Which of the following is/are NOT considered a pathogen? Select ALL that apply
a) athlete's foot fungus
b) cancer
c) chicken pox virus
d) hookworm intestinal parasite
e) meningococcus bacterium
f) pollen

Answers:

- Tired ( fatigue)

- Fever

- Loss of appetite

-Swelling ( on joints)

- Feeling weak

- Redness on skin  

- Morning stiffness

- Numbness and tingling

- Dry mouth

-  Cannot sleep

- Weight loss

- Eye discharge

- Loss of energy

- Decrease range of motion

Answer:

1.Poor coordination.

2.Unsteady walk  

3.Difficulty with fine motor tasks,  

4.back-and-forth eye movements

5.Difficulty swallowing.

Explanation:

Ataxia or lesion of the cerebellum shows a lack of muscle control, such as walking or picking up objects, coordination of voluntary movement. It can affect movements, eye movement, creating difficulties with speech, and swallowing.

persistent lesion of the cerebellum usually causes damage to the part of your brain cerebellum that controls movement and coordination.

Thus, the mentioned symptoms are given above.

Lesions of the cerebellum can cause symptoms such as ataxia, sensory deficits, gait and station problems, muscle weakness, and difficulty maintaining balance.

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, so lesions in this area can cause various symptoms. Some common symptoms caused by lesions of the cerebellum include:

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Answer:

The cause of bone fusion in joints damaged by rheumatoid arthritis is due to the over activity of the synovium.

Explanation:

Synovium -

Synovium is a lining that covers the joints of the body , which is responsible for lubrication of the joints and to move easily .

The disorder rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the over activity of this lining , as it swells out and becomes inflamed , and hence, can destroy the joint and even the ligament and the tissues .

The weakening of these ligament can lead to deformities like claw toe or hammer toe.

Answer:

glucose

Explanation:

glucose is the answer

Answer:

Subescapularis muscle.

Explanation:

The subescapularis muscle originates in the subescapular fossa and inserts in the lesser tubercule of the humerus. The function of the subescapular muscle is to medially rotate the shoulder and adduce it. It also helps maintain the humerus inside the glenoid cavity.

Answer:

Tendon

Explanation:

The Cordlike part that attaches to a muscle to a bone is called a Tendon because it's like an elastic cord to a strong fibrous collagen tissue that attaches the muscle to the bone

Answer: a) goblet cells

Explanation:

Goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that are found along simple cylindrical epithelial and cylindrical pseudostratified epithelia. These goblet cells synthesize and secrete mucus, and have a basal nucleus. They are mainly located in the lining of the respiratory tract (trachea) and the digestive tract. Goblet cells produce glycoproteins, that originate mucus which lubricates the small intestine. Goblet cells are found in large numbers in the large intestine, and the mucus contributes to the fecal bolus compacting and facilitates the sliding of the epithelial surface.

Answer:

the tibial collateral ligament can be damaged when the knee is impacted on lateral surface -

Sprain is mild stretch or tear , Sprain is partial tear and Sprain is full tear of the ligament .

Explanation:

Tibial Collateral ligament

Tibial Collateral ligament is one of the four important ligaments in knee. It joins femur with tibia or shinbone. The kneecap sits in the middle of this joint. Ligaments are very sensitive to strains. Tibial collateral ligament is most common ligament to get damage, specially for athletes. There could be three form of injury to this ligament.

Grade 1

Sprain is mild stretch or tear,

Grade 2

Sprain is partial tear and

Grade 3

Sprain is full tear of the ligament.

The damage occurs due to sudden force which is extensive for the ligament and it overstretches. Sudden impact on lateral surface will push the knee sideways, giving stress on the ligament, making it overstretch; and if the force is too great ligament will tear.

Explanation:

The reason for the fact that the blood is usually not found in the urine of a healthy person is:

Kidneys are located in back just below the lowest rib. Each kidney is about 4.5 inches long and weighs about 5 ounces. Each kidney contains about a million functional units called nephrons.

Every nephron consists of glomerulus and tubule. Each glomerulus unit functions as tiny filter. Blood in the body passes through these glomerulus, that retains the blood cells and large biomolecules like proteins in circulation while allowing fluid and some small molecules to pass through to tubule.

As the fluid flows through tubules, much of the volume of the liquid is absorbed back in bloodstream. The tubules then join to form collecting system of each kidney. By this point, the concentrated fluid has all characteristics of the urine.

If blood occur in the urine, that means the nephrons cannot function properly which can lead to kidney damage.

Answer:

(c). Hemophilia A

Explanation:

Hemophilia A can be defined as a genetic disorder, characterized by severe external or internal bleeding. Hemophilia A is caused by defective or missing factor VIII, due to mutation in gene for factor VIII that leads to formation of a non-function or truncated clotting protein.

