Answer:
The Correct option is "D"
Explanation:
By and large there is accessibility of plenitude daylight on a superficial level which gives different tiny fish and diatoms a space to develop, which additionally accommodates thick algal sprout. These algal sprout are obtrusive to such an extent that their thickness may exhaust the oxygen level and furthermore can slaughter the microscopic fishes.
What occurs when a peptide bond forms between two amino acids?
Answer:
Water molecule
Explanation:
The carboxylic group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, linking the two molecules and releasing a water molecule.
substances that have a physiological effect when introduced into the body are?
Answer:
Drugs
Explanation:
Drugs are substances that alter the body function physically or psychologically when introduced into the body.
Drugs could be legal e.g alcohol or illegally e.g cannabis.
Why does some members of the military oppose the idea of a “surgical strike” against Cuba
Answer:
the answer is A, could not be limited
Explanation:
Answer:
A) Could not be limited
Explanation:
I did it on edgenu!ty.
Tropical leafcutter ants collect leaf cuttings, which they transport to special underground chambers. There, they chew the leaves to create nursery beds on which they grow a species of fungus they use for food. When ant queens disperse to establish new colonies, they carry the fungus with them, dispersing it as well (this benefits the fungus). In the ants’ nest, the fungus is at risk of being replaced by another fungal species that is able to grow in the same habitat, using the same limited resources. On their bodies, the ants carry and provide a home for bacteria that produce antibiotics the ants use to kill this second fungus and thereby protect their food supply. In this system, the relationship between the two fungal species is:
a. parasitism.
b. predation.
c. mutualism.
d. commensalism.
e. interspecific competition.
Answer:
option E
Explanation:
In the system described above, the relationship that exists between this two different species of fungus is interspecific competition. Interspecific competition is the type of competition that occurs when individuals of different species compete for the same resources available. The two different fungal species is able to grow and utilize the same limited resources in the above description.
Answer:
The correct answer is option e. "interspecific competition".
Explanation:
Interspecific competition is defined as an ecological interaction when different species of the same ecological area compete for resources. This type of interaction is commonly seen in nature, and the relationship of the two fungal species herein described belongs to this interaction. The species of fungus that grows in the nursery beds that ants create compete with the second fungal species that is able to growth the same habitat. Since both species are members of the same ecological area and both compete for the resources that ants offer they have an interspecific competition relationship.
Which will occur if humans continue to overload water systems with excess nutrients?
Answer:
Eutrophication.
Explanation:
This is the natural process of excessive enrichment of water with nutrients by which large amount of living organic matter grows in the water.lakes slowly develop large concentration of aquatic life, which eventually decays. Human activities have speeded up this natural process of eutrophication by adding mineral and organic nutrient in larger quantities.
The Champaign-Urbana area has long been suffering from the heinous pathogenic bacterium, Michiganious wolverinous, which causes rabid wolverine fever. During 2019, the Champaign Public Health Department reported an incidence of 1000 cases of rabid wolverine fever. If the number of pre-existing cases carried over from 2018 to 2019 was 2000 cases, then the prevalence of rabid wolverine fever in 2020 was __________________.
a. 3000 cases
b. 4000 cases
c. 1000 cases
d. 0 cases
e. 2000 cases
Answer:
The correct answer is option a, that is, 3000 cases.
Explanation:
The measurement of all the individuals getting influenced by the disease at a specific time is known as the prevalence. On the other hand, the measurement of the number of novel individuals that came into contact with a disease during a specific time duration is known as the incidence.
Based on the given question, the number of prevailing cases carried from 2018 to 2019 is 2000, and the new diseases recorded in the year 2019 is 1000 (incidence). Therefore, the prevalence of the disease in 2020 will be 3000 cases.
You are interested in mapping the location of two loci in crested geckos that control different aspects of the crest phenotype. Gene D controls the extension of the crest along the back. 'd codes for spikes that continue along the back past the neck and is recessive to 'D' which codes for spikes that stop at the neck. Gene e controls the length of spikes; short spikes (ee) are recessive to long spikes (E_). (For you crestie fans, yes, this is totally made up).
