Which regulatory sequences are bound by activator proteins and associated coactivator proteins to form a protein "bridge" that bends the DNA and links the complete initiation complex at the promoter to the activator-coactivator complex, ultimately causing an increase in transcription?

Answer:

the lacking in human is called Cellulase which is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis and bring about the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides.

Answer:Decarboxylation, the Reduction of NAD+, and the attachment of CoA.

Explanation:

Step 1 Decarboxylation: the co-enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) catalyzes the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group of pyruvate and given off as a molecule of CO2. The two carbon unit remains attached to the enzyme.

Step 2 Reduction: The remaining two-carbon (hydroxyethyl group) is oxidized to form acetyl group. The extracted electrons are transferred to NAD+, storing energy in the form of NADH.

Step 3. The last step is the attachment of coenzyme A, a sulfur compound derived from a B vitamin, is attached to the acetyl group to form acetyl CoA, the Co-enzymes TPP, Lipoamide and FAD will be regenerated.

The acetyl CoA will go into TCA for complete oxidation.

Final answer:

The first step in the replacement of epidermal cells involves cell division in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis. New keratinocytes form and ascend through the epidermis, becoming part of the protective stratum corneum before they are shed.

Explanation:

The first step in the process by which epidermal cells are replaced begins with the innermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale (or stratum germinativum). In this layer, cells continuously divide through mitosis to form new keratinocytes. These newly formed cells then start their journey upwards through the multiple layers of the epidermis, producing more of the protein keratin as they move.

As the new keratinocytes accumulate keratin, they undergo a process of cell death (apoptosis), and eventually integrate into the stratum corneum, the outermost layer, becoming the flat, dead skin cells that we see and that are ultimately shed. This cyclical process of cell renewal and shedding helps keep our skin's barrier function intact. The whole turnaround, from cell birth to shedding, takes about 4 weeks in a healthy adult.

Answer:

The answer is association fibers

Explanation:

Association fibers communicate between gyri in the same cerebral hemisphere.

The gyri is a ridge tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere.

Pyrimidine dimers are forms of DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light, leading to cell death, mutations and the potential development of cancer. These dimers distort the DNA helix causing replication errors. Excessive cell death can also be detrimental.

Pyrimidine dimers are forms of damage that can occur in DNA when it is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Particularly, they form when two thymines or cytosines, which are pyrimidine bases in the DNA strand, get linked abnormally. Pyrimidine dimers can lead to problematic consequences.

Some of the main consequences include cell death, mutations and cancer. These result as the dimers cause distortion in the DNA helix. When the cells try to replicate, they can't correctly read the sequence of bases where a dimer is present, leading to mistakes or mutations. In some cases, these mutations can push cells to proliferate uncontrollably, a key characteristic of cancer.

Moreover, when cells recognize these dimers as damage, they can initiate a cascade of reactions resulting in cell death (apoptosis). This is another defense mechanism, but it can also be detrimental if too many cells die off.

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Pyrimidine dimers, especially thymine dimers, distort the DNA double helix structure. This can lead to issues during DNA replication, including mutations and stalled replication. Individuals with Xeroderma Pigmentosa cannot repair these dimers and are at increased risk of skin cancer.

Pyrimidine dimers, particularly thymine dimers, in DNA occur when two adjacent pyrimidines become covalently linked following exposure to UV light. These dimers distort the structure of the DNA double helix, which can present issues during DNA replication, leading to point or frameshift mutations, and can result in stalled replication or transcription.

A well-known example of the effects of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers is the condition Xeroderma Pigmentosa. Affected individuals have a defect in the nucleotide excision repair enzymes which prevents them from effectively repairing these dimers. As a result, these individuals are at an increased risk of skin cancer due to a higher likelihood of DNA mutations arising from these errors.

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Answer:

The main function of the ozone layer is to block most of the sun's damaging rays from reaching Earth.

Option: (b)

Explanation:

Answer:

D. atmospheric aerosols.

Explanation:

Atmospheric aerosols are tiny particles that float in the air. These particles could be liquid or solid and are usually suspended primarily by direct emission into the atmosphere or secondarily by condensation process.

Atmospheric aerosols have numerous effects on the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. They alter air quality and impact human health in some cases, they can reduce atmospheric visibility, and they also reduce the amount of radiation that reaches the earth by scattering or reflecting some of the radiations from the sun back into space, leading to cooling of the atmosphere.

