3 times 5.5 moles of CO2, which equals 16.5 moles.

Therefore, 16.5 moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) will be produced when 5.5 moles of propane (C3H8) are burned completely in the presence of sufficient oxygen.

Answer:

opposite ions attract

The molecule containing a special group attached to its side chain is a fundamental group. The molecules are acid, ether, ester, aldehyde, ketone, amine, and alcohol.

Functional groups are the specialized molecules that are attached to the main chain and vary the chemical and physical properties of the compound. The molecule containing hydroxide is acid, and the single oxygen atom is ether.

Compound with double-bonded oxygen to alkyl or aromatic group is ester, carbonyl group on carbon with hydrogen and R group is an aldehyde, carbonyl group attached to carbon-containing two alkyl or aromatic groups is a ketone.

The Amine group includes an aromatic or an alkyl group attached to two hydrogens of the nitrogen atom. The alcohol group is the attachment of the -OH group to a carbon-containing hydrogen and R group.

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Star X may be moving, but its motion is not radial. Therefore, option (D) is correct.

Comparing the spectrum of Star X to a reference hydrogen spectrum can provide information about the motion of the star. If the spectral lines of Star X are shifted towards shorter wavelengths (blueshifted) compared to the reference hydrogen spectrum, it indicates that the star is moving towards the observer (Earth) due to the Doppler effect. Conversely, if the spectral lines are shifted towards longer wavelengths (redshifted) compared to the reference spectrum, it indicates that the star is moving away from the observer (Earth).

However, the given information does not specify whether the spectral lines are blueshifted or redshifted, so no definitive conclusion can be made about the direction of motion. Therefore, the correct option is D. Star X may be moving, but its motion is not radial.

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Types of Bonds can be predicted by calculating the difference in electronegativity.

If, Electronegativity difference is,

                Less than 0.4 then it is Non Polar Covalent

                Between 0.4 and 1.7 then it is Polar Covalent 

                Greater than 1.7 then it is Ionic

For Be and F,

                    E.N of Fluorine          =   3.98

                    E.N of Beryllium        =   1.57

                                                   ________

                    E.N Difference                2.41          (Ionic Bond)

For H and Cl,

                    E.N of Chorine           =   3.16

                    E.N of Hydrogen        =   2.20

                                                   ________

                    E.N Difference                0.96          (Polar Covalent Bond)

For Na and O,

                    E.N of Oxygen          =   3.44

                    E.N of Sodium          =   0.93

                                                       ________

                    E.N Difference                2.51          (Ionic Bond)

For F and F,

                    E.N of Fluorine          =   3.98

                    E.N of Fluorine          =   3.98

                                                        ________

                    E.N Difference                0.00         (Non-Polar Covalent Bond)

Result:

           A polar covalent bond is formed between Hydrogen and Chlorine atoms.

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into biologically useful chemicals by microorganisms. Denitrification is the process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas. These processes have different functions in the nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen fixation is the process where organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into biologically useful chemicals. To date, the only known kind of biological organisms capable of nitrogen fixation are microorganisms. These organisms employ enzymes called nitrogenases, which contain iron and molybdenum. Many of these microorganisms live in a symbiotic relationship with plants, with the best-known example being the presence of rhizobia in the root nodules of legumes.

In contrast, denitrification is the process by which denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates (NO3) into nitrogen gas (N₂). Denitrifying bacteria utilize nitrate as an electron acceptor and break it down into nitrogen gas through an anaerobic respiration process. This process happens in anaerobic environments, like waterlogged soils or wetlands.

The average atomic mass for lithium, given that Lithium-6 has a mass of 6.0151 amu and lithium-7 has a mass of 7.0160 amu, is 6.9417 amu

From the question given above, the following data were obtained?

Average atomic mass = [(Mass of 1st × 1st%) / 100] + [(Mass of 2nd × 2nd%) / 100]

= [(6.0151 × 7.42) / 100] + [(7.0160 × 92.58) / 100]

= 0.4463 + 6.4954

= 6.9417 amu

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The reaction is
C₂H₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

To balance the equation, both side have same number of elements. Here,

In left hand side has                                            in right hand side has

           4 H atoms                                                       2 H atoms 

           2 C atoms                                                       1 C atom 

           2 O atoms                                                       3 O atoms 

First, we have to balance number of C atoms and number of H atoms in both side.  
To balance C atoms, '2' should be added before CO₂ and to balance H atoms, '2' should be added before H₂O. 
Then number of oxygen atoms is 2 x 2 + 2 = 6 in right hand side. So, 3 should be added before O₂ in left hand side.
After balancing the equation should be,

C₂H₄ + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 2H₂O

Answer:

[tex]SO_4^-[/tex]

Explanation:

The sodium sulfate compound corresponds to a water soluble salt.

When a salt dissolves it will dissociate into the ions that compose it.

