Why are there hundreds of different protein channels

Answers

Answer 1

Explanation:

This is because there are varied cell receptor types which recognize electrical signals, and hundreds of different signal molecules and allow the entry of substances into the cell. Each receptor-channel interaction may be specific to certain molecules, allowing for only their passage through the transport protein into the cell.

Further Explanation:

Proteins are structural support molecules comprised of long chains of amino acids joined via peptide (CONH) bonds; these are 20 specific units that are arranged into several macromolecules. Amino acids are absorbed through digestion and are incorporated into the body’s cells to build and repair organs, muscles, signal molecules and an alternative energy source.

Transmembrane proteins are embedded within the membrane from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm, and are sometimes attached to glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates) which function as cell surface markers. Carrier proteins and channel proteins are the two major classes of membrane transport proteins; these allow the transport of large molecules called solutes (including essential biomolecules) to cross the membrane. Carrier proteins (also called carriers, permeases, or transporters) bind the specific solute to be transported and undergo a series of conformational changes to transfer the bound solute across the membrane. Others cross the membrane through the process of endocytosis, which utilizes membrane-bound organelles for transport.

In specific cell types, collected proteins may function as a unit called an organelle. Some organelles are bound by membranes like those that make up the external structure of the cell, with varying compositions of phospholipids and proteins.

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Answer 2

Protein channels are numerous due to their roles in specificity/selectivity, regulating cellular environment, specialized functions in different cells, and evolutionary adaptation to various environmental needs.

Protein channels are integral membrane proteins that create pathways for specific molecules to travel across cell membranes, crucial for maintaining homeostasis and facilitating cellular communication. The existence of hundreds of different protein channels can be attributed to the diverse needs and functions of cells in an organism.

1. **Specificity and Selectivity**: Different channels allow for the selective passage of specific ions or molecules, like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions, each essential for various physiological processes. For example, sodium and potassium channels are vital for nerve impulse transmission, while calcium channels play a key role in muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release.

2. **Regulation of Cellular Environment**: Cells need to maintain precise internal conditions. Protein channels help regulate pH, osmotic balance, and ionic gradients. Different channels respond to distinct stimuli such as voltage changes, ligand binding, or mechanical stress, ensuring appropriate responses to environmental changes.

3. **Specialized Functions**: Various cell types have specialized roles requiring specific channels. For instance, aquaporins facilitate water transport in kidney cells, while glucose transporters are crucial for energy supply in muscle cells.

4. **Evolutionary Adaptation**: The diversity of protein channels is also a result of evolutionary pressures. Organisms have evolved to adapt to various environments, resulting in a wide range of channels that meet specific survival needs.

In summary, the multitude of protein channels reflects the complex and varied requirements of cellular processes, enabling precise control over the internal environment and efficient communication within and between cells.


Related Questions

Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram:
(Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, or Telophase)
FINA.

Answers

Answer:

1. Metaphase

2. Prophase

3. Telophase

4. Interphase

5. Interphase

6. Interphase

7. Anaphase

8. Interphase

9. Telophase

10. Metaphase

11. Interphase

12. Interphase

13. Interphase

14. Interphase

15. Prophase

16. Interphase

17. Metaphase

18. Anaphase

19. Interphase

20. Interphase

21. Prophase

22. Interphase

Explanation:

The cell cycle is divided into two main divisions. The Interphase ad the M phase or the Mitotic phase.

Throughout Interphase, the cell is not dividing yet, but it is preparing to divide. It synthesizes the nutrients it will need, and grows in preparation to become two cells. This is actually the phase the cell spends the longest time.

Mitotic phase is when the cell starts to divide. It is separated into:

Prophase:

In this phase the chromosomes are condensed and mitotic spindles start to form. These spindles are made up of microtubules that will help later on to split the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane disappears so that the chromosomes will be free to move.

Metaphase

This phase is marked by the alignment of the chromosomes in the middle of the cell. They line up and you will find the asters at the opposite ends of the cell, where the microtubules stem from, attaching themselves to the center of the chromosomes, which we call the kinetochore.

Anaphase

In this phase you will see that the chromosomes are separated by the spindle fibers and are pulled at opposite ends of the cell. The cell then becomes longer by the other spindle fibers that are not attached to a chromosome.