Chromosomes line up at the spindle equator, or metaphase plate, during the metaphase phase of mitosis. This alignment is crucial for even chromatid distribution during cell division.

During the mitosis phase known as metaphase, chromosomes, which consist of sister chromatids, align at the spindle equator, also referred to as the metaphase plate or the equatorial plane. This alignment ensures that when the cell divides during anaphase, the sister chromatids will separate evenly and be distributed to the two daughter cells. The attachment of spindle fibers to the centromeres of each pair of sister chromatids is integral to this process.

A

Water in the soil is held tightly by adhesive forces between the water molecules and the mineral content in soil particles - in the microspores.

Explanation:

While water passes through the macrospores of soil by gravity, water passes through the microspores mainly by cohesion between the water molecules and adhesion between the water molecules and soil minerals. The more surface area for the minerals in the soil (due to finer particle sizes) the higher the water retention rate of the soil. This is why soil with more humus (like silt and clay) retains water more than soils like sand.

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Answer:

Translation is the process by which protein product will form from the RNA molecule with the help of enzymes and protein. The three important process of translation are initiation, elongation and termination.

The mutation that prevent the removal of spliceosome from the intron, the introns will reside within the exons. The translation of this type of RNA a non dunctional protein product can be formed due to the insertion of the introns within the exon sequence.

A mutation preventing a spliceosome from removing an intron in a gene will result in an mRNA that includes the intron, leading to a potentially nonfunctional protein or altered protein function due to incorrect amino acid incorporation during translation.

If a mutation occurs such that a spliceosome cannot remove one of the introns in a gene, the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) will retain that intron. Since introns are non-coding regions, their inclusion in the final mRNA can disrupt the proper sequence of the encoded protein. This can lead to a nonfunctional protein or change in protein function because the ribosome may incorporate incorrect amino acids during the translation process, ultimately altering the sequence of the protein product. Mutations in the spliceosome recognition sequence or in the components of the spliceosome itself can impair splicing, leading to retained introns that should be removed. These splicing errors could potentially result in severe consequences, including genetic diseases, as they can critically alter gene expression and the functionality of proteins, which are the workhorses of the cell.

Answer: Optic Nerve

Explanation: The optic nerve also called cranial nerve II. It is the connector btw the eye and brain. It is the nerve that carries visual images from the eyes to the brain.

There is a nerve called the retina. The visual message is sent through the retina to the brain.

The optic nerve carries visual information from the eyeball to the brain.

The cranial nerve that carries visual information from the eyeball to the brain is the Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II). It is responsible for transmitting visual signals from the retina to the visual processing centers in the brain, primarily to the occipital lobe. The optic nerve consists of over a million nerve fibers that combine to form a thick bundle that exits the back of each eye and then converge at the optic chiasm, where some fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain, while others remain on the same side.

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Answer:

The answer is letter D.

Explanation:

The hamstrings are part of a third-class lever, where the applied force is between the load and the fulcrum.

Answer:

The answers are 85025, 84443, 82040, 82247, 82310, 82374, 82435, 82947, 84075, 84132, 84155, 84295, 84460, 84450, 84520.

Explanation:

The panel codes cannot be reported unless the physcian species exactly which tests were performed in the patient. If any test is left out, this test will need to be coded individually.

Answer:

It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.  It  is a vector-borne parasitic disease transmited by the Tse-tse fly.

Explanation:

African sleeping sickness, named human African trypanosomiasis,  is a vector-borne parasitic disease transmited by the Tse-tse fly (that belongs to the Glossina genus). These flies can acquire the parasite by biting infected humans or animals.

The causative agent is a protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma,

It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. It can be Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense has a prevalence of 98% of the reported cases, while Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounts for the 2%.

Answer:

The correct answer is A) translating polypeptides directly from DNA.

Explanation:

Transcription process is important for the production of proteins because mRNA is synthesized during the transcription process which has the correct sequence of codon which is read by ribosomes to make proteins.  

DNA does not contain the right codon sequence for the formation of proteins and does not have uracil nucleotide which is found in mRNA therefore if DNA is used for translation then the wrong amino acids will be added into the polypeptide chain which can generate non-functioning proteins or mutated protein.

