The population of the planet is constantly increasing, and this growth can have many effects on the environment and the economy of the world. For example, as the world population rises, the pressure mounts on the agricultural sector to feed the millions of extra mouths. In predicting the rise of the world population, scientists use a number of variables.
Fertility Rate
The factor which affects the growth of the population in the biggest way is the fertility rate. The fertility rate is typically measured by the number of children per one woman of child-bearing age. If the fertility rate is larger than 2, the rule of thumb is that the population should rise, as there are more children than their parents. On the other hand, if this ratio is below 2, the population of the region may be destined for a decline.
Mortality Rate
A key factor affecting the growth of the population is the death, or mortality, rate. Just as the birth of new people increases the population size, deaths decrease it. The factors that affect the mortality rate include the availability and affordability of quality health care and lifestyle habits – for example, whether they smoke or do physical exercises regularly.
Immigration and Emigration
Cross-border migration is the act of people moving from one country to another. It affects the population size of both the host and destination countries. Emigration is caused by a number of factors, such as fleeing war, finding education, seeking new jobs or joining family members. When a person emigrates from a country, its population shrinks. When someone moves to a country from another place, it is known as immigration. Whether or not a person is allowed to immigrate is controlled by the country that will host this person.
Government Restrictions
There are some people in the world, including politicians, who believe that some countries need to have a birth rate restriction -- in fact, China already has its widely-known one-child policy. Such a restriction would prevent couples from being able to have more than the restricted amount of children. The argument goes that this type of restriction would cause fewer resources to be used and prevent overpopulation.
Population growth rate is affected by several factors, including the birth and death rates, life expectancy, and the age structure of the population. Other factors include human migration and improvements in public health and sanitation.
Explanation:A major factor affecting population growth rate is the birth and death rates. When birth rates exceed death rates, population size increases. Conversely, when death rates exceed birth rates, population size decreases. Life expectancy also plays an important role. The length of time individuals remain in the population impacts local resources, reproduction, and the overall health of the population.
Another factor is related to the age structure of a population, which is the proportion of a population in different age classes. Rapid growth countries often have a pyramidal age structure, showing many young, reproductive-aged individuals. On the other hand, areas with slow growth or zero growth tend to have a greater proportion of older individuals.
Additionally, other factors affecting human population growth include migration and improvements in public health and sanitation. The development and use of antibiotics and vaccines have decreased the prevalence of infectious disease, allowing human population to grow.
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Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction between fe2+(aq) and zn(s) under standard conditions at 25∘c.
The equilibrium constant for the reaction between Fe2+(aq) and Zn(s) under standard conditions at 25∘C is equal to 1.
Explanation:The equilibrium constant for the reaction between Fe2+(aq) and Zn(s) under standard conditions at 25∘C can be calculated by using the formula:
Kc = ([Fe2+]/[Zn])
Since Fe2+ is an aqueous ion and Zn is a solid, their concentrations are not included in the equation. Therefore, the equilibrium constant is equal to 1.
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The equilibrium constant for the reaction between Fe²+(aq) and Zn(s) at 25°C is approximately 7.06 x 10¹⁰.
Step-by-Step Explanation:
1. Write the overall balanced redox reaction:
Fe²⁺(aq) + Zn(s) → Fe(s) + Zn²⁺(aq)2. Determine the standard reduction potentials (E°) for each half-reaction:
Fe²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Fe(s), E° = -0.44 V Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Zn(s), E° = -0.76 V3. Calculate the standard cell potential (E°cell):
E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode = (-0.44 V) - (-0.76 V) = 0.32 V4. Use the Nernst equation to relate E°cell to the equilibrium constant (K):
E°cell = (RT/nF) * ln(K)Where R = 8.314 J/(mol·K), T = 298 K, n = 2 (number of electrons transferred), F = 96485 C/mol.
5. Rearrange and solve for K:
0.32 V = (8.314 J/(mol·K) * 298 K / (2 * 96485 C/mol)) * ln(K) 2477.172 * ln(K) = 61870.4 ln(K) ≈ 24.98K = [tex]e^{24.98[/tex] ≈ 7.06 x 10¹⁰Thus, the value of equilibrium constant comes out to be 7.06 x 10¹⁰
What is the total mass of products formed when 16 grams of ch4?
