Which line best represents the level of oxygen gas in the atmosphere during the Proterozoic?
A. a
b. b
c. c
d. d

Answer: An addition mutation results in an added base in the DNA sequence. 

Explanation:

The false statement about mutations is: Addition and deletion mutations disrupt the primary structure of proteins.

In reality, addition and deletion mutations can certainly disrupt the primary structure of proteins. These types of mutations can shift the reading frame of the DNA sequence, resulting in a change in the grouping of codons during translation.

This alteration can lead to a frameshift mutation, where the subsequent amino acids in the protein sequence are changed, often resulting in a nonfunctional or severely impaired protein. Thus, the statement that addition and deletion mutations do not disrupt the primary structure of proteins is incorrect.

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Answer:

The answer is these modifications allow the mRNA to be recognized by the protein synthesis machinery and protect it from degradation. The 5' cap and poly-A tail added to pre-mRNA complete the transformation to mature mRNA

Explanation:

These modifications allow the mRNA to be recognized by the protein synthesis machinery and protect it from degradation. The 5' cap and poly-A tail added to pre-mRNA complete the transformation to mature mRNA.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Downregulation is a decrease in the receptors number on the surface of the target cells and make the cells less sensitive to external stimuli or hormone. An example is in type 2 diabetes wherein the insulin receptors can be downregulated. The self-induced loss of target cells receptors for insulin reduces the target cell's sensitivity to the elevated hormone concentration.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

Final answer:

The correct question related to eukaryotic origins is 'If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?' This is because mitochondria have 70S ribosomes similar to prokaryotic ribosomes, stemming from the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria.

Explanation:

The observation that chloramphenicol targets prokaryotic (70-S) ribosomes but not eukaryotic (80-S) ribosomes, leads to the question related to eukaryotic origins. The correct question that stems from this observation and an understanding of eukaryotic origins is:

C) If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?

This question is rooted in the understanding that mitochondria, an organelle within eukaryotic cells, contain ribosomes that are very similar to prokaryotic ribosomes. Indeed, mitochondria have 70-S ribosomes, which chloramphenicol can inhibit, just as it does bacterial ribosomes. This is due to the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where it is thought that an ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic microorganism, which then became an endosymbiont, eventually evolving into today's mitochondria.

Chloramphenicol acts on the 50-S subunit of the ribosome, preventing the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis. This is how it exerts its antibiotic effect, by stopping the growth of the bacterial protein chain. However, the similarity in ribosome structure between prokaryotes and mitochondrial ribosomes means that chloramphenicol can also affect protein synthesis within mitochondria, leading to side effects such as reversible suppression of blood cell production and, in some cases, irreversible aplastic anemia.

Answer:

2

Explanation:

If all black puppies result in a mix between black and brown dog, this means that black is dominant over brown. Lets reflect B's black and b's gray.

1/2 is black and 1/2 is brown in one form of cross, i.e. 1 black:1 brown.

This type of phenotypic ratio can be found only when the black parent is heterozygous Bb and the brown parent is homozygous Bbx bb Progeny: bb (black) and bb (red) in a ratio of 1:1 Another type of 3/4 progeny is black and 1/4 white. This 3:1 ratio is typical of a cross that is monohybrid.

All parents are heterozgyous for a particular gene in the monohybrid cross, but it is not probable because the brown is a recessive trait and the brown parent can not be heterozygous.A new yellow phenotype is also produced in the offspring. This means that the 2nd gene affects the color of the coat

At least two genes (E and B alleles) control the coat colors in Labrador Retrievers. Dogs with the ee genotype will be yellow, B_E_ dogs will be black, and bbE_ dogs will be chocolate (brown). This genetic interplay of the two genes is an example of epistasis.

The coat colors in Labrador Retrievers are controlled by at least two genes, as evident from the combinations of black, brown (chocolate), and yellow puppies that can occur. The two essential genes, E and B alleles, determine coat color depending on what combination of these genes a dog has.

If a lab has the ee genotype, regardless of other genes, the dog will be yellow. Dogs with the B_E_ genotype will be black labs, while bbE_ dogs will be chocolate (brown) labs. This scenario represents an example of epistasis, where one gene influences the expression of another gene. With reference to Mendelian inheritance, you could think of this like Punnett squares, which map genetic combinations, predicting the possible results of breeding experiments.