Factor VIII is a blood clotting protein, which prevents excessive blood loss during injury. Hence, deficiency of factor VIII can leads to development of hemophilia A.

Thus, the correct answer is  option (c).

Answer:

The given hormones belong to:

a. Thyrotropin: brain

b. LH: brain

c. Gastrin:  stomach, duodenum, and pancreas.  

d. ACTH: brain

e. Prolactin:  brain

f. ADH: brain

g. Growth hormone: brain

h. GnRH: brain

Explanation:    

a. Thyrotropin : This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary present in the brain.  

b. LH : Luteinizing Hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.

c. Gastrin : This hormone is secreted by the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.

d. ACTH : Adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.

e. Prolactin : This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.  

f. ADH : Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland present in the brain

g. Growth hormone : This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland present in the brain.

h. GnRH : Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is produced by the hypothalamus gland present in the brain.

Answer:

The answer is A true

Explanation:

The glial cells are responsible for conducting the information that comes out of the neurons, they also play the main role of support and nutrition of the neurons.

Answer:

d

Explanation:

insulin secreted hormone called pancrease and produce glucose

Answer:

The muscle used to elevate the hyoid bone during swallowing is the Suprahyoid muscles.

Explanation:

Suprahyoid muscles consists of digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles. These four muscles are located above hyoid bone in neck.

The digastric muscles pull upward on hyoid bone on contracting. The mylohyoid elevates hyoid bone and tenses the mouth's floor. The Geniohyoid pulls hyoid bone anterosuperiorly results in the shortening floor of the mouth and widening pharynx during swallowing. The Stylohyoid elevates and retracts hyoid bone, elongating the mouth's floor.

The functions of all these muscles are different. In general, they assist in elevating the hyoid bone and widening the esophagus while swallowing.

The correct answer is A. Hippocampus

Explanation:

Amnesia refers to a deficit in memory either because the individual is unable to retrieve information from the past (retrograde amnesia) or because the individual cannot remember new information or making the information part of long-term memory (anterograde amnesia). This is commonly caused by diseases or brain damage; although the use of certain medicines can also cause it. In the case of brain damage, traumas or diseases there are mainly two areas of the brain involved the first one is the media temporal love that is related to visual memory and language and the second one and main are involved is the Hippocampus which is directly related to short-term and long-term memory which explains why dementia, Alzheimer and also amnesia occurs when this is damaged. Therefore, the area of the brain involved in amnesia due to trauma or disease is the Hippocampus.

Answer:

The hip fractures are mostly occur with the older people having age above 60. This is due to the calcium loss as the people ages. So, as the age of people increases as a result their bones become more thinner.

There are certain areas which likely to be injured with this type of accident such as femoral neck fracture and Intertrochanteric hip fracture.

femoral neck fracture is mostly associated with older people. This type of fracture is related to the osteoporosis. Ideally, there is a complication with this type of fracture.

Intertrochanteric hip fracture is comparatively easy to repair.

With a hip fracture, an elderly woman is most likely to suffer from a femoral neck fracture, which may require surgery and long-term care due to complications such as loss of blood supply, leading to tissue necrosis, and increased morbidity and mortality risks.

An elderly woman who falls and fractures her hip is most likely to have an injury involving the femoral neck, which connects the femur or thigh bone to the hip socket. This type of fracture is commonly referred to as a "broken hip." The hip is prone to osteoporosis, a condition where bones become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures. In older adults, the femoral neck can fracture due to a fall, or conversely, the fracture itself can cause a fall if the bone breaks first when weight is transferred onto the leg.

If the fracture occurs within the capsule of the hip joint, there may be an accompanying disruption of the blood supply to the femoral neck or head, potentially leading to necrosis, or tissue death, of these areas. Hip fractures typically require surgical intervention and may result in a need for long-term mobility assistance, increased health care costs, and higher rates of morbidity and mortality due to complications like pneumonia, bedsores, and thrombophlebitis.

Answer:

The correct answer is option D. give furosemide.

Explanation:

Digoxin is a drug that uses in the cardiovascular condition. It inhibits the Na-K ATPase enzyme, which functions to maintain the intracellular environment by regulating the entry and exit of sodium and potassium.  

Digoxin toxicity may occur due to the low level of potassium (inside the cell)due to the inhibitaion of the sodium-potassium pump.  Furosemide is a diuretic drug that decreases salt concentration (such as ions) in the body by increasing urine output. and causes a low level of potassium in the body

Thus, furosemide increases digoxin toxicity as during low levels of potassium, digoxin can easily bind with the sodium-potassium pump and shows severe effects.