The total mass of the products formed when 16 grams of methane (CH4) is combusted is equal to the mass of the reactants, which is also 16 grams, when not considering the massless product, heat.
Explanation:The student is asking about the total mass of products when 16 grams of methane (CH4) is combusted. Combustion of methane is represented by the balanced chemical equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + energy. To find the total mass of the products, we would need to use stoichiometry to convert the mass of CH4 to moles, then use the balanced equation to find the moles of the products CO2 and H2O. Since mass is conserved, the total mass of reactants will equal the total mass of products. However, heat is also a product of the reaction, which is not measured by mass.
In this question, the student has mentioned specific molecular quantities, but since the aim is to determine the mass of products from 16 grams of methane, we don't need to consider these quantities. What we need is the concept that the mass of reactants equals the mass of products in a chemical reaction, where the mass of gaseous products is part of the overall calculation. Heat, despite being a part of the product side of the equation, does not contribute to the mass.
Therefore, the total mass of the CO2 and H2O produced from 16 grams of methane will also be 16 grams, neglecting energy. It is crucial to emphasize that this is a theoretical approach assuming complete combustion and no mass loss during the reaction.
what is the name of this molecule? h3c-c=c-ch3
Answer : The name of the given molecule is 2-butene or but-2-ene
Explanation :
Step 1 : Find the longest carbon chain.
The longest carbon chain for the given structure contains 4 carbons.
This will help us to find out the prefix for our parent compound.
The alkane with 4 carbons is "Butane"
Therefore our parent compound will have the prefix is "but"
Step 2 : Find the functional group
The functional group is the group that gives specific characteristics to the compound. In this case, we have a double bond in the structure which behaves as a functional group.
Therefore the functional group here is "Alkene"
Functional groups helps us to find the suffix of the name. In this case it is "ene"
Therefore our parent compound is but+ene = butene
Step 3 : Find the position of the double bond
The double bond is present between second and third carbon atom.
We always select the lower number to denote the position of the bond.
So we have 2-butene OR but-2-ene
There are no substituents present in this compound.
Therefore the name of the compound is 2-butene or But-2-ene
The molecule represented by H3C-C=C-CH3 is named But-2-ene, according to the IUPAC nomenclature system.
Explanation:H3C-C=C-CH3 is named But-2-ene, according to the IUPAC nomenclature system. The molecule represented by the formula H3C-C=C-CH3 is named But-2-ene. In this name, 'But' refers to the four carbon atoms that form the base of the molecule, '-2-' indicates that the double bond is between the second and third carbon atom, and 'ene' signifies the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond in the molecule. This nomenclature is part of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system, which is a standardized method for naming chemical compounds.
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List the following compounds in decreasing electronegativity difference. cl2 hcl nacl
The decreasing electronegativity difference in the compounds is NaCl > HCl > Cl2. NaCl has the highest electronegativity difference, forming an ionic compound, then HCl forms a polar covalent bond, and Cl2, made of two identical atoms, has no electronegativity difference.
Explanation:The compounds Cl2, HCl, and NaCl possess varying degrees of electronegativity difference depending on the atoms involved. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a bond. In NaCl (sodium chloride), the electronegativity difference is very high as it consists of a metal (sodium) and a non-metal (chlorine).
This forms an ionic compound, which is generally formed when there is a high electronegativity difference. On the other hand, Cl2 (chlorine gas) possesses no electronegativity difference as it is a molecule composed of two identical atoms. Finally, HCl (hydrogen chloride) has a considerable but not extreme electronegativity difference because it consists of two non-metals. This forms a polar covalent bond.
In summary, the decreasing electronegativity difference would be: NaCl > HCl > Cl2.
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A 10.0-ml sample of 0.200 m hydrocyanic acid (hcn) is titrated with 0.0998 m naoh. what is the ph at the equivalence point? for hydrocyanic acid, pka = 9.31
The pH at the equivalence point of the titration can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The pH at the equivalence point is 9.31.
Explanation:The pH at the equivalence point of the titration can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is equal to the moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
In this case, the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is a weak acid, and the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base. At the equivalence point, the weak acid is completely neutralized by the strong base, forming the conjugate base of the acid.
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, we can calculate the pH at the equivalence point:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
The concentration of the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is 0.200 M, and since hydrocyanic acid is a weak acid, its concentration can be assumed to remain nearly constant during the titration. Therefore, the concentration of the conjugate base at the equivalence point is also 0.200 M.
Plugging in the values, we have:
pH = 9.31 + log(0.200/0.200) = 9.31
So, the pH at the equivalence point is 9.31.
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Write a balanced half-reaction for the reduction of dichromate ion cr2o−27 to chromium ion cr 3 in basic aqueous solution. be sure to add physical state symbols where appropriate.
Explanation:
When electrons are added in a reaction then it means reduction is taking place. Whereas removal of electrons from a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.
Oxidation state of chromium in [tex]Cr_{2}O^{2-}_{7}[/tex] is +6. So, its reduction half-reaction will be as follows.
[tex]Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-} + 3e^{-1} \rightarrow Cr^{3+}[/tex]
Since it is given that reaction is taking place in basic solution. So, we add [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] on reactant side and [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] on the product side.
[tex]Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-} + 3e^{-1} + H_{2}O \rightarrow Cr^{3+} + OH^{-}[/tex]
Now balancing Cr atom and charges on both sides, we get the following.
[tex]Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-} + 6e^{-1} + 7H_{2}O \rightarrow 2Cr^{3+} + 14OH^{-}[/tex]
The balanced half-reaction for the reduction of dichromate ion Cr2O2−7 to chromium ion Cr3+ in basic aqueous solution is:
Cr2O2−7(aq) + 14 OH−(aq) + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)
What's the reaction about?Balance the chromium atoms. There are 2 chromium atoms on the left side and 2 on the right, so the equation is already balanced for chromium.
The final balanced equation is:
Cr2O2−7(aq) + 14 OH−(aq) + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)
The physical state symbols are also included in the balanced equation. The dichromate ion and the chromium ion are aqueous, the hydroxide ions are aqueous, and the water molecules are liquid.
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One of these substances is a liquid at room temperature. which one? one of these substances is a liquid at room temperature. which one? sih4 co2 nh2oh cf4
Among the substances SiH4, CO2, NH2OH, and CF4, it is Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) which is the liquid at room temperature due to its hydrogen bonding.
Explanation:Among the substances SiH4, CO2, NH2OH, and CF4, it is NH2OH (Hydroxylamine) which is a liquid at room temperature. This is due to the variations in the intermolecular forces among these substances:
SiH4(Silane) and CF4(Tetrafluoromethane) are gases at room temperature because their molecules are held together by weak Van der Waals' forces which require less thermal energy to overcome. CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) is well known to be a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. NH2OH(Hydroxylamine) on the other hand, exhibits hydrogen bonding (a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction). This bonding causes an increased boiling point, making it a liquid at room temperature.Learn more about Phases of Matter here:
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How much heat is evolved in converting 1.00 mol of steam at 155.0 ∘c to ice at -50.0 ∘c? the heat capacity of steam is 2.01 j/(g⋅∘c) and of ice is 2.09 j/(g⋅∘c)?
According to the balanced chemical equation, how many atoms of silver will be produced from combining 100 g of copper with 200 g of silver nitrate?
Final answer:
The balanced chemical equation reveals that 100g of copper reacting with 200g of silver nitrate yields 6.022 × 10^23 atoms of silver.
Explanation:
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between copper (Cu) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) is:
Cu (s) + 2AgNO₃ (aq) → Cu(NO₃)² (aq) + 2Ag (s)
From the equation, when 100g of copper reacts with 200g of silver nitrate, it will produce 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of silver.
The standard reduction potential for I2/I –is +0.54V, and the standard reduction potential for Br2/Br -is +1.07V. Which reaction occurs when bromine is added to an aqueous solution of iodide ions?
1. 2I –+ 2Br –→ I2+ Br2
2. I2+ 2Br –→ Br2+ 2I –
3. I2+ Br2→ 2I –+ 2Br –
4. 2I –+ Br2→ I2+ 2Br –
Final answer:
When bromine is added to an aqueous solution of iodide ions, the reaction that occurs is the oxidation of iodide ions to iodine and the reduction of bromine to bromide ions, as bromine has a higher standard reduction potential and will thus be reduced. Hence, the reaction that occurs is 2I⁻ + Br₂ → I₂ + 2Br⁻.
Explanation:
To determine which reaction will occur when bromine is added to an aqueous solution of iodide ions, we can compare the standard reduction potentials of the Br₂/Br⁻ and I₂/I⁻ couples. The standard reduction potential for Br₂/Br⁻ is +1.07V, and for I₂/I⁻ it is +0.54V. Given that a higher potential indicates a greater tendency to gain electrons (undergo reduction), we can infer that Br₂ will be reduced (gain electrons) rather than I₂.
Therefore, iodide ions (I-) will be oxidized by bromine (Br₂) to form iodine (I₂) and bromide ions (Br⁻). The balanced half-reactions are:
Br₂ + 2e⁻ → 2Br− (Reduction)2I− → I₂ + 2e− (Oxidation)Overall, the reaction that occurs is 2I⁻ + Br₂ → I₂ + 2Br⁻, which correlates to option 4 in the list provided by the student. This is because the reaction can only occur in the direction that allows bromine to be reduced since it has a higher reduction potential.
___ + ___ = H2O + LiBrO3 Complete and balance the equation representing neutralization reaction.
The complete and balanced neutralization reaction is HBrO₃(aq) + LiOH(aq) → H₂O(l) + LiBrO₃(aq), where hydrobromic acid reacts with lithium hydroxide to produce water and lithium bromate.
Explanation:
The student's question pertains to completing and balancing a chemical equation for a neutralization reaction. In a neutralization reaction, an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. To complete and balance the given equation ___ + ___ = H₂O + LiBrO₃, we need to identify the acid and the base that will produce lithium bromate (LiBrO₃) and water.
The balanced equation for this reaction is:
HBrO₃(aq) + LiOH(aq) → H₂O(l) + LiBrO3(aq)Here, hydrobromic acid (HBrO₃) reacts with lithium hydroxide (LiOH), producing water (H₂O) and lithium bromate (LiBrO₃). This equation is balanced as written, with one mole of HBrO₃ reacting with one mole of LiOH to produce one mole of water and one mole of LiBrO₃.
A 90.00 mL solution of NaCl and ethyl alcohol has 7.83 g of salt dissolved in the alcohol. Calculate the molar concentration of the solution. Remember to use significant digit rules.
Answer:
The molar concentration of the solution is calculated as follows
find the moles of NaCl used to make the solution
moles = mass/molar mass
mass =7.83 g
molar mass =58.5 g/mol
moles = 7.83 g/ 58.5 g/mol = 0.134 moles
molarity ( concentration in mol/l) = number of moles/volume in liters
volume in liters = 90ml/1000 =0.09 liters
molarity is therefore = 0.134 moles/0.09 L =1.49 M
Explanation:
How much energy is required to vaporize 185 g of butane at its boiling point? the heat of vaporization for butane is 23.1 kj/mol?
Approximately 73.5 kJ of energy is required to vaporize 185 g of butane at its boiling point.
Explanation:The amount of energy required to vaporize a substance can be calculated using the formula Q = n * ΔHvap, where Q is the amount of energy required, n is the number of moles of the substance, and ΔHvap is the heat of vaporization. To calculate the number of moles of butane, we divide the mass of butane by its molar mass. Using the given heat of vaporization for butane (23.1 kJ/mol), we can calculate the amount of energy required. First, we calculate the number of moles of butane:
n = 185 g / 58.12 g/mol = 3.18 mol
Next, we calculate the amount of energy required:
Q = 3.18 mol * 23.1 kJ/mol ≈ 73.5 kJ
Therefore, approximately 73.5 kJ of energy is required to vaporize 185 g of butane at its boiling point.
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What volume of chlorine is required to produce 25.4?
Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of the weak acid hcn with water. include the phase of each species.
The weak acid HCN reacts with water through acid ionization, forming hydronium ions and cyanide ions. This reaction can be represented with the balanced chemical equation: HCN(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CN⁻(aq).
Explanation:
The weak acid HCN (hydrogen cyanide) reacts with water through a process called acid ionization. In this reaction, a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred from the weak acid to a water molecule, leading to the formation of hydronium ions (H3O+), and the cyanide ion (CN-). The balanced chemical equation outlining this reaction is:
HCN(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CN⁻(aq)
In this equation, the (aq) annotation indicates that the species is in the aqueous - or water - phase, while (l) indicates the liquid phase for water.
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How many liters of 0.45 m hcl will be required to titrate completely 1.2 l solution of 0.22 m naoh? show your work?
Which substance yields hydroxide ion as the only negative ion in aqueous solution?
Write the structural formula for aspirin. label the ester group and the carboxylic acid group
The formula of the asprin is C₉H₈O₄. Asprin is also called as acetylsalicylic acid
which is used as a drug in medical treatments. It is a synthetic derivative of
salicylic acid which is extracted from willow bark.
As the functional groups, asprin has 3 groups as
carboxylic acid group, ester group and aromatic ring. The structure is as the
image.
The structural formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. The ester group in aspirin is -COO- and the carboxylic acid group is -COOH.
The structural formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. The ester group in aspirin is -COO- and the carboxylic acid group is -COOH. The structural formula can be represented as:
C6H4OH(CO)O using the circled atoms as reference points for the acid part of the molecule.
The mineral enargite is 48.41% cu, 19.02% as, and 32.57% s by mass. what is the empirical formula of enargite?
Sodium is an atom represented as na+. what does the "+" represent?
The '+' in Na+ represents a positive charge which indicates that the sodium atom has lost one electron and has become a sodium cation with more protons than electrons.
Explanation:The "+" in a sodium atom represented as Na+ signifies that the atom has lost an electron and, therefore, has a net positive charge. In its neutral state, a sodium atom has 11 protons and 11 electrons, giving it no overall charge. However, when a sodium atom loses an electron, as in the case of the sodium cation (Na+), it then has one more proton (11) than electrons (10), resulting in an overall positive charge, which is indicated by the plus sign. This positively charged sodium is referred to as a sodium cation.
Sodium cations are common in many chemical reactions and play significant roles in biological systems, such as in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. The propensity for sodium to lose an electron and form a Na+ cation is due to the energy consideration that it's easier for sodium to lose one electron from its outermost shell than to gain seven more in order to fill it.
Which of the following would be expected to form ionic solutions in water?
CO2
C
NaI
CCl4
O2
NaI-Sodium Iodide
Explanation;Ionic solutions are solutions that are formed when ionic compounds dissolve in a solvent such as a water.Ionic compounds are compounds that are formed as a result of transfer of electrons between non metal atoms and metal atoms, thus forming an ionic bond. When an ionic compound such as sodium iodide dissolves in water, it dissociates into cations, sodium ions, and anions, iodide ions.What type of bond would form between two atoms of phosphorus?
A. Triple covalent bond
B. Single ionic bond
C. Double covalent bond
D. Single covalent bond
Answer: Option (A) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Non-metals are the substances which tend to gain electrons from a donor atom in order to attain stability.
For example, atomic number of phosphorous is 15 and its electronic distribution is 2, 8, 5.
As it contains 5 valence electrons electrons therefore, it needs 3 more electrons in order to attain stability.
Hence, when one phosphorous atom combines with another phosphorous atom then it results in sharing of electrons. So, there will be formation a triple bond between the two phosphorous atoms.
Also, there will be one lone pair of electron on each phosphorous atom.
Thus, we can conclude that triple covalent bond would form between two atoms of phosphorus.
Jaina just got home from a difficult workout. She is complaining of muscle soreness and cramps. Which waste product of fermentation caused the soreness and cramps?
How many helium atoms are in a 12.0 g sample?
Answer: The number of helium atoms present are [tex]18.066\times 10^{23}[/tex]
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
Given mass of helium = 12.0 g
Molar mass of helium = 4 g/mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of helium}=\frac{12.0g}{4g/mol}=3mol[/tex]
According to mole concept:
1 mole of an element contains [tex]6.022\time 10^{23}[/tex] number of atoms.
So, 3 moles of helium will contain = [tex]3\times 6.022\times 10^{23}=18.066\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of atoms.
Hence, the number of helium atoms present are [tex]18.066\times 10^{23}[/tex]
To find the number of helium atoms in a 12.0 g sample, convert the grams into moles using the molar mass of helium (4 g/mol), then multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23). The result is approximately 1.807 x 10^24 helium atoms.
Explanation:To calculate the number of helium atoms in a 12.0 g sample, you need to use Avogadro's number, which states that one mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 10^23 particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.). Molar mass of helium is approximately 4 g/mol. So first, we need to convert the number of grams into moles.
12.0 g / 4 g/mol = 3 moles of helium.
To find out how many atoms this is, we multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number:
3 moles * 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mole = 1.807 x 10^24 helium atoms.
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A certain compound is made up of one carbon (c) atom, two bromine (br) atoms, and one oxygen (o) atom. what is the chemical formula of this compound
Answer:
The chemical formula of the compound will be COBr2.
Further details:
• The chemical formula of the compound is COBr2.
• The IUPAC name is Carbonic Dibromide
• The common name of the compound is Bromophosgene
As we know Carbon has the propensity to form four covalent bonds, Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and Bromine can form a single bond. Keeping this in mind we can say that in given compound carbon are making two single bonds with two bromine atoms and a double bond with oxygen atom. So, the valencies of all essentials in the given compound are fulfilled and accomplished.
Formation of Carbon dibromide:
Carbonyl bromide is made when carbon tetrabromide is melted and concentrated sulfuric acid is added.
In compare to phosgene, carbonyl bromide cannot be twisted efficiently from carbon monoxide and bromine. A complete alteration is not possible due to thermodynamic causes. Additionally, the reaction
CO + Br2 ⇌ COBr2
Answer details:
Subject: Chemistry
Level: College
Keywords:
Carbon dibromideFormation of carbon dibromideCarbon Bromine OxygenLearn more to evaluate:
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At 7 degrees Celsius the volume of gas is 49 liters. At the same pressure its volume is 74 mL at what temperature
how many molecules of dinitrogen pentoxide are in 1.39 moles of dinitrogen pentoxide
Explanation:
According to Avogadro's number, it is known that there are [tex]6.023 \times 10^{23}[/tex] atoms present in 1 mole of a substance.
Therefore, molecules or atoms present in 1.39 moles will be as follows.
No. of atoms = no. of moles × Avogadro's number
= [tex]1.39 moles \times 6.023 \times 10^{23}\text{atoms/mol}[/tex]
= [tex]8.37 \times 10^{23}[/tex] atoms
Thus, we can conclude that there are [tex]8.37 \times 10^{23}[/tex] atoms of dinitrogen pentoxide in 1.39 moles.
A reactant decomposes with a half-life of 137 s when its initial concentration is 0.165 m. when the initial concentration is 0.722 m, this same reactant decomposes with the same half-life of 137 s.
which element does not contain neutrons
iron
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
What concentration of the lead ion, pb2+, must be exceeded to precipitate pbf2 from a solution that is 1.00×10−2 m in the fluoride ion, f−? ksp for lead(ii) fluoride is 3.3×10−8 ?
Answer is: concentration of Pb²⁺ must be exceeded is 3.3·10⁻⁴ M.
Chemical reaction : Pb²⁺(aq) + 2F⁻(aq) → PbF₂(s).
Ksp(PbF₂) = 3.3·10⁻⁸.
c(F⁻) = 0.01 M.
Ksp(PbF₂) = c(Pb²⁺) ·
c(F⁻)².
c(Pb²⁺) = Ksp(PbF₂) ÷ c(Cl⁻)².
c(Pb²⁺) = 3.3·10⁻⁸ ÷ (0.01 M)².
c(Pb²⁺) = 0.000000033 M³ ÷ 0.0001 M².
c(Pb²⁺) = 0.00033 M = 3.3·10⁻⁴ M.
The concentration of Pb²⁺ must be exceeded is 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ m.
Ksp value of PbF₂ = 3.3 × 10⁻⁸
Concentration of fluoride ion = 1.00 × 10⁻²
It is required to calculate the concentration of lead ion.
What is a solubility product?
The solubility product constant, Ksp, is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution.
A chemical reaction between lead ion and fluoride ion occurs as
Chemical reaction :
Pb²⁺(aq) + 2F⁻(aq) → PbF₂(s).
Ksp(PbF₂) = 3.3 × 10⁻⁸
Ksp(PbF₂) = c(Pb²⁺) · c(F⁻)²
c(Pb²⁺) = Ksp(PbF₂) ÷ c(Cl⁻)²
c(Pb²⁺) = 3.3×10⁻⁸ ÷ (0.01 m)²
c(Pb²⁺) = 0.000000033 m³ ÷ 0.0001 m²
c(Pb²⁺) = 0.00033 m = 3.3·10⁻⁴ m
Hence, the concentration of Pb²⁺ must be exceeded is 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ m.
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