1. You testcross double heterozygote geckos and observe the phenotypes listed below in the offspring
Phenotypic class Number of offspring Space for notes
Spikes along back and long 79
Spikes along back and short 12
Spikes only on neck and long 10
Spikes only on neck and short 76
a. What was the genotype, in linked gene format, of the double heterozygote parent? Explain how you know.
b. What is the recombination frequency between these two genes? Show your work.
Answer:
a. Ed/eD
b. RF=0.12
Explanation:
The alleles for genes D/d and E/e are:
D_: only on neck spikesdd: along back spikesE_: long spikesee: short spikesAfter testcrossing a double heterozygote (DdEe x ddee) there are 4 types of offspring, two of them much more abundant than the other two. The homozygous recessive parent can only produce ed gametes, so the phenotypes of the offspring depend on the gametes that the double heterozygous parent produced.
The offspring was:
Ed/ed 79 ed/ed 12 ED/ed 10 eD/ed 76Total: 177
a) This result suggests that the genes are linked. Since recombination is a rare event, the most abundant phenotypes always come from the parental gametes, and the least abundant come from the recombinant gametes.
Therefore, the genotype of the doube heterozygote parent was Ed/eD.
b) Recombination frequency (RF) = Recombinants / Total
RF = (12+10)/177
RF = 0.12
Answer:
a. The genotype, in linked gene format, of the double heterozygote parent is De/dE
b. The recombination frequency between these two genes is 0.124
Explanation:
To know if two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution. If individuals, whos genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1. If we observe a different distribution, and that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the double heterozygote parent.
In the present example, the genotype of the double heterozygote parent is De/dE.
In this way, we might recognize which are the recombinant gametes produced by the di-hybrid, by looking at the phenotypes with lower frequencies in the progeny.
To calculate the recombination frequency we will make use of the next formula: P = Number of Recombinant individuals/ Total of individuals. The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU).
The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.
In the present example:
Parental) De/dE x de/de
Gametes) De parental type
dE parental type
DE recombinant type
de recombinante type
Phenotypic class Number of offspring
Spikes along back and long, dE, 79--> parentalSpikes along back and short, de, 12 --> recombinantSpikes only on neck and long, DE, 10--> recombinantSpikes only on neck and short, De, 76-->parentalThe recombination frequency is:
P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals
P = 12 + 10 / 79 + 12 + 10 + 76
P = 22 / 177
P = 0.124
The genetic distance between genes is 0.124 x 100= 12.4 MU.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
The rate of reproduction is too slow.
Large numbers of daughter cells.
Ability to reproduce using only one parent.
Mutation is the only way to vary the genetic pool.
Answer:
mutation have a good day!!!!<333
Explanation:
Professor Owen made an astute observation: In outbred cattle, dizygotic twins that share the same placenta occur occasionally. Indeed, if one examines peripheral blood samples from such twin pairs, each has blood cells derived from the other, indicating shared circulatory systems in utero. Surprisingly, even though they are not genetically identical, they accept tissue grafts from one another.
(a) In as much as these are dizygotic twins and thus are not genetically identical, does their mutual graft acceptance violate the "isografts succeed, allografts fail" rule?
(b) What does this experiment tell you about the underlying mechanism of that last property of the immune system - non-responsiveness to "self?"
Answer:
When talking about dizygotic and not monozygotic twins, they share the uterus, but they do not share the bag, nor the nutritional sources nor the placenta, if they can share the same amniotic sac depending on how far one ovum separated from another.
Thus, being two different ovules and fertilized by two different sperm (unlike homozygotes, which is an ovum fertilized by a sperm that divides into two and share the same development medium) they present the same genetic load but not the expression of this or the same phenotype since they develop in two different environments, this was raised in certain investigations and it was presented that even the different location that they present in the uterus can influence the different phenotypic manifestations of the genome.