Telophase

This phase is the end phase. The two sets of chromosomes are then enclosed by new nuclear membranes forming two nuclei and other cellular structures just as the cells are about to separate completely. As the two new cells move further apart, in plant cells a cell plate forms, dividing the two cells. The movement of the two cells splitting apart is called cytokinesis and it happens just as mitosis is about to end.

Attached is a picture of the cell cycle of a plant cell.

Final answer:

In the plant cell cycle, the numbered stages typically include Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Each stage carries out specific tasks for cell division and growth.

Explanation:

The sequence of the numbered stages in the plant cell cycle typically follows this order:

Interphase: This is the period of growth and preparation for division. During Interphase, the cell doubles its DNA and synthesizes new proteins and organelles. Prophase: The chromosomes condense and become visible, while the nuclear envelope disappears. Metaphase: The chromosomes align at the middle of the cell (the metaphase plate). Anaphase: The sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase: A nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes uncoil and become less visible. Cytokinesis occurs concurrently, splitting the cell into two.

FINA could possibly refer to the final phase or stage, but without further context, it's difficult to ascertain its meaning in this situation.

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Explain why it is unusual for calix to be a male calico cat

Answers

Male calicos cat are rare cats, which displays the orange color present on the X chromosome.

The male calico cats have X and Y chromosomes. The X chromosome is responsible for the orange and red colors of the cats. The female cats can express both colors because females have XX chromosomes.

Since the male calico cat has only one X chromosome, it makes it rare for them to have the calico pattern.

The color of the fur color can be either black or orange, which is coded by two alleles present on the same locus of the chromosome.

One allele produces orange, whereas, the other allele produces orange. The X chromosome has an allele for orange color, which makes it rare for the male calico cats to express.

Therefore, the presence of X and Y chromosomes in males makes them have a rare orange color.

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Final answer:

Calix being a male calico cat is unusual because the gene for coat color in cats, which creates the tortoiseshell pattern, is located on the X chromosome. Male cats typically only have one X chromosome so they cannot produce a tortoiseshell pattern. Only exceptionally rare genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome can result in a male calico cat.

Explanation:

It is unusual for Calix to be a male calico cat because the gene for coat color in cats is located on the X chromosome. In females, who have two X chromosomes, one of the X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell during embryonic development. This results in a variegated, or tortoiseshell, pattern in their coat, given that the cat has two different alleles for coat color.

Male cats, however, have only one X chromosome because their sex chromosomes are XY. Thus, they cannot have two different coat color genes expressed as in the tortoiseshell or calico pattern. Therefore, a male calico cat is extremely rare and usually happens due to genetic mutations like Klinefelter syndrome, where a male cat has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (XXY).

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What fraction of opals children would you expect to be able to brag about their blue hair show the cross

Answers

Half of the total number of Opals children (50%) will have blue hair.

Explanation:

When an Oompah with purple hair (Pr) marries an Opal with blue hair (rr) out of the four children born two will have blue hair as represented by the below table.

From the table we find that two children are born with the dominant (purple) trait and two with the recessive (blue) trait. Allele is the other word for trait defined by Gregor Mendel in his Law of Segregation. Dominant allele is visible and recessive allele is masked.  

How did Earth's atmosphere become oxygen-rich?
O
A. Volcanic outgassing
O
B. Tectonic movement
O
O
c. Ozone depletion
D. Biological activity

Answers

Answer:

D.) Biological activity

Explanation:

I got it correct

Final answer:

The Earth's atmosphere became oxygen-rich through photosynthesis by plants and the evolution of oxygen-producing organisms. Studies show that the atmosphere lacked oxygen until about 2 billion years ago. The increase in oxygen led to the formation of Earth's ozone layer.

Explanation:

The Earth's atmosphere became oxygen-rich through the process of photosynthesis by plants and the evolution of photosynthetic and oxygen-producing organisms, such as cyanobacteria. Studies of ancient rocks show that the atmosphere was anoxic, meaning there was no oxygen, until about 2 billion years ago. As the plant population grew, more oxygen was produced and accumulated in the atmosphere, eventually leading to the formation of Earth's ozone layer which provided protection from harmful solar ultraviolet light.

Many prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission. The circular DNA is
copied and moves to opposite sides of the cell. The cell divides. What kind of
cell division and reproduction is this?

A. Mitosis; sexual reproduction

B. Meiosis; asexual reproduction

C. Meiosis; sexual reproduction

D. Mitosis; asexual reproduction

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Mitosis is a form of reproduction in simple living organisms. The outcome of mitosis is two identical daughter cells, and it follows the process described in the prompt. It doesn't require genetic material from another organism, so it's asexual reproduction.

The correct option is (b) . Meiosis; asexual reproduction

Meiosis does not occur during asexual reproduction. Meiosis is the process of producing gametes (eggs and sperms).Mitosis, on the other hand, is simply the process of cell division.This is the process that animals go through during regeneration.

Is there asexual reproduction in mitosis? Both sexual and asexual organisms undergo mitosis. It occurs in  cells of the body known as  somatic cells and produces cells that are involved in growth and repair. Mitosis is essential for asexual reproduction, regeneration, and growth. Does not form sex cells or gametes.

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Explain the properties of water and why it is important to life. Include the following: specific heat, density, polarity, Universal solvent

Answers

Water’s specific heat requires it to absorb a large amount of heat before increasing in temperature. This is important to life in the sense that we do not get dehydrated quickly, oceans do not evaporate as fast, and a large amount of heat is required for glaciers to melt.
Water is denser in its solid form, meaning ice will float and keep living organisms in the liquid water beneath it.
Polarity gives water its cohesive and adhesive properties which slows for capillary action, allowing water to travel against the force of gravity in the plants xylem.
Water is considered the universal solvent because it’s is able to dissolve many polar and ionic molecules like salt and sugar.

Final answer:

Water is crucial to life due to its unique properties such as high specific heat, low density as ice, polarity, and role as a universal solvent. These properties enable temperature regulation, solvent capabilities, metabolic reactions, and maintenance of homeostasis within living organisms.

Explanation:

Water is essential to life largely due to its unique properties. Its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds make it an ideal medium for biological processes. These bonds are responsible for water's high specific heat, which allows it to absorb heat without a significant change in temperature, protecting living organisms from drastic temperature swings. The density of water plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, as ice, being less dense than liquid water, floats and provides insulation.

As a universal solvent, water can dissolve a wide range of substances, which is vital for cellular metabolism and transporting nutrients and waste materials. The cohesive and adhesive properties of water contribute to the movement of water against gravity in plants and the formation of droplets. Lastly, water's role in homeostasis is seen in its ability to buffer changes in pH, which is essential for the function of enzymes and other biochemical reactions.

Understanding the special properties of water is fundamental in comprehending how it supports life on Earth, from cellular functions to global climate patterns.

How did the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone park return the stability to the Yellowstone ecosystem

Answers

They are the overpopulated prey in Yellowstone

Final answer:

The reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park helped restore stability and biodiversity to the ecosystem by altering elk behavior and allowing the regrowth of vegetation. Wolves also suppressed coyote populations and increased species diversity. They functioned as a keystone species, which played a crucial role in maintaining balance within the ecosystem.

Explanation:

Reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park had a profound impact on the park's ecosystem, bringing back stability and biodiversity. Wolves preyed on elk, which caused the elk to change their foraging behavior and spend less time browsing near streambanks. This change resulted in the regrowth of important vegetation, which had positive impacts on the ecosystem as a whole. The reintroduction of wolves also suppressed coyote populations and provided more resources to detritivores, increasing species diversity in the habitat. Overall, the reintroduction of wolves as a keystone species helped restore balance and biodiversity to the Yellowstone ecosystem.

How many individuals have blue skin in the seven generations in the pedigree

Answers

In the seven-generation pedigree, there are seven individuals with blue skin, including Martin, his two daughters, two sons (one being Zach), Luna, and Benjy.

Let's break down the information further based on the provided hint:

1. Martin: The first individual with blue skin.

2. Martin's two daughters: Two more individuals in the second generation.

3. Martin's two sons (one is Zach): Two additional individuals in the second generation, one of whom is named Zach.

4. Luna: One individual in the third generation.

5. Benjy: One individual in the fourth generation.

If we count these individuals from each generation, we have a total of seven individuals with blue skin across the seven generations:

1. Martin (1st generation)

2. Martin's two daughters (2nd generation)

3. Martin's two sons (one is Zach) (2nd generation)

4. Luna (3rd generation)

5. Benjy (4th generation)

So, the seven individuals with blue skin span across these generations in the given pedigree.

By counting the blue symbols across all seven generations in the pedigree chart, we can determine the number of individuals with blue skin, as blue represents those with the genotype aa.

We need to identify individuals with the genotype aa. Pedigree charts represent affected individuals with specific colors, in this case, blue denotes individuals with blue skin. By carefully examining the chart and counting each blue symbol across all seven generations, we can determine the number of individuals with blue skin.

Overall, the process involves:

Recognizing that blue color indicates affected individuals with the genotype aa.Counting all the blue symbols from the top generations down to the seventh generation of the pedigree chart.

With this approach, you can accurately count and determine the number of individuals exhibiting the blue skin trait.

(52 POINTS+BRAINLYEST IF UR CORRECT!)
Observing the size of a herd of elephants that are all the same species would be an observation at the ___________ level.


community


ecosystem


population


individual

Answers

Answer:

population

explanation:

Answer:

community

Explanation:

What is a karyotype, and how can it be used to study human chromosomes?​

Answers

Answer:

karyotype is the array of chromosomes possessed by a certain specie or by an individual.

it can be used to study human chromosome by facilitating information on the type or array of the chromosomes, hence knowing the data, characteristics and effects of such a chromosome

Explanation:

Two heterozygous purple flowering pea plants are crossed. If purple is dominant over white, what are the expected phenotypic
results?

Answers

Answer:

Purple : white = 3:1

Explanation:

Since the parents are heterozygous each of them will produce 1/2 gametes with the purple allele and 1/2 gametes with white allele.When these will combine after fertilization there is 25% chance that   the offspring will be homozygous with dominant allele, 50% chance that the offspring will be heterozygous and 25% chance that the offspring will be homozygous with recessive allele.The homozygous with dominant allele and the heterzygoys offsprings will express the dominant purple trait (25%+50%) and only the homozygous individual with recessive allele will show the white colour.Thus the phenotypic ratio is 3:1.

2. Can you rule out any of the men as Lisa’s father based ONLY on his ABO type?





3. Can you rule out any of the men as Lisa’s father based ONLY on his Rh type?











4. Which of the MEN could safely donate blood to Lisa?

Answers

2. You can rule out Mr green As his blood type does not contain an O allele that would contribute to her O blood type.
3. No you cannot rule out any of the men based on Rh type.
4 as her blood type is O-, she can only receive blood from an O donor, which none of the men are.
Final answer:

Without knowing the exact blood types (ABO and Rh) of Lisa and the men, it's not possible to definitively rule any man out as being Lisa's father or potential blood donors. However, a man with Type O, Rh- blood could donate blood to virtually anyone, including Lisa.

Explanation:

To answer all three questions regarding Lisa's potential father and the men that can donate blood to Lisa, we would require the ABO and Rh types of both Lisa and the potential fathers. The basic principle is that a person of a specific blood type can receive blood only from his own type or type O (universal donor), and a person with an Rh- blood cannot receive Rh+ blood but vice versa is possible.

Let's go through them one by one:

Without knowing Lisa and the man's ABO type, we can't conclusively rule anyone out based solely on this factor.The same principle applies to the Rh type. If Lisa is Rh-, only men who are also Rh- could potentially be her father. If Lisa is Rh+, her father could be either Rh+ or Rh-.A man who has Type O blood and an Rh- factor could safely donate blood to Lisa, as individuals with this blood type are considered universal donors.

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Which is considered a household hazardous waste?

A dishwasher detergent
B Oven cleaner
C compost
D light bulbs

Answers

Correct answer

A. Dishwasher Detergent

Explanation:

Dangers of Using Dishwashing Detergents will cause multiple carcinogens.

Carcinogens are things that can cause cancer, usually in the form of chemicals, viruses, or even drugs and radiation used to treat cancer itself. In essence, what causes cancer can be called a carcinogen. In general, cancer is caused by carcinogens or a combination of carcinogens themselves. Carcinogens can work in many ways, namely directly damaging DNA in cells, causing abnormalities in normal cells, and another way is by causing cell damage that causes cells to divide more quickly, which in turn can lead to the development of cancer.

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Details:

Grade: Middle School

Subject: Biology

Keywords: Carciongens, Cancer

Answer:

B : Oven cleaner

Explanation:

Ahhh biology pls help me

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

both A and BThe ribosomesall of the above

Part A - Name and describe the chemical process producers use to make glucose and the chemical process used by both consumers and producers to make ATP to contribute to the exchange.

Part B - Identify the products of each process and explain how these products are used in the exchange.

Answers

Answer:

The process that is used by producers to make glucose is called photosyntheis and the chemical process used by both producers ans consumers to make ATP ito contribute to the energy exchange is called cellular respiration.

Explanation:

Photosynthsis

Photosynthesis occue in the mesophyll tissue present in  leaves of plants .During photosynthesis the green plants or producers acquires CO2 from the atmosphere and utilizes water in presence of sunlight to produce glucose molecules along with the liberation of oxygen gas.

Cellular respiration

During cellular respiration the glucose molecules are oxidized to form energy in form of ATP along with the production of water and carbon dioxide.

    The O2 that formed during photosynthesis is inhaled by human beings for respiration whereas the CO2 that is produced as waste material inside our body is exhaled by us in the atmosphere.The CO2 is then used by the green plants to carry out photosynthesis.

Final answer:

Plants use photosynthesis to produce glucose and oxygen, and both plants and animals use cellular respiration to turn glucose into ATP, energy. The products of photosynthesis, glucose and oxygen, and the products of cellular respiration, ATP, carbon dioxide and water, contribute to the cycle of energy exchange in ecosystems.

Explanation:

Part A - The chemical process used by producers, such as plants, to make glucose is called photosynthesis. This process uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. On the other hand, both consumers (animals) and producers (plants) use a chemical process called cellular respiration to convert glucose into a form of energy known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Part B - The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. The glucose is used as a form of energy during cellular respiration to create ATP, and the oxygen is used by consumers in their own process of cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration are ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. The ATP provides energy for various biological processes, while carbon dioxide and water are waste products or are used in other processes like photosynthesis.

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Identify 2 reasons why offspring produced by sexual reproduction have more genetic variety

Answers

Answer:

Crossing over and independent assortment

Explanation:

Meiosis can be described as a type of cell division which occurs in the sex cells. All the other cells of the body divide by mitosis.

During the process of meiosis, crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes takes place which is the reason for the genetic variety produced in offsprings.

During crossing over, exchange of DNA segment between homologous chromosomes occur due to which genetic variations occur.

Also, the chromosomes assort independently in gametes during the process of meiosis due to which genetic variability is produced.

Which word equation summarizes the hydrolysis of a carbohydrate

Answers

The word equation that summarizes the hydrolysis of a carbohydrate is presented in option C, which shows: sucrose + water-glucose + fructose.

What is hydrolysis?

It is a biochemical process.It is the breakdown of molecules through water.

The hydrolysis of carbohydrate is an important process through which living beings obtain quick energy for other metabolic processes. As the name suggests, hydrolysis requires water to come into contact with the carbohydrate, sucrose, for example, reacting with the molecule and releasing other molecules.

Full question:

Which word equation summarizes the hydrolysis of a carbohydrate

A. starch + water-glycerol + fatty acids

B. glycerol + fatty acids - triglyceride + water

C. sucrose + water-glucose + fructose

D. amino acids + oxygen

starch + water

can we culture virus like they do with bacteria media?​

Answers

Answer:

Viruses cannot be cultured in media like, bacteria, but in a living cells.

Explanation:

In order to identify a virus the following techniques are performed: PCR (single round) or nested/semi-nested PCR, real-time PCR, direct electronic microscopy, antigen capture, isolation (gold standard for viruses that can be cultured). Viruses cannot be cultured in media like, bacteria, but in a living cells.

Virus culture is based upon amplification of potentially infectious pathogens. Implies intracellular replication of viruses in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. It is controlled by regulations (i.e. bio-safety level 2, 3 or 4). It is possible to identificate and further investigate for pathogenicity, and antiviral sensitivity.

The primary cell culture is developed directly from living tissue and contain several different kinds of cells. They are expensive as they cannot be subcultured (passaged) more than a few times and hence new tissue needs to be obtained from animals on a regular basis. One example of a primary cell line is chicken embryo fibroblasts.

Diploid cell lines can be subcultured about 100 times before they die. Much more useful in the laboratory and they can be stored indefinitely in liquid nitrogen. An example of this type is human embryonic fibroblasts.

Continuous cell lines have lost the normal constraints on cell growth such as contact inhibition and mortality. They can be subcultured indefinitely in vitro. They are Hep-2, HeLa (from human cancers) and VERO (from Green African monkey kidney).

In order to obtain suitable specimens it is necessary to identify specimens with suitable information and to evaluate the success percent of the process. Transport attributes are 4⁰C,-20⁰C, dry ice (-79⁰C). According to the protocol, in vitro/in vivo cell cultures are used. There are blood specimens, stool, throat swabs, naso-pharyngeal aspirat, urine, saliva and biopsy of certain areas.  

Virus detection may be non specific (cytopathogenic effect – microscope) or specific (immunological detection – antigen detection, PCR etc.).

Viral load estimation I performed by titration and/or plaque assay.

The most common culture limitations are the absence of detection system for the agent, inappropriate culture systems, viruses that cannot be cultured, a negative viral culture results does not mean that the agent is absent (PCR).

Which statement describes a property shared by lipids and carbohydrates

Answers

Final answer:

Lipids and carbohydrates both share the property of being hydrophobic, or insoluble in water. Lipids are nonpolar molecules, while carbohydrates have polar functional groups such as hydroxyl groups. This difference in polarity affects their solubility in water.

Explanation:

Lipids and carbohydrates both share the property of being hydrophobic, or insoluble in water. Lipids are nonpolar molecules, while carbohydrates have polar functional groups such as hydroxyl groups. This difference in polarity affects their solubility in water, with lipids being more soluble in organic solvents such as dichloromethane and carbohydrates being more soluble in water.

how many amino acids does each codon code for?

Answers

Explanation:

Each codon codes for only one amino acid.

However, for one amino acid, multiple  codons maybe encoded. While there are 64 codons, and four nucleotides in groups of three, only 20 amino acids may be encoded by these triplets, showing that the code is degenerate.

RNA codons determine certain amino acids, so the order in which the bases occur within in the codon sequence designates which amino acid is to be made bus with the four RNA nucleotides (Adenine, Guanine, Cysteine and Uracil). Up to 64 codons (with 3 as stop codons) determine amino acid synthesis. The stop codons ( UAG UGA UAA) terminate amino acid/ protein synthesis while the start codon AUG begins protein synthesis.

Further Explanation:

The message on DNA, called genes is copied by RNA polymerase, to form mRNA complementary sequence to that of the DNA strand. These are then translated into proteins in ribosomes; RNA codons determine certain amino acids, so the order in which the bases occur within in the codon sequence designates which amino acid is to be made bus with the four RNA nucleotides (Adenine, Guanine, Cysteine and Uracil). Up to 64 codons (with 3 as stop codons) determine amino acid synthesis. The stop codons ( UAG UGA UAA) terminate amino acid/ protein synthesis while the start codon AUG begins protein synthesis.

Nucleic acids like DNA stores all of an organism’s genetic information. Nucleic acid molecules comprise the nitrogenous bases Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine and Thymine. Conversely, RNA nucleotides are Adenine, Guanine, Cysteine and Uracil. These pair up as base pairs due to their varied structure- largely influenced by the location of N molecule.

In certain combinations, these bases form codons which act as instructions for protein synthesis. Codons are three nucleotide bases encoding an amino acid or signal at the beginning or end of protein synthesis. Thus, these contribute to the broad diversity of living organisms, as varied combinations of these 64 codons can produce many proteins which can be organized into cells, tissues and organisms.

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Final answer:

Each codon, made up of three nucleotides, codes for one amino acid. But due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, most amino acids are specified by multiple codons, with a total of 64 possible codons and only 20 common amino acids.

Explanation:

Each codon is composed of three nucleotides and codes for a single amino acid. However, the genetic code is degenerate, meaning that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 common amino acids. Among these codons, 61 code for amino acids and the remaining 3 are stop codons that signal the end of protein synthesis. The degeneracy primarily occurs in the third nucleotide of the codon, which is often referred to as the wobble position. Notably, the amino acids methionine (AUG) and tryptophan (UGG) are the only two encoded by a single codon each. This characteristic of the genetic code helps to protect against mutations that might otherwise be harmful if the code were not redundant.

Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?
A. DNA contains nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA contains phosphate groups.
B. DNA is usually double-stranded, whereas RNA is usually single-stranded.
C. DNA is a polymer composed of nucleotides, whereas RNA is a polymer composed of nucleic acids.
D. DNA contains uracil, whereas RNA contains thymine.
E. DNA contains five-carbon sugars, whereas RNA contains six-carbon sugars.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

DNA is a double-strandard molecule, while RNA is a single-stranded. DNA and RNA base pairing is slightly different since DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.Uracil differs from thymine in that it lacks a methyl group on its ring.

The difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double- stranded while RNA is single stranded.

What is DNA?

DNA is a hereditary material which is present in human beings as well as all other living organisms.  Every cell which is present in an organism's body has DNA  which is the same. Most of the DNA is situated in the cell's nucleus  and small amount of it can be found in the cell's mitochondria as well.

Information which is stored in DNA is stored as codes made up of four chemical bases namely, adenine, thymine , cytosine and guanine.Human DNA consists of 3 billion bases .The order of the bases determines information which is required for building and maintaining an organism.

DNA bases are capable of pairing up with each other. Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs up with cytosine .Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule  and a phosphate group. A base, phosphate  sugar are together called as nucleotides.

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Which of the following is an example of a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance?

Answers

Question:

Which of the following is an example of a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance?

A. All traits are inherited through patterns found by Mendel.

B. When individuals with the genotype BB cross, all of the offspring have brown fur.

C. When pea plants that are heterozygous for a certain trait cross, some of the offspring express both distinct versions of the trait.

D. Human feet come in a wide range of sizes.

Answer:

Human feet come in a wide range of sizes is an example of a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance

Explanation:

The Mendelian pattern of inheritance says single gene loci governs the physical feature of an organism or a trait. In two alternate form single genes are present i.e. recessive and dominant allele. This shows a particular trait like small or tall in pea plant. The variation of size of human feet shows the polygenic trait (depicting the variation) that is known to be controlled by more than two genes, so the human feet size variation is the non mendelian pattern of inheritance.  

Which stage of mitosis does DNA condense and form chromosomes

Answers

Answer:

At the prophase stage of mitosis , the  DNA condense and form chromosomes.

Explanation:

The process in which new cells are made order to grow, replenish (repair), and reproduce is called cell division . The three main types of cell division are binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. In prokaryotes like bacteria  cell division take place through binary fission, while eukaryotes uses two types of cell division - mitosis (the process of making new body cells like blood, muscle etc ) and meiosis (reproductive cell division that creates egg and sperm cells). In mitosis, a cell is replicated into exact copies of itself and duplicates all of its contents including the chromosomes and splits to form two identical daughter cells. During cell division, cells pass through different phases called cell cycle. During interphase of the cell cycle, which occurs prior to mitosis, there are 3 phases: G1, S, and G2. In the G phases , the organelles are duplicated and the cell grows in size while in the S phase, a duplicate copy of each chromosome is synthesized (DNA replication). After the DNA and organelles are replicated during interphase , the mitosis begins. The first step is prophase where the nuclear envelope surrounding the DNA and the nucleolus disappear and the DNA condenses into chromosomes. During metaphase, the chromosomes lined in the middle of the cell. In anaphase , the chromosomes get separated and move towards opposite sides of the cell. As mitosis proceeds to telophase, the cell forms two nuclear membranes around each set of chromosomes and the chromosomes uncoil. The cell cytoplasm separates, the cell walls then pinch off and split down the middle producing two new daughter cells by a process called cytokinesis or cell cleavage.  Cytokinesis takes place during anaphase and telophase.

Final answer:

Prophase is the phase of mitosis in which DNA condenses and forms visible chromosomes. In this stage, the chromosomes pair up with their identical partners to form sister chromatids, and the nuclear envelope disintegrates.

Explanation:

The stage of mitosis in which DNA condenses and forms chromosomes is Prophase. During this initial phase, loosely packed chromatin coils and condenses into visible chromosomes. These chromosomes appear with their identical partner attached, forming an X-shaped structure known as sister chromatids. Throughout this phase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope disintegrates, proceeding towards the next stages of mitosis.

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What historical data from Tokyo could have helped in the development of Tokyo’s new flood protection system ?

Answers

Data that shows why floods were occurring , how they were occurring so that they could progress and make changes to the issues.

Answer:

This historical data could have helped with the development of Tokyo’s new flood protection system:

historical frequency of floodingamount of flooding during each stormcomputer models forecasting the worst possible flooding

Explanation:

Which statement best describes cell theory?

Cell theory describes the different kinds of cells that living things are made up of.

Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells that come from other living cells.

Cell theory explains the main parts of a cell and how cells reproduce.

Cell theory states that non-living matter can make cells that becoming living things.

Answers

The answer is the 2nd sentence. This is because all living things come from other living things, due to reproduction, which is what the cell theory is based off of.

Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells that come from other living cells is statement that best describes cell theory.

The cell theory, applied to biology, is responsible for identifying and describing the properties of cells, holding that all living things can be made up of a single cell or several.

The cell is considered the basic unit of life, which through a process in which cells are split or divided, gives way to the existence of new cells.

This indicates that every cell originates from the division of another cell and therefore contains the necessary genetic information within themselves.

Therefore, we can conclude that the cell theory indicates the cell as a unit of origin, being the basic unit of life, the only unit from which others can be born and being necessarily from a pre-existing one.

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A point mutation occurs in a sex cell of an adult rabbit. The gene affected by
the mutation is responsible for proteins that build heart muscles. Which
describes the most likely effect of this mutation?

Answers

This point mutation in the sex cell of the rabbit by the heart muscle building protein would cause death of the rabbit.  

Explanation:

Adult transgenic rabbits are used to represent human race to experiment different diseases and syndromes of humans. One such experiment is conducted to identify the cardiovascular disease and cardiac rhythm syndrome, known as LQT syndrome.

This disease leads to the cardiac death of patient the human mutants- KCNQ1, KCNH2, which causes this syndrome were represented by rabbits. This gene is overexpressed in the rabbit’s cardiomyocytes through the heavy chain of β-myosin. The LQT2 affected rabbits showed more prolongation of QT and increase in death.

How might a high stomatal density on plant leaves affect the Calvin cycle during cool days?

A.Higher stomatal density would increase the amount of carbon incorporated into RuBP.

B.Higher stomatal density would decrease the production of rubisco in mesophyll cells.

C.Higher stomatal density would decrease the amount of ADP released in the reactions.

D.Higher stomatal density would increase the amount of NADPH produced during the cycle.

Answers

Answer:

The correct option is A. Higher stomatal density would increase the amount of carbon incorporated into RuBP.

Explanation:

Stomata can be described as tiny structures present in the leaves of a plant which open and close to allow gaseous exchange. They might be present in the stems of some plants as well. The opening and closing of the stomata is controlled by a specialized type of cells which are known as the guard cells.

Option A is correct because it is the only option that correctly relates the function of the stomata.

Answer:

A. Higher stomatal density would increase the amount of carbon incorporated into RuBP.

Explanation:

The above explanation is correct.

What molecule is physically produced to create specific phenotypes

Answers

Explanation:

 - Proteins

The nucleus is a large membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic information, DNA, in the cell.  Sequences of DNA make up genes which can have different forms called alleles and comprise the genotype. DNA is transcribed into mRNA and later translated into amino acids which are linked together by rRNA to form proteins.  These proteins, when expressed, are referred to as an organism's phenotype.

 

Further Explanation:

 

All the genetic information within the eukaryotic cell is stored within the nucleus as helical DNA. This DNA is tightly wound around histones as chromosomes. Chromosomes within the nucleus is unwound, unzipped and read by enzymes in a complex series of steps known as transcription. The message on DNA, called genes is copied by RNA polymerase, to form mRNA complementary sequence to that of the DNA strand. These are then translated into proteins in ribosomes.

Large chains of monomers form biological macromolecules which carry out many essential functions in the body these can include nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. These are organic molecules, meaning they're ringed or long-chain Carbons bonded to the elements oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).

Proteins are structural support molecules comprised of long chains of amino acids joined via peptide (CONH) bonds; these are 20 specific units that are arranged into several macromolecules. Amino acids are absorbed through digestion and are incorporated into the body’s cells to make up organs muscles signal molecules and an alternative energy source.

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Free HIGH pointers! Answer the question! Find ze mOvI! I will give u it just gimme a mobIe

Answers

Ksnkwjkajskjwdddddd hbuh

Answer:

Wow this is almost a year ago, anyway if u see this have a nice day :D

Explanation:

Why is it more important to check for errors during DNA replication than
during protein synthesis?

Answers

Answer:

Because DNA is the one which is responsible for provision of Codes neccessary for protein synthesis

Answer:

Because DNA will be responsible for the next steps that will lead to the production of proteins, therefore, if there are errors in the DNA, the entire transcription and translation process will be compromised.

Explanation:

DNA has the formulas to form all the proteins in the body, each segment of DNA has a set of genes that indicate the order of placement of each amino acid, how many and which amino acids are used to form a certain protein, with a certain function. If there are errors in the DNA, the entire production of amino acids will be compromised, whereas errors in the production of proteins compromise only that protein.

A gene is what encodes a specific enzyme or protein. The genome is all encoded human genetic material, that is, it is all base pairs present in DNA.

The chromosome is a grouping of genes, that is, it is a strand of DNA condensed into historical proteins. A codon is just a crack of base pairs, and each crack represents an amino acid.

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