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Answer: check  the  table in the attachment for answer

Explanation:

Answer:

Planaria.

Explanation:

The kingdom eukarys is divided into the different phyla including almost all the animals. The organism are classified on the basis of their level organisation, cavity and on the basis of coelom.

The cephalization is initial process for the deposition of nervous tissue in brain. The cephalization is absent in porifera and coelenterate.  The planaria also known as flat worms shows the process of cephalization and this process becomes more complex in higher animals.

Thus, the correct answer is option (4).

Answer:

A silver fur fox breeder found a platinum fur fox on his farm. When crossing this platinum fox with its silver foxes the offspring was always 1/2 platinum + 1/2 silver. When crossing platinum foxes with each other, get platinum and silver foxes in proportions 2/3 and 1/3 respectively. Indicates how many alleles of the gene that controls hair color are in the fox breeder's farm, their relationships and the genotypes of individuals.

As from the cross between platinum foxes both platinum and silver foxes are found we can deduce that the silver character is recessive (it is present in platinum foxes, but it does not manifest itself). The fact that the crossing between silver foxes produces a balanced offspring of platinum and silver foxes specifically tells us that platinum foxes are always heterozygous. This hybrid character of the platinum foxes would also explain why by crossing them with each other the ratio of 2: 3 instead of 3: 1 is obtained, the characteristic proportion obtained from the cross between heterozygous individuals for a character, since they are not counted homozygous individuals in the offspring (probably the gene responsible for platinum character is lethal in homozygosis). In this way the crosses indicated in the statement could be:

(pt + → platinum fur; pt → silver fur) pt + pt Platinum x ptpt Silver gametes pt + pt pt

pt + pt gametes

pt

pt + pt Platinum 1/2

ptpt Silver 1/2

pt + pt Platinum

x pt + pt Platinum gametes pt + pt pt + pt

pt + pt gametes

pt +

pt + pt + Platinum

pt + pt Platinum 1/3

pt

pt + pt Platinum 1/3

ptpt Silver 1/3

Answer:

transfer RNA

Messenger RNA

Ribosomal RNA

Explanation:

transfer RNA   bringing of amino acid to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

Messenger RNA  encode amino acid sequence in protein translation

Ribosomal RNA together with ribosomal proteins, it make up the ribosomes

Answer:

pollination by animal pollinators(zoophily)

wind(anemophily)

people themselves

water (hydrophily)

Explanation:

In cross-pollination, pollen grains move from one flower's anther to another's stigma, through wind, animals like bees and butterflies, or water, promoting genetic diversity.

In cross-pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower, supporting genetic diversity among plants. Several methods facilitate this process:

This diversity of pollination vectors ensures the widespread dispersion of pollen, increasing the genetic diversity and adaptability of plant species.

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide.

The most probable cause of deficiency is that mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning.

Soil is a major source of nutrients needed by plants for growth. The three main nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).

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The fungicide likely caused the mineral deficiency by damaging the helpful microbes in the soil that are integral for nutrient absorption by the plant's root system.

The most probable cause of the mineral deficiency in the plant after being treated with fungicide is the destruction of symbiotic microbiomes in the soil, specifically in the root system of the plant. These microbiomes often play critical roles in nutrient cycling and availability to plants, aiding in the absorption of essential minerals. The fungicide, while targeting harmful fungi, may have inadvertently damaged these beneficial microbiomes, disrupting the nutrient uptake of the plant and leading to a mineral deficiency.

For instance, this is seen in diseases like wheat take-all which is caused by a fungus that attacks plant roots and disrupts water and nutrient channels. The soil's microbiome plays a direct role in the plant's immunity to such diseases. If a fungicide disrupts this, it can lead to the plant lacking certain minerals as the absorption mechanisms are affected.

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Answer:

conflict

Explanation:

The conflict theory, proposed by Karl Marx, believes that because of the competitiveness for limited resources, society is in a state of constant conflict.

It argues that, rather than agreement and conformity, social order is maintained by domination and authority.

As per the theory of conflict, those with power and wealth attempt to hold on to it by any means possible, primarily by suppressing the poor and disadvantaged.

Answer: the two are managers of thier operations.

Explanation:

Just as the Captain is the leader of entire vessels who controls all

operations, to ensure success of ship voyage, and management of the entire crew, the Nucleus is a double menbrane organelle who controls all cellular activities and store hereditary information as DNA. It directs the growth and reproduction of all other organelles in the cells.it is the the Brain of a cell,just like a captain is the Brain of a ship.

The Nucleus initiates the basic operations of DNA replications,translation and expression.Therefore it dictates when a new Organelle is formed,and how it will be formed; exactly how a Captain decides which crew member to hire of fire on board.

Answer: Transcription initiation

Explanation:

In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that leads to initiation of transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).

Depending on the location and the nature of the genetic defect, ( for example if the sequence TTGACA has been lost), a mutation in the promoter region of a gene may disrupt the normal processes of gene activation by disturbing the ordered recruitment of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFs) at the promoter.

RNA polymerase || is  just the main transcription enzyme.

Answer:

The correct answer is option A.  

Explanation:

Seed germination is the process from which a plant grows from the seed to become a plant by various events that takes place during this process. The most typical series of events that takes place in seed germination is: Water imbibition that is the process that involves a special type of diffusion of water colloid leads to the increase in the volume of the seed.

The imbibition is followed by the seed coat splits so the root can move after elongation and in the last, the shoot cells divide and elongate.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

The typical order of events in seed germination is water imbibition, followed by the splitting of the seed coat, then the division and elongation of root cells, and finally the division and elongation of shoot cells. So the correct option is a.

Seed germination begins with the process of water imbibition, where the seed absorbs water and swells, leading to the splitting of the seed coat. Following this, the root cells divide and elongate, forming the primary root or radicle. This root growth involves a zone of cell division, elongation, and maturation. The emergence of the radicle is critical as it establishes the root system that will anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients. Once this early root development has occurred, and the seed coat has split, the shoot cells begin to divide and elongate. The shoot, which comprises the stem and leaves, will grow upward towards the light, completing the process of seed germination.

The correct sequence of events for most typical seed germination is therefore option (a): water imbibition ® seed coat splits ® root cells divide and elongate ® shoot cells divide and elongate. This order correctly reflects the embryonic development from absorption of water to the splitting of the seed coat and subsequent growth of root and shoot systems.

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Answer:

If this is about an illness I would think it is OCD

Explanation:

i think that because she is obsessively washing her hands and trying to protect herself. Hope this helps

Talia's behavior can be best illustrated by the symptoms of OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder).

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition in which individual have repeated, undesirable thoughts or behavior, which he or she feels the urge to do again and again, repeatedly. The main cause for this disorder is unknown. Some of the common behavioral patterns which are seen in the patients include frequent hand wash, repeatedly checking over things again and again, and excessive cleaning.

The solution to this problem is counselling and also use of some anti-depressants. Individuals with the OCD may also have other disorders. Tics disorder is the unwanted and repetitive movement which might occur in muscles of different body parts like involuntary recurring sound throat clearing.

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Answer:

The correct answer will be- there is some transforming principle which transformed the harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria.

Explanation:

Griffith performed the experiment on infection caused by the Streptococcus pneumonia in mice. He selected two strains of bacteria: avirulent strain called R strain and a virulent strain called S strain.  

During the experiment, when he heat-killed the S bacteria, added it to the R strain bacterial plates and then injected the bacteria into mice, he found that the bacteria killed the mice. He was astonished to see the result as the harmless bacteria killed the mice.

He concluded that adding the S bacteria produced some molecule which could have transformed the harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria. He called the transforming molecule as transforming principle.

Griffith performed the experiment on two strains of Streptococcus pneumonia in which one strain is avirulent called R strain and another virulent strain called S strain.

When Griffith killed the S bacteria (virulent) by heat and added it in the R strain Petri dishes and then injected the bacteria to mice, the mice killed. This amazed him as to how the avirulent bacteria killed the mice ?

He concluded that there was some principle which transformed the avirulent bacteria to virulent bacteria and thus called the principle as transforming principle.

In the stretch reflex, sensory neurons transmit afferent impulses to the CNS, increase impulse frequency when muscle spindles are activated, and can transmit signals via interneurons.

The characteristics of sensory neurons in the stretch reflex have several key features. These neurons do not typically transmit efferent impulses toward antagonist muscles; instead, they carry afferent impulses toward the spinal cord or central nervous system (CNS). When a muscle spindle is activated by a stretch, these sensory neurons increase their firing rate, transmitting impulses at a higher frequency. Additionally, these neurons can transmit activating impulses via interneurons as part of the reflex arc.

The correct statements about the characteristics of sensory neurons in the stretch reflex are:

Corticosteroids like cortisone can easily pass through the skin's protective outer layer, the epidermis, due to their small, lipid-soluble structure. These substances access the deeper layer, the dermis, where they exert their intended effects, e.g., reducing inflammation.

The ability of cortisone, a glucocorticoid steroid, to move through the epidermis and reach the dermis relies on the unique structure and function of the skin's layers. The epidermis, despite being an effective barrier, can be traversed by small, lipid-soluble molecules like cortisone.

The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is composed of dead skin cells that are rich in a fibrous protein known as keratin. Though this layer is tough and waterproof, small lipid-soluble substances can pass through. Beneath this lies a thinner layer called the dermis, where cortisone acts to inhibit inflammatory responses.

Once cortisone reaches the dermis, it actions on immune cells residing there. Thus, cortisone's ability to easily move through the epidermis, despite its barrier properties, is crucial for its roles in managing inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema.

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it is in the primary sequence. The amino acid arrangement can cause differences in the types of myosin formed

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-D

Explanation:

The studies done by the scientist led to the conclusion that the doges were evolved from the wolves,

The interaction of the wolves with humans became symbiotic around 10000-15000 years ago when the wolves in search of food changed themselves and adapted to survive with humans.

The studies on the genes of Dog shows that the gene responsible to digest carbohydrate called amylase starting duplicating in Wolves allowing them to digest carbohydrate cereals offered by humans. Their pancreatic enzymes also got modified to digest the carbohydrate-protein rich cereals.

Thus, option-D is the correct answer.

Answer:

Connective tissue is made up of three major components that are cells, ground substance, and fibers. The extracellular matrix is made up of fibers and ground substance.

Ground substance: It is a viscous fluid that is colorless and it fills the space present between cells and fibers. It acts as glue which helps in the attachment of cells to the matrix. This property is provided by proteoglycans and cell adhesion proteins.

Fibers: Fibers provide support and strength to the connective tissue. Three types of connective tissue fibers are Elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and reticular fiber.

Answer:

Norepinephrine

Explanation:

Nerve cells and circulating hormones are the one responsible for vasoconstriction of the vessel walls, as they do not enter the tunica media of the blood vessel, the nerves do not synapse directly on the smooth muscle cells. Instead, they release the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, which diffuses into the media and acts on the nearby smooth muscle cells, which result in contraction of the entire muscle cell layer and thus reducing the radius of the vessel lumen.

Answer:

b) Proteins: decrease

Explanation:

Out of all the biomolecules required for the survival of an organism, proteins and nucleic acids are the ones containing Nitrogen. In nucleic acids, the building blocks of DNA, nitrogen is present in the nitrogenous bases, which are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil. In the proteins, the amino acids contain the amine group or -NH₂ which forms the peptide bond   (-NH-CO-) with a carboxylic group or -COOH of the next amino acid. As the culture of Spirogyra is being maintained, there would be no replication of DNA, which would have required nitrogen to synthesize the new DNA strand. But, to synthesize proteins, the RNA synthesis would require to happen which would also require nitrogen. Moreover, the formation of proteins after the translation of the mRNA would have also required Nitrogen. Thus, protein level in the cells would decrease.

The culture of Spirogyra in water solution lacking nitrogen will remain the same in carbohydrate and lipid production, but will decrease in protein and nucleic acid production due to the absence of nitrogen, an essential element in their synthesis.

The culture of Spirogyra, an autotrophic alga, is being maintained in a water solution that contains dissolved carbon dioxide and a source of phosphates but is devoid of nitrogen compounds. This particular set of nutrients affects the Spirogyra's ability to produce some types of organic molecules. Firstly, the production of carbohydrates is likely to remain the same, as Spirogyra uses carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates. Secondly, the protein level would decrease as nitrogen is essential for their synthesis. Without a source of nitrogen, Spirogyra cannot produce amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Thirdly, the level of lipids would remain the same since the synthesis of lipids mainly requires carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and does not rely heavily on nitrogen. Lastly, without nitrogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, which include DNA and RNA, would decrease due to the presence of nitrogen in their nitrogenous bases.

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Answer:

Auricle/pinna

Explanation:

The pinna is a flap of skin and cartilage which partially covers the opening to the external auditory meatus. It collects and concentrates sound waves into the auditory meatus. The pinna leads into the external auditory meatus which is a tube that directs sound waves to the eardrum also called the tympanic membrane.

If a person wants to maximize the production of their farm, the animal that is a better choice is Lizard. The correct option is A.

The English word mete, which meant food in general, is where the word meat first appeared. The word is related to the words for "food" in Icelandic, and Faroese:, mat, and matur.

The most typical and ideal type of food to feed pigs is farm grains. Because they are cheap, low in fiber, and high in digestible carbohydrates, corn-based feeds are frequently used.

Some omnivorous lizards eat chopped fruits and vegetables (like banana, apples, pawpaw, pear, lettuce, and tomato) as well as clover, dandelion, mulberry leaves, milk thistle, and watercress.

Therefore, the correct option is A. Lizards. Due to their ability to regenerate, lizards.

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Answer:

Half (1/2) of the sons or 50 %

Explanation:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency in humans. It is inherited as an X-linked recessive disorder. Let’s assume the gene “g” located on the X chromosome causes the (G6PD) deficiency disorder which will inherited by daughters from the affected father.  One allele of the said gene on the X chromosome in female acts as carrier and the presence of the allele “g” on both the X chromosomes will cause G6PD disorder in female.  

In the given question, the female whose father was affected with G6PD disorder is married to an affected male.

The genotype of the female would be "XgX". The genotype of the disordered male would be "XgY".

Therefore, marriage between carrier female and affected male would have 50% affected sons and 50% normal.  

Answer:

receptor

Explanation:

Ligands are chemicals that exert their effects when they bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors. Some of the examples of ligands are neurotransmitters and the hormones produced by endocrine glands. Each ligand has specific receptors on the target cells. Some ligands have intracellular receptors.

Binding of a ligand to a receptor triggers structural changes in the receptor which in turn alters the cell proteins to produce the desired effect. For example, insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood by liver and muscle cells. For the purpose, it binds to the plasma membrane receptors of these cells.

Ligands are signaling molecules that produce a response in a cell when they bind to specific receptors within the cell. The cells react differently depending on their genes and the specific signaling components attached to either the ligand or receptor. This communication mechanism affects a variety of cellular functions.

A ligand produces a response in a cell if it finds the right kind of receptor. Ligands are molecules, such as small proteins or ions like calcium, that are produced by signaling cells. They act as signaling molecules and travel to target cells to coordinate responses. The ligands interact with receptors in the target cells, these interactions trigger various responses within the cells, depending on the specific signaling components attached to either the ligand or receptor.

There are also variations in how cells respond to the same ligand due of different gene structures. Cells with different genes produce different receptors. So, the same ligand can activate different responses in each cell by binding to these different receptors. An example of this is seen in small, water-soluble molecules that can cause the cells to turn off transcription of a gene when they bind to a receptor within the cell.

Chemical signaling is an essential part of cell communication, dictating the cell's behavior in response to its environment. Depending on the cell type and internal and external conditions, signal transduction pathways could influence a variety of cellular functions, from gene expression to cell division and growth.

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Answer:

b. It is evolution above the species level.

Explanation:

Macroevolution is the evolution that generates new taxa, for examples two or more species from a common ancestor. Macroevolution is the product of microevolutionary processes, it is, of microevolution: the change in allele frequencies in a population over time.  Macroevolutive changes are commonly evident while not all microevlutive changes are not.

Answer:

Generalized anxiety disorder

Explanation:

DMS defines generalized anxiety disorder as "a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension".

Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders, is characterized by excessive and exaggerated worry about life with no obvious reason, it can be triggered by a number of factors going from genetics, brain chemistry and stress. People with GAD can develop other anxiety disorders such as phobias or panic disorders, OCD, depression or substance abuse.

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