Answer:

oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,

Explanation:

Digestion may be defined as the process of breakdown of large food particle into simpler substances with the help of digestive enzymes and juices.

The process of food breakdown starts from the mouth. The physical breakdown of food helps with the mastication of teeth. The salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrate into mouth. Food then passes down to the esophagus with the help of peristaltic movements. The food then enters in the stomach forms chyme with the help of mixing of food with gastric juice. Hydrochloric acid kills the harmful bacteria in the stomach. The food then passes into the small intestine ( duodenum, jejunum and ileum). The bile juice, pancreatic juice and various enzymes are present in the small intestine. The carbohydrates are breakdown into simple sugars, proteins into amino acid and fatty acid into simple fats. The maximum absorption and complete digestion occur in the small intestine. The excess material and waste product passes into the large intestine and excrete out from the body through rectum.

Food passage begins in the oral cavity with mastication and moves through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, ending with expulsion through the anus. Along this pathway, various digestive processes involve the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, leading to nutrient absorption and waste elimination.

The alimentary canal, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, is the continuous tube through which food travels and is processed in the body. The pathway for food begins at the oral cavity or mouth, where food enters and undergoes both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mastication, or the chewing action of the teeth, breaks down food into smaller particles which are mixed with saliva containing digestive enzymes. This forms a bolus which is then swallowed.

From the oral cavity, the ingested bolus passes to the pharynx and then through the esophagus via a wave-like motion known as peristalsis. The esophagus delivers the bolus to the stomach, where it is further broken down by stomach acid and enzymes. After the stomach, the partly digested food enters the small intestine, which is the primary site for nutrient absorption.

Once the absorption process in the small intestine is completed, the remaining waste products move on to the large intestine where water is absorbed and the waste is formed into feces. The waste then travels to the rectum and is finally expelled from the body via the anus. The accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder contribute to digestion through the secretion of bile and other digestive enzymes that aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

Answer: Option C. " Interstitial fluid"

Explanation:

Interstitial fluid is also called tissue fluid which is found in interstitial spaces (tissue spaces) that is a solution surrounding the cells of multicellular animals.

Interstitial fluid provide nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removes waste from the cells of body. when new interstitial fluid form, it replace the older fluid, which pours towards lymph vessels. After entering the lymph vessels, it is known as lymph.

Hence, the correct answer is option C.

Answer:

Mutualism relationship.

Explanation:

Mutualism may be defined as a type of biological interaction in which the species get mutual benefit from each other. This is a type of positive relationship between the species.

Triconymphs has the enzyme glycoside hydrolase that has the capability of digesting cellulose and helps the termite. The termites provide shelter and food to the termites, thus shows mutualistic relationship. Bacteria present inside Triconymphs helps them in the digestion of lignin and in return Triconymphs provide them food and shelter. Hence, they all show the mutualistic relationships.

Answer:  

Vitamins are the organic molecules essential for the proper metabolism of the body. These nutrients are required in adequate amount by the body.  

The following ways can be used to minimize the vitamin losses when cooking and storing food:

Answer:

The correct response to the question: Vertical transmission of HSV-2, typically occurs during, would be: B: Birthing (passage through the birth canal).

Explanation:

HSV, be it type 1, or 2, are both of the herpesviridae family. This virus, also called herpes simplex, usually causes lesions of the skin in areas where the nerves where they reside, are present. As such, the herpes virus resides in latent form inside certain nerve clusters, like the trigeminal ganglia, or the lumbosacral ganglia, and becomes activated given the right conditions, to form lessions that are visible in the skin. During pregnancy, the possibility of a fetus acquiring the infection is present, but not as common, and can only happen during the first 20 weeks of gestation. Most commonly, however, is the vertical passage of the herpes infection from mother to child during birth, and some times post-partum, when the baby comes into contact with lessions. But the most common form, is during the birthing process, when the baby comes into contact with vaginal skin lessions.

Answer:

1st blank:  "acini", 2nd blank: "pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhorns."

Explanation:

Hope my answer has helped you and if not i'm sorry.

Microscopic exocrine units of pancreas are called Acinar and duct tissues and endocrine structures are called as islets of Langerhans.

Explanation:

Pancreas is the small organ which is located exactly between the place below the stomach and above the abdomen. It has two regions based upon the function which are called as endocrine part and exocrine part.  

The “microscopic exocrine units of pancreas” are called acinar and duct tissues and are involved in digestion and the endocrine structures are known as the islets of Langerhans and they are involved in secretion of blood sugars.

Answer:

The upper/superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle inserts into the anterior side of the mandibular condyle and originates from the sphenoid bone.