It dissociates into Cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions)

Sodium sulfate formula

[tex]Na_2SO_4[/tex]

Sodium sulfate when dissolved in water

[tex]Na_2SO_4\stackrel{H_2O}{\longrightarrow} 2Na^+SO_4^-[/tex]

Ions present in the solution:

[tex]Na^+[/tex] Cation

[tex]SO_4^-[/tex] Anion

The mole ratio of carbon dioxide to propane in the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O is 3:1. This ratio indicates that for every one mole of propane combusted, three moles of carbon dioxide are produced.

The mole ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) to propane (C3H8) in the chemical reaction equation, C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, is 3:1. This ratio is derived from the coefficients of carbon dioxide and propane in the balanced equation. The coefficient of carbon dioxide is 3 and the coefficient of propane is 1. This means, for every one mole of propane burned, three moles of carbon dioxide are produced.

This ratio is crucial in stoichiometry which deals with the relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. In practical applications, such as in combustion reactions or in calculating emissions, knowing this ratio is essential. Hence, understanding this concept is not only important in academic terms but also in real-world scenarios.

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Answer:- P = 43.63% and O = 56.37% and the empirical formula is [tex]P_2O_5[/tex]

Solution:- mass of Phosphorous = 30.98 g

mass of product(phosphorous oxide) = 71.00 g

mass of oxygen = 71.00 - 30.98 = 40.02 g

percentage of phosphorous in the compound = (30.98/71.00)100 = 43.63%

percentage of oxygen in the compound = (40.02/71.00)100 = 56.37%

moles of P = 30.98 g x ( 1mol/30.97 g) = 1.00 mol

moles of O = 40.02 g x (1 mol/ 16.00 g) = 2.50 mol

Ratio of moles of P to O is 1.00:2.50

The whole number ratio is 2:5

So, the empirical formula of the phosphorous oxide formed is [tex]P_2O_5[/tex]

Answer : The percent composition of P = 43.63 % and O = 53.37 % .

Empirical formula of Phosphorous oxide = P₂O₅

Part A : Percent composition :

It is percent of each element present in compound . It is given by formula :

[tex] Percent composition = \frac{mass of element}{ total mass of compound } * 100 [/tex]

Given : Mass of Phosphorous (P ) = 30.98 g

Mass of Compound Phosphorous oxide = 71.00 g

Mass of Oxygen (O) = mass of compound - mass of P

= 71.00 g - 30.98 g = 40.02 g

[tex] Percent composition of P = \frac{mass of P }{ mass of compound} [/tex][tex] = \frac{30.98 g }{71.00 g} * 100 [/tex]

Percent composition of P = 43.63 %

[tex] Percent composition of O = \frac{mass of Al}{Mass of compound } * 100
= \frac{40.02 g }{71.00 g} * 100 [/tex]

Percent composition of O = 53.37 %

Part B : Empirical formula of Phosphorous Oxide.

Empirical formula is formula which shows the proportion of element present in a compound . Following are the steps to calculate empirical formula of an compound :

Step 1 : Find masses of each element .

Mass of P = 30.98 g

Mass of O = 40.02 g

Step 2 : Conversion of masses of element to its mole .

[tex] Mole = \frac{mass }{molar mass } [/tex]

Given : Mass of P = 30.98 g [tex] Molar mass of P = 30.97 \frac{g}{ mol} [/tex]

[tex] Mole of P = \frac{30.98 g }{30.97\frac{g}{mol} } = 1 mol [/tex]

Given: Mass of O = 40.02 g [tex] Molar mass of O = 15.99\frac{g}{mol} [/tex]

[tex] Mole of O = \frac{40.02 g}{15.99\frac{g}{mol}} = 2.5 mol [/tex]

Step 3 : Finding Ratio of mole .

In this step ratio is found by dividing each mole by smallest mole .Since mole of P is smaller , so this will be used for division.

[tex] Ratio of mole of P= \frac{mole of P }{mole of P } = \frac{1 mol}{1 mol} = 1 [/tex]

[tex] Ratio of mole of O = \frac{ mole of O }{mole of P } = \frac{2.5 }{1 } = 2.5 [/tex]

Hence , Ratio of P : O = 1 : 2.5

Since the ratio is in fraction , it need to be converted to whole number . So we multiply the ratio by such a minimum number which gives us a whole number ratio. This step is skipped if the ratio already comes in whole number.

On multiplication the ratio by 2 :

Ratio of P : O = ( 1 : 2.5 ) * 2 = 1 * 2 : 2.5 * 2

Ratio of P : O = 2 : 5

Step 4 : Writing the empirical formula

The ratio of P and O is 2: 5 , which gives the empirical formula of compound as P₂O₅ .

Carbon generally has a higher electronegativity than aluminum, so a carbon atom has a stronger attraction for bonding electrons.

The strength of an atom's attraction for the electrons in a bond is measured by its electronegativity. Among the elements listed, carbon generally has a higher electronegativity than aluminum, which means that an atom of carbon will typically have a stronger attraction for the electrons in a bond. The concept of electronegativity is crucial in understanding the behavior of atoms in different chemical compounds and their ability to attract bonding electrons.