There are studies that maintain that immunosuppressive treatments in grafts between monozygotic twins do not make sense and should not be done since it was experimented in certain cases and the patients had no problem of rejection in allografts, since it is argued that they have the same genotype and this genotype. It is usually expressed in the same way, therefore it is rare that the immune receptors and the immune response differ and consider something foreign to a tissue that presents histocompatibility almost 100 percent.
In contrast, in dizygotes it is different, allografts are made but under protocol immunoregulatory treatments that prevent rejection of the allogeneic implant or graft. Thus, certain researchers argue that having developed other phenotypes between twins, this causes the histocompatibility complex to express itself differently and thus the immune response does not recognize it as its own.
Explanation:
With the wording then we can conclude that the dizygotic twins corrupt the myth that transplants of tissues or organs can be performed without immunomodulatory treatment, if or if drugs must be administered to avoid rejection of said tissue or organ.
How are mitosis and binary fission similar?
Answer:
The similarity they have is that they both produce two identical cells to each other and to the mother cell, but the mechanism is totally different as binary fission takes place in prokaryotic cells while mitosis takes place in eukaryotic ones
Explanation:
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what does kelp eat. this is for marine science but there is no option so I just put biology.
Answer:
Kelp, like other plants photosynthesize. This means they get their "food" or energy rather, from the sun.
Explanation:
Greg is breeding leopard geckos and wants to produce a new color morph. He crosses a homozygous red morph with a homozygous white morph and their offspring are white with red spots. Greg is now fabulously wealthy. What type of genetic pattern do these leopard geckos display?
O Pleiotropy
O Incomplete dominance
O Multiple allelism
O Epistasis
O Codominance
Answer:
Codominance
Explanation:
Codominance occurs when two heterozygous allele for a trait is expressed equally in the an organism's phenotype with neither allele being dominant or recessive. In codominance, none of the allele hides the expression of the other allele. So when two alleles are crossed, the offspring carries a combination of the parents phenotype without anyone masking the other.
From the question, the type of genetic pattern of the leopard geckos display is codominance.
Plant A and Plant B are heterozygous for a gene that expresses their tall trait (Tt). Upon crossing, what is expected in the offspring, assuming random chromosome segregation?
A) They will always have the tall phenotype.
B) They will always have the short phenotype.
C) They are more likely to be tall plants than short plants.
D) They are more likely to be short plants than tall plants.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
They are more likely to be tall plants than short plants
If the population of rabbits in this ecosystem decreased dramatically because of certain environmental changes, which organisms’ food supply would decrease?
Answer:
The organisms' that eat the rabbits
Explanation:
Their food supply will decrease because the rabbit populations are decreasing causing the organisms' that eat the rabbits to look for something else to eat.
In the living world there is a great deal of genetic variation The genetic information of dois differs from the genetic information of cats The genetic
information of plant differs from the genetic information of bactors Your genetic informations differs from your father's gonetic
On
formation, and so
Which of the following is least ilkely to be a source of genetic variation among living organisins?
A asexual reproduction
B. mutations
C.meiosis
D
Sexual
reproduction
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Asexual reproduction involves a simple exact copying of the genetic material. An exact copying is FAR less likely to result in mutations, which cause variation. The other three answers lead to mutations which cause variation.
Suppose the phloem of a seed plant is damaged and does not function properly.
How will this most directly affect the plant?
a) Water will be released from the leaves.
b) The plant will become rigid.
c) Water will not be taken up by the roots.
d) Food will not be carried away from the leaves.
Answer:
D, Food will not be carried away from the leaves
Answer:
D. Food will not be carried away from the leaves.
Explanation:
The absence of xylem and phloem the water and food transport is very difficult. If by any way the transport is done through its stem then the water and food will get mixed up which obstructs the process as transport of water is in upward direction.
Based on the information in the article, which title
would be most appropriate?
In 2012, astronomers reported the discovery of a planet
that revolved around two Sun-like stars. Kepler-34b, a
gaseous planet, revolves around the stars every 289
days, and the stars revolve around each other every 28
days. This information was presented in the January 11,
2012. issue of the journal Nature.