Explanation:

The muscle lateral pterygoid, also called the external pterygoid, has two heads and is a muscle of mastication. The two heads are the upper/superior head and lower/inferior head.

The upper/superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the sphenoid bone and inserts into the anterior side of the mandibular condyle.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option D.

Explanation:

Islets of Langerhans are the small patches of endocrine which are irregularly shaped. These islets are formed of four types of cell- α, β, γ and δ cells out of which β cells produce an important hormone called 'insulin". Insulin is an important hormone which controls the level of glucose in the body as it prevents glucose production from the liver and control glucose metabolism.  

Since insulin is related to the glucose levels in the body, if absent will directly influence the glucose level and metabolism as the liver will produce more glucose than required which will not be used by the body. Therefore the person will have to take insulin to maintain the glucose in the body level.

Thus, option D is the correct answer.

Answer:

The answer is A discontinue the oxytocin IV infusion.

Explanation:

Oxytocin is a medicine used to help labor when it is dysfunctional, it is necessary to keep in mind with the use of this medicine, the baby's respiratory rate and the number of uterine contractions in a minute to decide whether or not to continue with this medicine.

Final answer:

The first action a nurse should take if a client receiving oxytocin for labor augmentation shows signs of fetal distress is to discontinue the oxytocin IV infusion to reduce the risk of fetal distress by decreasing uterine contractions. The correct answer is a. Discontinue the oxytocin IV infusion.

Explanation:

When a client is receiving oxytocin via continuous IV infusion for labor augmentation and is observed to have six contractions in a 10-minute period with a non-reassuring Fetal Heart Rate (FHR), the first action the nurse should take is to discontinue the oxytocin IV infusion.

Oxytocin can cause uterine hyperstimulation, reducing oxygenated blood flow to the fetus, possibly leading to fetal distress. Immediate cessation of oxytocin can decrease the frequency of contractions and decrease the risk of further distress to the fetus. Following this, the nurse should reposition the client, administer medications as ordered, or apply oxygen as needed to optimize fetal oxygenation and maternal comfort.

Answer and Explanation:

There are four major roles of muscles that provide the movement that are given bellow.

AGONIST : They are also known as prime movers it provides force to complete the movement.

example : flexion of elbow

ANTAGONIST : They oppose the movement which was produced by agonist

example : extension of elbow by triceps

NOTE  : They also slows down the movements

SYNERGISTS : Their main role is to stabilize the joint in which moment take place they also help in performing the movement to agonist.

FIXATORS : Their main role is to stabilize the origin of agonists and stabilize the joint

example : Rotator cuff muscles

Final answer:

Agonists, antagonists, synergists, and fixators all play important roles in movement.

Explanation:

In movement, no muscle works independently, but rather they work together in pairs or groups. These groups include agonists, antagonists, synergists, and fixators, each with their own specific roles. The agonists are the prime movers that generate the main force for a particular movement, while antagonists oppose or resist the movements of the agonists. Synergists assist the agonists by providing additional force or stability, and fixators stabilize a muscle's origin so that the desired movement can occur.

Answer:

Lymphatic system

Explanation:

Lymphatic system -

Lymphatic system is the network of tissues and organs which help to get rid of the body toxins and unwanted materials .

Lymphatic system is also responsible for the transportation of lymph ,  

Lymph is a fluid , that contains infection fighting white blood cells , in the body.

The lymphatic system releases a fluid and returns them through the lymph vessels to the blood stream and avoid fluid imbalance that can lead to death.

The lymphatic system is responsible for restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system, as well as playing roles in immune defense and the absorption of fatty acids from digested lipids.

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the lymphatic system. A major function of the lymphatic system is to drain body fluids and return them to the bloodstream. Blood pressure causes leakage of fluid from the capillaries, resulting in the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space—that is, spaces between cells in the tissues. The lymphatic system collects this excess fluid, now called lymph, and channels it back into the circulatory system, helping to maintain fluid balance and playing a role in the body's defense system. Lymphatic vessels called lacteals are also significant in the digestive system as they absorb fatty acids from the digestion of lipids.

The correct answer to the question is thus 'd. lymphatic'. This system not only aids in fluid balance but also in immune defense and nutrition transport.

Answer:

The drugs of choice to treat Bipolar disorder are Anticonvulsant, Antipsychotic, and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI).

Explanation:

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental disorder, characterized by extreme episodes of mood swings from manic highs to depressive lows. Therefore Bipolar disorder is also called manic depression.

The drugs used to treat bipolar disorder are - Anticonvulsant, Antipsychotic, and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI).

Antipsychotic drugs are often taken along with mood stabilizers to help stabilize the symptoms of mania.