Which nutrients contribute most of the energy needed for physical activity -?

Multiple single locus probes are used in actual paternity DNA tests to increase accuracy and reliability. Each probe targets a specific polymorphic segment in the DNA, allowing for the detection of different genetic variations.

In actual paternity DNA tests, multiple single locus probes are used to increase the accuracy and reliability of the test. Each probe targets a specific polymorphic segment in the DNA, allowing for the detection of different genetic variations in the tested individuals.

By using more than one probe, the test can analyze multiple loci or regions of the DNA simultaneously. This increases the chance of obtaining conclusive results and reduces the possibility of false matches or inconclusive outcomes.

For example, if only a single locus probe were used, there is a chance that the tested individuals could share the same genetic variant at that specific locus, leading to misleading results. However, by analyzing multiple loci, the test can provide a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of paternity.

The sequence of mRNA is made from the gene ttacaggtcc is aauguccagg.

Messenger RNA is a type of RNA that is necessary for protein production. Once cells finish making a protein, they quickly break down the mRNA.

mRNAs, like DNA, are nucleic acids that contain a specific sequence of nucleotides. These nucleotides are 'read' (translated) by ribosomes to assemble a polymer of amino acids, a protein.

mRNA is RNA that is read by ribosomes to build proteins. While all types of RNA are involved in building proteins, mRNA is the one that actually acts as the messenger.

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The answer is inhibition. This is due to dementia from total or partial loss of the mental capacity hence causing the patient to forget things easily/not form any memory. Inhibition may cause one to embarrass themselves and others in social occasions. This results to strained social relationships as a result. In Lewis disease, abnormal Lewis bodies form in regions of the brain. Other symptoms of the disease include loss of memory and confusion.

The answers are;

Primary transcripts in eukaryotes contain introns that have to be removed

Prokaryotes do not have a nuclear envelope and the ribosome can start translation even before transcription ends

The DNA of eukaryotes is highly complex compared to that of prokaryotes. This is why transcription in prokaryotes takes a very short time compared to in eukaryotes.

The right option is Saturated fats

Saturated fats are solid fat molecules that do not possess double bonds between carbon molecules due to their saturation with hydrogen molecules. Saturated fats occur naturally in many foods such as fatty beef, pork, butter and cheese. Taking foods that contain saturated fats raises the level of cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood increase risk of cardiovascular diseases such heart attack.

Answer: A food chain is a linear link in a food web, and a food web shows how different paths are connected.

Explanation:

A food chain is a linear link in a food web which starts from a producer organism and ends at predator species and decomposer species. A food chain follows only one path, so they begin with one plant and end with one animal, and shows how an organism gets nutrients and energy and how are those passed to another organism. A simple food chain could start with grass, which is eaten by rabbits, which is eaten by a snake, which is decomposed by earthworms.

A food web shows how different paths are connected. It indicates how a consumer animal may feed on several producing animals or plants. At the same time, several decomposers can act on the same organism. An example of a food web is that there ar many decomposers (microbes, earthworms, fungi) to decompose the same animal.

Thereby, a food web consists of many food chains.

Final answer:

Hormones and prostaglandins both function as signaling molecules, with hormones acting systemically and prostaglandins acting locally. Prostaglandins are produced from arachidonic acid and have diverse roles and effects depending on their structure and the receptors they bind to in different tissues.

Explanation:

Hormones and prostaglandins are similar in that they both act as signaling molecules in the body; however, they have key differences in their production and modes of action. Hormones are typically produced by specialized glands and travel through the bloodstream to exert effects at distant sites, functioning as part of the endocrine system. In contrast, prostaglandins are derived from fatty acids, specifically arachidonic acid, and they act locally as autocrine or paracrine factors, meaning they affect the cells that produce them or neighboring cells, respectively.

Prostaglandins are produced in many places throughout the body and tend to work in the local environment of their secretion. They play roles in various physiological processes, such as inducing labor, regulating inflammation, affecting blood flow and clotting, and controlling gastric secretions. Their diverse effects are due to structural differences which lead to different biological activities, and their actions are determined by the receptors they bind to in different tissues.

The two point discrimination test is used to determine sensitivity to touch. This test is performed to evaluate the ability of an individual to identify two close points on a small area of skin and how well the individual can discriminate the points. The test can be done by using calipers.

The two-point discrimination test is used to assess the sensitivity to fine touch and the density of sensory endings in the skin, particularly at the fingertips. The test involves touching the skin in two locations simultaneously and asking the patient to identify the number of stimuli. This can determine the presence of a dorsal column pathway deficit.

The two-point discrimination test is used to determine the sensitivity to fine touch and highlight the density of sensory endings, essentially receptive fields in the skin. This is particularly relevant to the fingertips where this sensitivity is highest. The test is performed by simultaneously touching the skin in two locations using a specialized instrument like forceps or calipers to measure the precise distance between the points. The patient, with their eyes closed, is asked to identify whether one or two stimuli are present. Failure to recognize two points can be an indication of a dorsal column pathway deficit.

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The benthic organism is an organism that lives on, in or near the seafloor. This also helps the environment and marine life by providing structure, alter water currents, and stabilize shorelines, hard substrate settlement. Some recycle nutrients and improve water quality. An animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a backbone or spinal column, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. 

The answer is aldosterone. This hormone determines the rate of re-absorption of H+ ion and bicarbonate ions by the kidneys. Due to high levels of bicarbonate being produced by the pancreas, the blood will be basic. The kidneys will therefore be signaled to excrete more bicarbonate ions.

If the promoter sequence in the DNA is inactivated, the RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, resulting in no RNA being made.

If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA that inactivates the promoter, the RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made.

This would result in a decrease or complete loss of transcription of the gene that the promoter sequence was responsible for activating. Without the RNA being made, the gene cannot be expressed and the corresponding protein will not be produced.

Therefore, the correct answer is: The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made.

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Answer:

A. Birth rate of species

Explanation:

A population refers to the members of a species that are present together in a habitat. Birth rate is the average rate of production of offspring by a species. Birth rate of a species determine the size of the population. Hence, birthrate is one of the factor that is taken into consideration while studying a population.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The answer is A. Translocation is the movement of food material such as carbohydrates up the plant to parts such as the leaves. This force is not associated with water movement since it is associated with the phloem tissues of the plant.  

The answer is A. Hydrolysis process reduces substances such as carbohydrates to glucose or proteins to constituent amino acids. This requires that water is used up in breaking the bond. Hydrolysis can also happen in reverse where bigger molecules are formed from smaller molecules  by expending water from the bond (condensation reaction).

The best description one way that the human nervous system maintains a constant body temperature when the external temperature is cold. Thus, option C is correct.

Nervous system has known as a well organised system in our body as it performs a very important function. The main component of the nervous system has spinal cord and brain. The nerves are arranged in the form of branches from the spinal cord and distributed in all the parts of body.

The location where brain and spinal cord are located is known as dorsal body cavity and these two parts of the body  play a vital role in communication of all parts of the body.

Homeostasis is the tendency of body to maintain the internal environment of the body as when there is too much cold body starts shivering and due to this the body warm up and in same way when there is to much hot body starts sweating to maintain the temperature.

Therefore, The best description one way that the human nervous system maintains a constant body temperature when the external temperature is cold. Thus, option C is correct.

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Answer: A.to produce new, identical body cells 

Mitosis plays an important part in the organism’s life cycle.   In unicellular or single-celled organisms,  mitosis is a type of asexual reproduction, producing identical copies of a single cell. In multicellular organisms, mitosis produces more cells for its growth and repair. Therefore the statement that mitosis produces new, identical body cells is correct.

Answer:

COLOR of a mineral/rock

Explanation:

Luster is defined as the property of a mineral that describes how light is reflected from the mineral's surface (including rocks as well as crystals). For example, pyrite shows metallic type of luster.

Streak is the color that is produced when a mineral is rubbed on a streak plate. These are finely powdered form. For example, hematite appears to be in different colors such as blackish, brownish or reddish, but all of them produces a reddish colored streak.

These two properties of minerals are directly related to the color of a mineral. Color is one of the primary property of identifying a mineral or rock.

Cathodic protection occurs when iron is attached to a more active metal. Cathodic protection is an anti-corrosion control technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the passive site of an electrochemical cell. During this technique, the metal to be protected is connected to a more easily corroded metal  which later corrodes instead of the protected metal.

The binomial nomenclature system was developed by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century as a way to provide a standardized, internationally recognized system for naming organisms.

Carl Linnaeus created the binomial nomenclature system in the 18th century to provide a standardised, internationally recognised system for naming organisms.

The genus name is capitalised in this system, while the species name is in lower case and italicised (or underlined if handwritten).

Binomial nomenclature is a method of naming organisms that employs two levels of classification: genus and species.

The genus is a collection of closely related species with a common ancestor and similar characteristics.

The species is the smallest classification unit and refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Thus, this is Binomial nomenclature.

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The original sources of all genetic variation are mutation and sexual reproduction. Mutation introduces new alleles or variations in a population, resulting in different phenotypes. Sexual reproduction allows for unique combinations of these genetic variants, producing unique individuals.

The original source of all genetic variation is predominantly mutation and sexual reproduction. Mutation, a change in the DNA, is considered as the ultimate source of new alleles or new genetic variation in any population. An individual having a mutated gene might portray a different trait than other individuals in the population. Mutations can have three noteworthy outcomes on an organism's phenotype: a reduced fitness implying lower chances of survival or fewer offspring, a beneficial effect that increases fitness, and neutral mutations that have no effect on the organism's fitness.

Sexual reproduction also introduces genetic diversity, as unique combinations of alleles assemble to generate unique genotypes and thus phenotypes in each of the offspring. Likewise, the process of meiosis, especially during cross-over, contribute to genetic variation.

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The choroid plexuses are found in the four ventricles of the brain. They contain ependymal cells that filter blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which circulates within the ventricular system before being reabsorbed into the blood. They also contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier.

The choroid plexuses are specialized structures found within the four ventricles of the brain. These structures contain ependymal cells that line blood capillaries, playing a critical role in filtering blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

CSF Circulation:

Furthermore, the choroid plexuses also contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier.

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The right option is a. flea is more active in a dry environment

Kinesis is an activity or physical movement of a living cell or an organism in response to a stimulus such as light intensity or humidity. Under kinesis, the response to the stimulus activated by an organism is non-directional.

In biological terms, kinesis is an undirected change in the speed of an organism's activity in response to a change in environment. Therefore, the answer is 'a flea is more active in a dry environment'.

The term 'kinesis' in biology refers to an undirected change in the speed of an organism's activity in response to a change in environment. An example of kinesis would be 'a flea is more active in a dry environment', because it represents a change in the flea's activity level without a specific direction being implied. In contrast, other options such as 'a bird homes in on a familiar wetlands area' or 'a rabbit runs away from a predator' describes a directed response which is known as taxis, not kinesis. The 'moth is drawn to an electric light at night' is also a directed movement, known as phototaxis.

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While certain drugs and alcohol can enter the bloodstream directly from the stomach, in terms of digestion, the stomach secretes the gastrin hormone which enters the bloodstream. Other substances, such as the secretin hormone and sodium bicarbonate anion, are released into the small intestine.

Two things that enter the bloodstream directly from the stomach are certain drugs and alcohol. However, in terms of the digestive process, substances aren't usually transported directly from the stomach to the blood. Instead, they first undergo breakdown in the stomach and further digestion in the small intestine. For example, the secretin hormone and sodium bicarbonate anion are released into the small intestine; the sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the pH of the food from the stomach and the secretin hormone aids in digestion.

Nevertheless, the stomach does secrete the hormone gastrin, in response to the presence of food. Gastrin stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa, aiding in digestion. Other GI hormones also enter the bloodstream, through which they can reach their target organs.

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The adaptive immune system is described as a Darwin machine because it undergoes a Darwinian evolutionary process—through variation, selection, and replication—to efficiently create specific antibodies for pathogens, analogous to the broader concept of Universal Darwinism.

Why is the Adaptive Immune System Considered a Darwin Machine?

The adaptive immune system is likened to a Darwin machine because it exhibits an evolutionary process within an organism's lifetime. Like Darwinian natural selection, the adaptive immune system goes through a process of variation, selection, and replication. When pathogens invade the body, lymphocytes generate numerous antibody variations to match the antigens on pathogens.

Energy conservation is also a key factor—instead of having a vast library of responses to every potential pathogen, the adaptive immune system uses its capabilities to generate specific responses dynamically.

This is more efficient than encoding a response to every pathogen, a point reflected in the concept of Universal Darwinism, which extends Darwinian principles beyond mere biological evolution to systems within organisms, such as the immune response. The adaptive immune system's ability to continuously evolve and adapt to new threats, rather than reacting in a fixed or non-specific way, is what defines it as a product of Darwinian evolution. Therefore, vertebrates have evolved an adaptive immune system which is proficient in responding uniquely to new and evolving pathogens.