Therefore translating polypeptide directly from DNA would be more disadvantageous to the cell.

Answer: Spinal Meninges

Explanation:

Answer is spinal meninges

Spinal meninges are specialize membranes that surrounds the spinal cord and the brain. Spinal meninges consist of three membrane layers that surround the spinal cord. The three membrane layers are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Dura mater: The outermost and the thickest membrane.

Arachnoid mater is the middle layer which connects the dura mater and the pia mater.

Pia mater is the innermost layer, it forms a coat around the spinal cord and brain.

Also cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are liquid that circulate the Spinal Meninges.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-B

Explanation:

A species is a group of similar organisms which interbreed with the individual of the same group of closely related individuals.

Species are reproductively isolated by various mechanisms, one of which is due to the behavior.

When the species are not able to reproduce to different species due to the differences in their behaviour in terms of mating rituals which could be due to different mating rituals or a different way of mating like observed in the grasshoppers is known as behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism.

In grasshoppers, the grasshopper's species cannot interbreed due to the differences in the mating songs as a part of the behavior.

Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.

Final answer:

Different courtship songs in cricket populations act as a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism, facilitating mate recognition and preventing interbreeding between different populations.

Explanation:

If three populations of crickets have males with different courtship songs, the variation in song would likely serve as a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism if the populations came into contact. This behavioral distinction leads to mate recognition, where females respond only to the songs of males of their own population, thereby ensuring that mating occurs only within the same species or population. The song acts as a signal that is recognized by potential mates, which is crucial for maintaining species integrity and avoiding hybridization.

Courtship behaviors like the cricket's song play a critical role in species recognition. They allow individuals to identify and select appropriate mates from their own species. Another example of this is the use of specific light patterns by different species of fireflies to attract mates; females will only recognize and respond to the light pattern specific to their own species. This is a clear demonstration of behavioral reproductive isolation, where the presence or absence of a particular behavior prevents interbreeding and helps in maintaining species-specific characteristics.

Explanation:

D. average hamster weight decreases with an increase in the daily amount of a drug until the hamsters reach a minimum possible weight.

Trend: There was a gradual decrease in the hamster's weight til a minimum was reached, after with the rate of its change in weight with treatment over time plateaued.

Trends are gradual notable changes or patterns over a series of data points on a line or curve of a graph. These allow for summarizing data and predicting results. A data summary provides a comprehensive report of experimental findings. This makes the analysis of data easier by answering key research objectives outlined in the experimental procedure.  Summaries allow for tracking trends and procedural changes, observations and potential; this makes it easier to arrive at conclusions faster.

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Answer:

the answer is D

Explanation:

just took it

Answer:

GG, Gg, Gg, gg

Homozygous green – GG

Heterozygous green – Gg

Homozygous yellow - gg

Explanation:

It is given that allele for green seed pods (G) is dominant to the allele for yellow seed pods (g) which means that if “G” and “g” occur together, a trait associated with G will be expressed.  

The genotype of the true breeding Green plant is “GG”  

The genotype of the true-breeding yellow plant is “gg”  

F1 generation cross  

GG * gg

Offspring produced from F1 generation are – Gg, Gg, Gg, Gg

In f2 generation offspring of F1 generation are crossed among each other.  

So the offspring produced in F2 generation are  

Gg * Gg

GG, Gg, Gg, gg

Homozygous green – GG

Heterozygous green – Gg

Homozygous yellow - gg

Answer:

Because they re located in the leaves, the part of the plan with wider area to receive the sunlight

Explanation:

Palisade cells are the plant cells that contain the largest amount of chloroplast per cell, this is convenient because they can be found on leaves, the portion of the plant with a wider superficial area, this means that a larger number of chloroplasts will receive the sunlight and therefore this will benefit the photosynthesis process.

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Answer:

Medulla Oblongata

Explanation:

The brain stem is the posterior part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It is an area at the base of the brain located between the cerebral hemisphere and the spinal cord. The brain stem is composed of the following in order of inferiority: diencephalon (sometimes included but not main), midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

This parts of the brain stem connects to one another upwardly and downwardly. The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain stem which connects the pons to the spinal cord. It is the part of the brain stem that message is conveyed through to and from the brain and the rest of the body as it is continuous with the spinal cord.

Hence, it is the part of the brain stem that directly comes in contact with the spinal cord.

Answer:

Option B

Explanation:

Tick that contract the bacterium in the adult stage from its host then will not be able to infect humans as it will stay will that infected host for its adult phase and subsequently die as there are no other developmental phases.

Answer:

The correct answer is cardiac tamponade.

Explanation:

Cardiac tamponade is the cause of the pericardial space being filled with liquid. This syndrome occurs in emergencies, as is the example of a stab penetrating wound and if it is not treated urgently it can result in pulmonary edema, shock and even death.

What happens in this case is that the pericardium receives a high pressure which causes that the pumping of blood it is not carried out correctly, and the heart is compressed decreasing the filling during diastole.

The most appropriate procedure to treat this type of emergency is a pericardiocentesis that allows studying and draining the fluid lodged in the pericardium so that the pressure can decrease.

Answer:

The correct answers are options B, D and E.

Explanation:

One of the essential parts of the innate immune system is the complement system. This system performs an essential function in elevating the tendency of antibodies and phagocytic cells to eliminate the pathogens. There are three biochemical pathways, which instigate the complement system that comprises the classical, alternative, and lectin complement pathway.  

The fundamental activities of the complement system are opsonization, cell lysis, chemotaxis, and agglutination. The process of cytolysis takes place through the complement pathway by the generation of membrane attack complex in the raiding cells. The complement pathway also leads to inflammation.  

Answer:

The correct answer is option C) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response.

Explanation:

Our body has an immune response mechanism for when we get hurt or when it feels that something outside our body wants to harm us, so its automatic reaction is to defend against all those bacteria and viruses that want to attack us.

The system is responsible for identifying the antigens and destroying them. The antigens are all bacteria, harmful viruses and dead substances that are found on the cells. Our system has its own proteins that are HLA antigens. But as these are normal for the body, it does not counterattack them.

There are several defense mechanisms that work as barriers to prohibit the passage of any bacteria that harm us, and one of these mechanisms is inflammation.

In this case, when our body suffers some kind of injury from a bacterium, a cut or a blow, the damaged cells release substances that spill onto the tissue through the blood vessels, causing inflammation.

This allows the foreign substance to be “locked up” and cannot enter the body.

These spilled substances also attract white blood cells, which are called phagocytes which are responsible for eating dead germs and cells through the phagocytosis process.

Answer:

The correct option is b. LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted.

Explanation:

Amnesia is a type of disorder that affects our memory, we talk about anterograde amnesia when it involves a serious damage/lost in our short-term memory (the long term memory is not disrupted), that is, it is the inability to create new memories. This selective memory deficit is caused by a brain lesion located in the hippocampus and in the areas of the medial temporal lobe. The hippocampus has the function of generating new memories, if it is affected, then it will be impossible to establish the memories.

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain trauma. It does not disrupt long-term memory, but it hampers the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory. Declarative memory is primarily affected, while procedural memory remains intact.

Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories from a particular time forward. It is commonly caused by brain trauma, which affects the hippocampus. With anterograde amnesia, long-term memory (LTM) is not disrupted, but there is a loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma.

In anterograde amnesia, communication between the medial temporal lobe (where the hippocampus is located) and the association cortex remains unaffected. However, there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex, which hampers the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

While anterograde amnesia primarily affects declarative memory (the conscious memory of facts and events), it does not significantly alter procedural memory, which involves skills and habits.

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Answer:

Linkage

Explanation:

Linkage occurs when 2 genes are found close to each other on the same chromosome. Due to their closeness to each other on the same chromosome, the chances of both genes being inherited together, instead of being independently assorted during metaphase I of meiosis, becomes very high. Gene linkage could cause the phenotypes of an offspring not to fit the predicted phenotypes.

Answer:

parasympathetic

Explanation:

The parasympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic division and is responsible for rest and digest response during rest and recovery time. The parasympathetic nervous system serves to restore and conserve energy. The parasympathetic division is also called housekeeper division since it promotes all the internal responses associated with a relaxed body state. It causes the contraction of the pupil of the eye, promotes digestion and absorption of food, and slows down the heartbeat and other body functions that support the physical activity.

Answer:

The audience condition permitted Zajonc to demonstrate whether the mere presence of others can facilitate or hinder performance.

Option: (b)

Explanation: