Hydrogen resembles alkali metals i.e. Li , K , Na , K, Rb ,Cs and Fr of group 1 of the periodic table.
1) Electronic configuration : Like alkali metals, hydrogen also contains 1 electron in its outermost shell.
Hydrogen 1s1
Lithium 1s2 2s1
Sodium 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
2) Electropositive character: Like alkali metals ,hydrogen also loses its only electron to form hydrogen ion i.e. H+
H ——-> H+ + e‾
Na ———-> Na+ + e‾
Hydrogen like alkali metals exhibit electropositive character.
3) Oxidation State: Like alkali metals, hydrogen exhibits an oxidation state of +1 in its compounds.
H+ Cl‾
Na+ Cl‾
4) Combination with electronegative elements or non metals: Like alkali metals, hydrogen combines with electronegative elements such as oxygen ,halogen and sulphur forming their oxides ,halides and sulphide.
Oxides H2O like Na2O , K2O
Halides HCl like NaCl , KCl
Sulphides H2S like Na2S , K2S
5) Liberation at the cathode : When an aqueous solution of HCl is electrolysed H2 is liberated at the cathode in the same way as alkali metals are liberated at cathode during the electrolysis of their fused halides.
6)Reducing character: Like alkali metals, hydrogen also act as a strong reducing agent.
Fe2O3 + 4 H2 ———> 3Fe + 4H2O
B2O3 + 6 K ————–> 2B + 3 K2O
SIMILARITY with halogens
Hydrogen resemble halogens i. F , Cl, Br , I of group 17 of the periodic table in the following ways:
1) Electronic configuration: All the halogens have 7 electron in their respective outermost shell and thus have one electron less than the stable configuration of the nearest inert gas. Hydrogen has one electron in the outermost shell and thus has one electron less than the stable configuration of the nearest inert gas i.e. helium.
H 1s1 one electron less than He
F 1s2 2s2 2p5 one electron less than Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6
2) Electronegative character: Halogens have a strong tendency to gain one electron to form halide ions. Hydrogen show some tendency to gain one electron to form hydride ions.
H + e‾ ————-> H‾
Cl + e‾ —————-> Cl‾
3) Ionization enthalpy : Ionization enthalpy of hydrogen is quite compatible with those of halogens but much higher than those of alkali metals.
4) Oxidation State: Just like halogens, hydrogen shows an oxidation state of -1.
5)Liberation at the anode: When fused alkali metal hydrides such as Lithium, sodium hydride is subjected to electrolysis ,hydrogen is liberated at the anode. Similarly halogens are liberated at the anode when fused alkali metal halides are electrolysed.
2NaH ( l ) ————> H2 ( g ) + 2Na ( l )
2 NaCl ( l ) ————–> Cl2 ( g ) + 2Na ( l )
6) Atomicity and non metallic character: Just like halogens, hydrogen also exist as a diatomic molecule. Like halogens, hydrogen is a typical non metal.
7) Combination with metals: Hydrogen combines with highly electropositive alkali and alkaline earth metals to form metallic hydrides. Halogens combine with these metals to form metallic halides.
2Na + H2 ——-> 2NaH
Ca + H2 ——–> CaH2
8) Formation of covalent compounds: Hydrogen readily combines with non-metals such as carbon, Silicon ,nitrogen to form covalent compounds.
CH4 , SiH4 , NH3 , CCl4 , SiCl4
9) Replacement or substitution reaction: In many compounds of carbon ,hydrogen can be replaced by halogens and halogens can be replaced by hydrogen.
CH4 + Cl2 ——-> CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + 2 [H] ——–> CH4 + HCl
Which color of light has a wavelength of 5.0x10^-7 meters in air?
The green color of light has a wavelength of 5.0 ×10⁻⁷m in air. The wavelength is also defined as the distance between two locations in a wave that have the same oscillation phase.
What is wavelength?The distance between two successive troughs or crests is known as the wavelength. The peak of the wave is the highest point, while the trough is the lowest.
The given data in the problem is;
λ is the wavelength of the wave in air=5.0 ×10⁻⁷
In reality, corresponds to a wavelength of 500 nm. The visible light spectrum ranges from around 380 nm (violet light) to 750 nm (red light) (corresponding to red light).
Green is about in the center, with a wavelength range of 495-570 nm, therefore 500 nm falls inside this range.
Hence the green color of light has a wavelength of 5.0 ×10⁻⁷m
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In the light reactions, electrons from _______ replenish chlorophyll molecules that have given up electrons.
Answer: water
The light reactions of noncyclic photophosphorylation takes place in the chloroplast. The light energy is converted to chemical energy to produce both ATP and NADPH, which act as energy-transfer molecules in the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle. The addition of phosphate due to synthesizing of ATP by cells results to photophosphorylation.
Moreover, the electrons from water replenish chlorophyll molecules that have given up electrons by photolysis. The two electrons from the water molecule are kept in photosystem II, while the 2H+ and 1/2O2 are left out for further use.
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help pleaseeee
The architect considers many aspects when he designs a house. If one had to name just one aspect that would sum up all these considerations, it would be _____.
economy
flexibility
livability
house size
Marcus needs to rewrite f(x) = x2 + 6x + 4 in vertex form.
His answer is f(x) = ()2 – 5.
Final answer:
The quadratic function f(x) = x² + 6x + 4 has been rewritten in vertex form by completing the square, resulting in f(x) = (x + 3)² 5 with a vertex at (-3, -5).
Explanation:
The student's question involves rewriting a quadratic function in vertex form. To convert f(x) = x² + 6x + 4 into vertex form, we need to complete the square. This involves adjusting the equation so that we have a perfect square trinomial, which can then be expressed in the form (x-h)² + k, where (h, k) is the vertex of the parabola.
Let's complete the square for the given function:
First, we rewrite the function as f(x) = (x² + 6x) + 4.
To complete the square, we need to find a number that, when added and subtracted inside the parenthesis, creates a perfect square trinomial. This number is (6/2)² = 9.
We add and subtract 9 inside the parenthesis: f(x) = (x² + 6x + 9) - 9 + 4.
The equation inside the parenthesis is now a perfect square and can be written as (x + 3)², and we combine the constants outside: f(x) = (x + 3)² - 5.
This is the vertex form of the given quadratic equation. The vertex of the parabola is (-3, -5).
What is the energy of an object in motion
Astronauts appear weightless while working in the International Space Station because A) they are in a state of free fall. B) there isn't any gravity in outer space. C) they have very little mass when in outer space. D) they have gravitational attractions to the sun and moon.
Astronauts appear weightless while working in the International Space Station because they are in a state of free fall. The correct option is A.
What is International Space Station?The International Space Station is the largest modular space station in low Earth orbit at the moment.
It is a multinational collaborative project in which five space agencies are involved: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA.
International Space Station (ISS), low-Earth orbit space station built primarily by the United States and Russia with assistance and components from a multinational consortium.
According to Valerie Neal, curator of space history at the National Air and Space Museum, they experience weightlessness not because of a lack of gravity, but because the ISS and they are orbiting Earth in constant free fall.
They're both falling toward Earth and moving forward at roughly the same speed.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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To lift a load of 100 kg a distance of 1 m an effort of 25 kg must be applied over an inclined plane of length 4 m. what must be done to lift the load 2 m, using the same effort?
a.use an inclined plane of length 8 m.
b.use an inclined plane of length 2 m.
c.use an inclined plane of length 10 m.
d.use an inclined plane of length 16 m.
What items resemble the path of light when it travels through space?
The path of light across space will be resembled water gushing out of a garden hose. Both show the same behavior.
What is light?The electromagnetic wave is released by heated things such as lasers, and bulbs are known as light.
Light is a sort of kinetic energy that enables us to perceive or make visible objects with our eyes. Light energy, which is a kind of electromagnetic radiation, may be seen by the human eye.
The path of light across space will be resembled water gushing out of a garden hose.
However, if nothing blocks the source of the beam of light, such as the sun, the beam of light will spread out in all directions, similar to a bomb explosion.
Between any two points, light always takes the quickest path. The shortest path between the sun and the earth allows light from the solar to reach the earth.
Hence the path of light across space will be resembled water gushing out of a garden hose.
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Which terrestrial planet would have its surface temperature the most dramatically changed if its greenhouse gases were removed from its atmosphere?
A test charge is introduced into the electric field of a charge. It feels a force of 2F where the electric field is 2E. What would the force on the test charge be where the electric field is 8E?
Somebody explain how you would get the answer.
Final answer:
The force (F') on the test charge in an electric field of 8E will be 8 times the original force F because the electric force is directly proportional to the electric field strength (E), as described by the equation F = qE.
Explanation:
The relationship between electric force (F) and electric field strength (E) is a direct one, captured by the equation F = qE, where q is the charge of a test charge, and E is the strength of the electric field. In the scenario provided, a test charge initially feels a force of 2F in an electric field of 2E. Hence, we can infer that this force scales linearly with the electric field, given that the charge (q) on the test charge is constant.
If the electric field is later increased to 8E, we can use the direct proportionality between F and E to calculate the new force (F').
If the initial situation is 2F = q(2E), the new force at 8E would be:
F' = q(8E)
Since 2F = q(2E), we can substitute qE from the initial force to get:
F' = (4)(2F) = 8F.
The new force on the test charge when the electric field is 8E will be 8 times the original force F.
It would take almost 2 years for the fastest human-made spacecraft to travel from earth to europa. about how long would it take such a spacecraft to travel to wolf 359? study island
Answer:
several million years
Explanation:
Final answer:
The fastest human-made spacecraft would take almost 80,000 years to reach the nearest star, so it would take much longer to reach Wolf 359.
Explanation:
The question asks about the travel time of the fastest human-made spacecraft to reach Wolf 359. According to the provided information, the fastest spacecraft so far would take almost 80,000 years to reach the nearest star. As Wolf 359 is farther than the nearest star, it would likely take much longer than that for a spacecraft to reach it.
A particular radio station broadcast radio waves at 100 MHz (100 million Hz). If the radio waves travel at the speed of light (300 million m/s), then what is the wavelength of the radio waves that the station is broadcasting?
Wavelength = (speed) / (frequency)
= (3 x 10⁸ m/s) / (1 x 10⁸ /s) = 3 meters
To find the wavelength of radio waves broadcasted by a station at 100 MHz, apply the formula λ = v/f, using 3.0 × 10^8 m/s for the speed of light. The result is a wavelength of 3.0 meters.
To determine the wavelength of the radio waves that a station is broadcasting, we use the formula:
λ = v/f
where:
λ is the wavelength,v is the speed of light (3.0 × 108 m/s), andf is the frequency (100 MHz or 100 × 106 Hz).Plugging in the values, we get:
λ = (3.0 × 108 m/s) / (100 × 106 Hz) = 3.0 meters
Therefore, the wavelength of the radio waves broadcasted by the station is 3.0 meters.
In 1865, jules verne proposed sending men to the moon by firing a space capsule from a 220-m-long cannon with final speed of 10.97 km/s. what would have been the unrealistically large acceleration experienced by the space travelers during their launch? (a human can stand an acceleration of 15g for a short time.)
Arrange the objects in order from least to greatest potential energy. Assume that gravity is constant. (Use PE = m × g × h.)
In which state of matter do the particles have the least energy
It depends on the temperature the hotter it is the more energy it has I belive and the colder the less energy/movement in the molecules
Why is current a scalar quantity?
Which formula can be used to find the x-component of the resultant vector? Tx - Ux - Vx Tx + Ux + Vx Tx = Tcosθ Tx = Tsinθ
Answer:
Tx + Ux + Vx
Explanation:
Just add everything on the x-axis!
What distance is traveled by a police car that moves at a constant speed of 2.5 m/s for 20 s? Include the correct units with your answer.
Please help ASAP!
Physics
which of the following planets most likely has the coldest surface temperature
Why does a curve on a distance-time graph indicate acceleration
... Speeding up or slowing down are two of the three forms of acceleration.
... The SLOPE of the line on a distance/time graph is the object's speed.
... If the graph is curved, then its slope is changing.
That means the object's speed is changing.
That means the object is accelerating.
Final answer:
A curve on a distance-time graph indicates acceleration because the slope of the graph reflects velocity, which changes when acceleration is present. A straight line represents constant velocity with no acceleration, while a changing slope means varying velocity, indicating acceleration.
Explanation:
On a distance-time graph, a curve indicates acceleration because the slope of the graph represents velocity, which is distance divided by time. When velocity changes, it means there is an acceleration present. If the graph is a straight line, the slope is constant, and the velocity is uniform, hence, no acceleration. When the slope (or the 'steepness' of the curve) changes, it indicates a changing velocity. A steeper slope means an increase in velocity, indicative of positive acceleration, while a slope that becomes less steep suggests a slowing down, or negative acceleration.
Accurate depiction of acceleration in physics requires consideration of the shape of the curve on a position vs. time graph. A parabolic curve suggests constant acceleration, while a hyperbola might represent acceleration defined in specific intervals. The 'cup' of the curve pointing up or down indicates the direction of acceleration. It's important to understand that while a velocity-time graph can show instantaneous acceleration as the slope of the tangent line, the position-time graph's relationship to acceleration is more indirect and is reflected in the curvature of the graph.
Which is the best definition of a solution? A. A solution is any two liquids mixed. B. A solution is two gases mixed together. C. A solution is the same as a mixture. D. A solution is a mixture that has the same composition throughout.
Which of the following choices is a single-replacement reaction? A. 2K + Br2 2KBr B. 2H2 + O2 2H2O C. Mg + FeO Fe + MgO D. C + 2Cl2 CCl4
Final answer:
The correct answer to the student's question is C: Mg + FeO ⇒ Fe + MgO, which is a single-replacement reaction where magnesium (Mg) replaces iron (Fe) in iron oxide (FeO).
Explanation:
The question asks us to identify which of the given choices represents a single-replacement reaction. A single-replacement reaction, also known as single-displacement reaction, can be defined as a type of chemical reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound, forming a new element and a new compound as products. The general form for this reaction when a metal replaces another metal is A + BC → AC + B. Usually, a more reactive metal will replace a less reactive metal from its compound.
Now, let's analyze the given options:
A. 2K + Br₂ → 2KBr - This is a combination reaction because two elements combine to form a compound.B. 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O - This is a synthesis reaction where two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex compound.C. Mg + FeO → Fe + MgO - This is an example of a single-replacement reaction where magnesium (Mg) replaces iron (Fe) in the compound iron oxide (FeO).D. C + 2Cl₂ → CCl₄ - This is a synthesis reaction because one element and one compound react to form a more complex compound.Therefore, the correct answer is C: Mg + FeO → Fe + MgO.
Which describes a p-type semiconductor?
Answer: It has holes in majority and electrons in minority.
Explanation: A p-type semiconductor is formed by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with trivalent impurity for example Boron, Aluminium, Indium, Gallium etc. Gallium or Boron is a common p-type dopant for silicon. It has large numbers of holes provided by the trivalent atoms which are electrically neutral and because of these electrically neutral trivalent atoms the total electrical charge is neutral.
You can see that an apple is red because the red wavelength is ______________off the apple and all other colors are __________________. *
A. absorbed; reflected
B. reflected; absorbed
C. transmitted; reflected
D. transmitted; absorbed
The complete statement is -
" You can see that an apple is red because the red wavelength is reflected off the apple and all other colors are absorbed ".
What is Absorption? What is Absorbance of light? What is Beer - Lamberts Law?Absorbance is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample (excluding the effects on cell walls).The term absorption refers to the physical process of absorbing light, while absorbance does not always measure only absorption; it may measure attenuation (of transmitted radiant power) caused by absorption, as well as reflection, scattering, and other physical processesBeer - Lamberts Law states that if I{o} is the intensity of the light at the beginning of the travel and I{s} is the intensity of the light detected after travel of a distance {d}, the fraction transmitted {T} is given by -[tex]${\displaystyle T={\frac {I_{s}}{I_{0}}}=\exp(-\mu d)}[/tex]
Given is the statement as -
You can see that an apple is red because the red wavelength is ______________off the apple and all other colors are _________________".
The complete statement will be -
You can see that an apple is red because the red wavelength is reflected off the apple and all other colors are absorbed.
It is because eyes can perceive only the reflected rays {that enter our eyes} and not the absorbed rays.
Therefore, the complete statement is -
" You can see that an apple is red because the red wavelength is reflected off the apple and all other colors are absorbed ".
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Need help!!
A 200g ball thrown vertically upwards at a speed of 25m / s reaches a height of 22. Calculate the loss of energy due to the resistance of the air. What is the average strength of the air resistance
How could you determine whether a bar of metal was magnetized or not? List two ways
The two ways to determine whether a bar of metal was magnetized or not are the following:
1. Rubbing the bar of metal with a strong magnet.
Find the north pole of the magnet then rub it on the middle part of the metal to the end. The act of rubbing the magnet several times across the metal helps the iron atoms (present in the metal) align in one direction. Then test the magnetism by tapping the metal against a pile of paperclips. If the paperclip stick, then the metal was magnetized.
2. Striking the bar of metal with a hammer.
Position the bar of metal facing north using a compass. Use a strong tape to secure it on the flat table. Strike the south part of the metal with a hammer several times. Striking the metal allows the iron atoms to align themselves in the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. Then, test the magnetism of the metal.
Remember that a metal which contain the most iron will become more magnetic and an object is a magnet if it repels a known magnet.
Which of these best describe the chemical composition of asteroids? select all that apply.
a. ice
b. silicate
c. hydrogen
d. carbon-based
Using a simple machine, a student is able to lift a 500N weight by applying only 100N.
What is the mechanical advantage of the simple machine?
A) 0.2
B) 1
C) 5
D) 50000
Spark caused when electricity in a thunderhead discharges
What is the best method for visually representing the data for comparison
The best visual representation for data comparison depends on the data type and the user's goal. Pie charts are useful for a limited number of categories, while bar charts are better for many categories or comparing distributions. Vertical bar graphs are intuitive for time comparisons, and scatter plots are good for showing relationships between two quantitative variables.
The Best Method for Visually Representing Data for Comparison:
When choosing the best method for visually representing data, it is crucial to consider the type of data and the objective of the comparison. For qualitative data, pie charts and bar charts are commonly used. Pie charts are most effective when comparing a few categories and when each category's proportion to the whole needs to be emphasized. Bar charts, on the other hand, are suitable when there are many categories or when it is necessary to compare two or more distributions.
Different types of bar graphs can be used, including vertical and horizontal bar graphs. The choice between these depends on the number of categories, the space available, and the desired message you want to convey to the viewer. Vertical bar graphs often work better when comparing data over time, as it is more intuitive to have time on the x-axis. Also, using graphs allows viewers to compare and understand large data sets more quickly than tables, and can reveal trends and patterns effectively.