O New Planet Found in Open Cluster System
O New Planet Discovered in Binary Star System
Answer: New planet discovered in binary star system
Explanation:
Answer:
B)New planet discovered in binary star system
Explanation:
I just got it right on the edge
A microbiologist is in the process of classifying a newly discovered organism. Its characteristics include:
· eukaryotic
· unicellular
· has a cell wall
· autotrophic
Which type of organism is it most likely to be?
Answer:
a diatom
Explanation:
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Which two positions shows the location of the moon in its crescent city phases as seen from earth?
Answer:
waxing and waning crescent
Explanation:
Despite this innate defense, the invading virus can often establish an infection in epithelial cells. Once the virus has been replicating there for about a week, our ADAPTIVE immune response "learns" to recognize it and mounts a defense. For this part of the question, focus on explaining the TC response. How is it activated, and how is it antiviral? An accompanying sketch should show all the important cell-cell interactions, and label all surface proteins that are required.
Answer:
Adaptive immune is slow response but it is powerful than innate immunity because it is having t cells and B cells.
B and T cells are lymphocytes, or white blood cells, which are able to recognize antigens that distinguish “self” from “other” in the body. B and T cells that recognize “self” antigens are destroyed before they can mature; this helps to prevent the immune system from attacking its own body.cell cell interaction in adaptive immune response by cell it include T helper lymphocytes and T cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Use this information for questions 19-21 Two mice breed. The male is heterozygous for the dominant traits of black fur and active behavior but is homozygous recessive for light eyes. The female mouse is heterozygous for dark eyes, has white fur, and displays lazy behavior. How many types of gametes does the male mouse produce?
Answer:
Four (4)
Explanation:
Assuming the allele for black fur color is represented by B, the alternate will be b.
Assuming the allele for active behavior is A, the alternate will be a.
Assuming the allele for light eyes color is L, the alternate will be l.
A male is heterozygous for the dominant traits of black fur and active behavior but is homozygous recessive for light eyes.
Heterozygous for black fur = Bb
Heterozygous for active behavior = Aa
Homozygous recessive for light eyes = ll
Hence, the genotype of the male is BbAall
Possible gametes:
BAl
Bal
bAl
bal
Hence, 4 types of gametes are produced by the male.
Answer:
The male mouse would produce four possible combinations of gametes in equal proportions which includes: BAd, Bad, bAd and bad.
Explanation:
let B- black fur, A- active behaviour and D-dark eyes
The male mouse is heterozygous for dominant traits of black fur and active behavior but is homozygous recessive for light eyes.
Thus the genotype will be: BbAadd
The female mouse is heterozygous for dark eyes, has white fur, and displays lazy behavior. thus the genotype wil be: bbaaDd
The male mouse would produce four possible combinations of gametes in equal proportions which includes: BAd, Bad, bAd and bad
What Kingdom do euglena belong to? What Phylum?
Answer:
Euglena are classified into the Kingdom Protista, and the Phylum Euglenophyta.
Explanation:
Which statement describes a Disadvantage of non renewable resources?
Answer:
A disadvantage of a non renewable resource is that it runs out.
Explanation:
If people become reliant on a non-renewable resource then when it runs out they are screwed.
Final answer:
The main disadvantage of nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels and nuclear power is that they are being used up much faster than they can naturally replenish, leading to potential depletion and environmental problems like global warming and hazardous waste.
Explanation:
A disadvantage of nonrenewable resources is that they exist in fixed amounts and are being consumed at a much faster rate than they can be naturally replaced. This means that as we continue to extract and use these resources, particularly fossil fuels and nuclear power, we are depleting the Earth's reserves, possibly leading to a future where these critical energy sources are no longer available.
Fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, formed over millions of years, are expected to run out in the foreseeable future due to the current rates of consumption. With oil potentially running out by 2055, natural gas by 2085, and coal by around 2250, reliance on these resources is unsustainable long-term. Additionally, the combustion of fossil fuels contributes significantly to global warming, while nuclear power presents challenges with the safety and disposal of hazardous waste.
The environmental and availability concerns of nonrenewable resources provide a compelling case for the urgent development of sustainable alternative energy sources. These alternative sources, which are typically renewable, seek to replace the energy produced by nonrenewable resources and mitigate their negative impact on the environment.
Mltochondria are the
of the cell.
Answer:
powerhouse
Explanation:
The mitochondria are organelles located in the cell and play a crucial role in cell respiration where they produce ATP. ATP is basically the cell's energy source, so mitochondria is commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell because they produce this energy.
Hope this helps!
Explanation:
Powerhouse is your answer :)
Which is a secondary disturbance?
O
A. Forest fire
B. Volcanic eruption
O
C. Snow melting
O
D. Tree falling
Forest fire is a secondary disturbance.
What is Secondary disturbance?Secondary succession is a type of ecological succession (the development of a biological community's ecological structure) in which plants and animals recolonize a habitat following a significant disturbance.
Such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity (such as farming or building or road construction), but before the area has become completely lifeless.
The development of a biological community when there was none before is known as primary succession, in contrast to secondary succession.
Therefore, Forest fire is a secondary disturbance.
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The malate/aspartate shuttle: if inhibited, could lead to the accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate within the cell (assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, LDH, and GNG are not found in this particular cell). if inhibited, would have little to no effect on the flux of GNG (gluconeogenesis). if inhibited, would result in the accumulation of cytosolic NAD (assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and GNG are not found in this particular cell). D) if inhibited, would result in the accumulation of cytosolic lactate (assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and GNG are not found in this particular cell). A) and D). A), B), and D). A), B), C), and D).
Malate aspartate shuttle is a biochemical process for translocating electrons which are produced during glycolysis. Its inhibition can result in accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and cytosolic lactate within the cell.
What is Malate aspartate shuttle?Malate aspartate shuttle is an important mechanism to regulate glycolysis and lactate metabolism in heart. It transfers reducing equivalents into mitochondria from cytosol.
The electrons from this enters electron transport chain of mitochondria and generate ATP. Process can be seen in the image attached.
Its inhibition can leads to accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate within the cell and accumulation of cytosolic lactate
Thus the correct option is A and D
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Final answer:
Inhibiting the malate/aspartate shuttle can result in the accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, cytosolic NAD, and cytosolic lactate in the cell.
Explanation:
The malate/aspartate shuttle is a mechanism that transports NADH molecules produced in the cytosol to the mitochondria for oxidation through the electron transport chain. If this shuttle is inhibited, it can lead to the accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate within the cell. This is because glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate cannot be further metabolized or transported to the mitochondria without the malate/aspartate shuttle. Therefore, inhibiting the shuttle would limit the cell's ability to generate ATP through glycolysis.
Additionally, inhibiting the malate/aspartate shuttle would not have a significant effect on the flux of gluconeogenesis (GNG) because gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in the mitochondria, while the malate/aspartate shuttle operates in the cytosol. Gluconeogenesis can still proceed using substrates derived from other metabolic pathways.
Inhibiting the malate/aspartate shuttle would also result in the accumulation of cytosolic NAD. This is because NADH produced in the cytosol cannot be transported to the mitochondria for oxidation, leading to an increased ratio of NADH to NAD in the cytosol.
Considering these points, the correct answer is option D) if inhibited, would result in the accumulation of cytosolic lactate (assumed glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and GNG are not found in this particular cell) and also option A) and D) if we consider the accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as well.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the flowering locus C (FLC) gene codes for a regulatory protein that suppresses flowering. FLC is expressed in seedlings to prevent premature flowering. In mature plants, FLC expression decreases with cooler temperatures, and flowering occurs once sufficiently cool temperatures are reached.
If small interfering RNA (siRNA) that is complementary to FLC mRNA is introduced, how would RNA interference (RNAi) affect flowering?
a. RNAi is found in prokaryotes and would not affect Arabidopsis.
b. RNAi would bind irreversibly to FLC mRNA and stimulate flowering.
c. RNAi would degrade FLC mRNA and repress flowering.
d. RNAi would degrade FLC mRNA and stimulate flowering.
e. RNAi would induce methylation of chromatin and repress flowering.
Answer:
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the flowering locus C (FLC) gene codes for a regulatory protein that suppresses flowering. FLC is expressed in seedlings to prevent premature flowering. In mature plants, FLC expression decreases with cooler temperatures, and flowering occurs once sufficiently cool temperatures are reached.
If small interfering RNA (siRNA) that is complementary to FLC mRNA is introduced, how would RNA interference (RNAi) affect flowering?
D- RNAi would degrade FLC mRNA and stimulate flowering.
Explanation:
Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia (the old continent) and Africa. This plant has a small genome that is diploid. This is why it is useful and easier for genetic mapping and sequencing. It is commonly used for understanding the molecular biology of some plant traits, maybe due to the fact that it was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.
. What is the main purpose of mRNA is to? *
1 point
act as a readable copy of DNA which takes the message to produce proteins to the ribosomes
act as DNA and goes to the golgi body to make proteins
it is a type of RNA with mutations
describes genetic traits and characteristics
Answer:
act as a readable copy of DNA which takes the message to produce proteins to the ribosomes
Explanation:
mRNA is a copy of DNA that is small enough to leave the nucleus and deliver instructions to make proteins to the ribosome.
Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as ____ in terms of polarity and ___ in terms of size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by ___ . However, the resulting molecule, fatty acyl-CoA, is still too ____ to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.
This system consists of enzymes ___ (located in the outer mitochondrial membrane) and ____ (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane), which are responsible for the conjugation of the fatty acyl-CoA with carnitine and the delivery of the resulting molecule into the ____ .
The purpose of such a mechanism is that the carnitine molecule is ____ in size compared to coenzyme A but is classified as ____ , which gives it the ability to pass the lipid bilayer. When a fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, the conjugate molecule passes into the intermembrane space via the pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner membrane is crossed with the help of _____ .
Answer:
The answers of blanks are:
---Non-polar
---Large
---Acyl-coA synthetase
---Large
---CPT I
---CPT II
---Mitochondrial matrix
---Small
---polar
---Translocase
Explanation:
Filling up he blanks, we have;
Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as nonpolar in terms of polarity and large in terms of size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by acyl CoA synthetase. However, the resulting molecule, fatty acyl-CoA, is still too large to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.
This system consists of enzymes CPT I (located in the outer mitochondrial membrane) and CPT II (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane), which are responsible for the conjugation of the fatty acyl-CoA with carnitine and the delivery of the resulting molecule into the mitochondrial matrix .
The purpose of such a mechanism is that the carnitine molecule is small in size compared to coenzyme A but is classified as polar , which gives it the ability to pass the lipid bilayer. When a fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, the conjugate molecule passes into the intermembrane space via the pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner membrane is crossed with the help of translocase .
Answer: simultaneously the answers includes: nonpolar, large, acyl coa synthetase, large,CPT1,CPT2,mitochondrial matrix,small, polar,translocase.
Explanation:
Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as NONPOLAR in terms of polarity and LARGE in terms of size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by ACYL COA SYNTHETASE . However, the resulting molecule, fatty acyl-CoA, is still too LARGE to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.
This system consists of enzymes CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE 1 (located in the outer mitochondrial membrane) and CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE 2 (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane), which are responsible for the conjugation of the fatty acyl-CoA with carnitine and the delivery of the resulting molecule into the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX.
The purpose of such a mechanism is that the carnitine molecule is SMALL in size compared to coenzyme A but is classified as POLAR , which gives it the ability to pass the lipid bilayer. When a fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, the conjugate molecule passes into the intermembrane space via the pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner membrane is crossed with the help of TRANSLOCASE .
1. The organs of sexual reproduction in plants
are the
Answer:
As a plant's reproductive part, a flower contains a stamen (male flower part) or pistil (female flower part), or both, plus accessory parts like sepals, petals, and nectar glands (Figure 19). The stamen is that the male sex organ. It consists of a pollen sac (anther) and a protracted supporting filament.
Explanation: