Answer:
b.
Explanation:
id is the component of personality that is with every individual since birth and functions towards fulfilling the basic survival and instinctual drives of the individual. Therefore if you were "all id and only id" in this situation you would Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner, because consequences do not matter to you and the only thing that matters is surviving.
Answer:
c. Use the defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained.
Explanation:
In the life of everyone, we all had our needs and wants. Food is one of the essential needs of man inorder to live successfully without any issue. In the case scenario painted above, I would use my defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained.
For example, I would simply engage in activities that keeps me busy like playing an interesting online game, or watching movies online.
Until the 2008 elections, it was almost universally believed that no one could accurately predict election outcomes, but now that view is being challenged by amazingly accurate predictions from________George Gallup.
Answer:
Nate Silver
Explanation:
Until the 2008 elections, it was almost universally believed that no one could accurately predict election outcomes, but now that view is being challenged by amazingly accurate predictions from Nate Silver an American statistician and writer who analyzes baseball and elections
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special."
Dr. Valencia is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept.
She is concerned about the scale’s ________.
Answer:
Validity
Explanation:
In research, the term validity refers to the fact that you are actually measuring what you are claiming to be measuring. In other words, your study is valid if it measures what you want to actually measure.
In this example, Dr. Valencia is conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions. However, she is concerned whether her scale will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other concept. In other words, she is worried that her scale is actually measuring what it claims to be measuring. Thus, she is concerned about the scale's validity.
Dr. Valencia is concerned about the validity of the Mayo Scale, which is intended to measure narcissism. Validity is crucial for ensuring that the test accurately reflects the construct it aims to assess. The option (B) is correct.
Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure. In psychology, and specifically in assessment, a scale must have strong validity to ensure that the results are accurate representations of the construct it is intended to measure, in this case, narcissism.
When there are questions about the relevance or representativeness of questions on a scale, like Dr. Valencia's concerns about the Mayo scale, validity is the aspect in question, not reliability, sensitivity, or specificity.
This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decided to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned whether her measure will measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale’s ________.
a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Sensitivity
d) Specificity
Which US president signed NAFTA into law?
Answer:
Bill Clinton signed NAFTA into law.
Hope it will help you :)
Answer:
bill clinton
Explanation:
Which work was really just a thinly-disguised attack on Catholicism? A. Spirit of the Laws B. The Starry Messenger C. History of the Oracles D. Letter Concerning Toleration E. The Historical and Critical Dictionary Reset Selection
Answer:
D. Letter Concerning Toleration
Explanation:
Letter Concerning Toleration by John Locke was really just a thinly-disguised attack on Catholicism.
Answer:
The answer is The letter concering Toleration
Explanation:
The letter concerning intoleration was a literary work by John Locke on his direct criticisim of christianity and catholic church in particular.
In the Letters on Toleration, he excluded atheists from religious toleration but rather argued that tolerance is a Christian virtue and that the state as a civic association should be concerned only with civic interests, not spiritual ones.
A traditional economic system ______ progress.
Which statement best completes the diagram?
Answer:
C. There is some government regulation of the economy
Explanation:
Jon is disturbed by the problems of contemporary Americaâthe erosion of the family, the increasing violence in our cities, and the hardships of poverty. To make a difference, Jon has chosen to pursue teaching as a profession. His primary reason for this choice is the___________.
Answer: His primary reason for this choice is his DESIRE TO SERVE OTHERS.
Explanation: In his bid to serve others, Jon has chosen teaching as a profession. Disturbed by the problems of contemporary America such as the erosion of the family, the increasing violence in our cities, and the hardships of poverty, he has chosen the path of becoming a teacher. This exactly what leaders in civil administration do such as politicians. In a bid for change, they have to serve others, the masses.
Final answer:
Jon is motivated to become a teacher to tackle problems such as family erosion, urban violence, and poverty, believing that education can drive social change and offer opportunities to those in need. His personal and familial responsibilities further fuel his commitment to make a meaningful impact through teaching.
Explanation:
Jon has chosen to pursue teaching to address the problems he sees in contemporary America, including the erosion of the family, the increasing violence in cities, and the struggles of poverty. His dedication to make a difference stems from a belief that education can be a powerful tool for social change, a concept underlined by educational philosophers and sociologists. By shaping the minds and values of young people, Jon hopes to effect positive transformations within society and provide opportunities that might alleviate the conditions of poverty and violence that disturb him.
Jon's personal motivations are tied to the societal impacts of education, as well as the need to support his family both domestically and abroad. His choice reflects the understanding that education not only enriches individual lives but also acts as a pivot for addressing and ameliorating wider social issues. Jon's journey is paralleled by others who have realized that their true calling in education is connected to a larger purpose, transcending personal gain and touching on the collective need for social development and support.
The geography of the South supported the growing of cash crops in all of these ways EXCEPT :
A. it had wide, fertile coastal plains.
B. it had access to seaports to export goods.
C. it had fast-moving rivers as a source of power.
D. it had plentiful rainfall and long growing seasons.
The geography of the South supported the growing of cash crops in all of these ways except it had fast-moving rivers as a source of power. The correct option is (C).
What do you mean by cash crops?Contrary to subsistence crops, which are grown for the farmer's own consumption, cash crops are agricultural products that are grown with the intention of making a profit by being sold on the market or exported.
The majority of crops farmed today are cash crops, meaning they are grown with the intention of being sold on domestic and international markets.
The majority of cash crops grown in underdeveloped countries are exported to industrialized countries for a higher price. Coffee, tea, cocoa, cotton, and sugarcane are popular cash crops.
Therefore, the geography of the South supported the growing of cash crops in all of these ways except it had fast-moving rivers as a source of power.
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The geography of the South supported the growing of cash crops with wide, fertile coastal plains, seaports for exporting, and plentiful rainfall with long seasons, but not with fast-moving rivers as a source of power.
The geography of the South supported the growing of cash crops in various ways, but not all the options listed in the question are correct. The correct ways the South's geography supported cash crops growing include:
A. Wide, fertile coastal plains, which provided the ideal soil for cultivating crops like tobacco, cotton, and rice.
B. Access to seaports for exporting goods, which was crucial for the trade of the cash crops grown on plantations.
D. Plentiful rainfall and long growing seasons, which are favorable conditions for agriculture.
However, option C, stating the South had fast-moving rivers as a source of power, is incorrect regarding the conditions nurturing the growth of cash crops. While rivers could be used as transportation routes, they were not generally used as a power source for agriculture in the antebellum South, which relied more heavily on manual labor provided by enslaved people and had little urbanization or industrialization at the time.
Should convicted criminals have the right to vote?
Answer:
It is a right so yes, unless they are mentally ill such as a pyschopath
Explanation:
Answer:
Unless they are mentally ill, they should get the right to vote, like everyone else 18+.
Explanation:
Zander has been diagnosed with ASD. He engages in self-injurious behavior by biting his lips until he bleeds. His therapist praises him when he talks, chews gum, or even sticks out his tongue, because when he engages in these behaviors he can’t bite his lips. This approach can best be described as _______________.
a. differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors
b. differential reinforcement of zero behavior
c. punishment by contingent stimulation
d. overcorrection
Answer:
a. differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors
Explanation:
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors is an approach that involves replacing a problem behavior with a positive behavior by reinforcing and stimulating a positive behavior that cannot be exhibited the same time with the problem behavior. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors works well especially in cases of people having autism spectrum disorder (ASD) where the individual engages in problem behaviors that inflict injury on the individual.
From the question above, the therapist uses the differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors approach, as he uses praise as a reinforcement to increase the frequency at which Zander chews gum or sticks out his tongue, as these behaviors cannot occur together with the behavior of biting of lips. Chewing of gum, sticking out of tongues are reinforced in order to replace the biting of lips with them.
Which of the following best defines the word locomotive?
a.
a self-propelled engine, powered by steam, diesel, or electricity, for pulling or, sometimes, pushing
b.
a series or row of objects or parts
c.
passing or extending across a continent
d.
a horse-drawn coach that traveled over a fixed route with passengers, parcels, etc.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Because a locomotive PULLS the trains along the tracks
Fifty-two-year-old Hans, a successful attorney, has lost interest in his children's lives and has not been particularly productive at work. He no longer practices his guitar playing and has dropped out of his soccer league. What is Hans likely experiencing?
Answer:
stagnation
Explanation:
Based on the scenario being described within the question it can be said that Hans is most likely experiencing stagnation. In the context of psychology, this term refers to a failure to find a meaning or a way to contribute something important in life. This is accompanied by a feeling of disconnect with those in your life as well as society as a whole, causing you to lose interest in everything that is usually important to you as an individual.
What significance does the contemporary concept of prisoner reentry hold for today’s corrections administrators? For society? How do the terms reentry and parole differ?
Answer:
Prisoner reentry is a program made of offenders (incarcerated individual) whereby they are assisted with a successful transition to their community after they are released. The significance of this is that, it encourages the integration of the offender into the socety inorder to contribute in the growth of the community rather than going back to the life of crime.
On the otherhand, it helps the society towards drastic reduction of the number of people incarcerated in prisons thereby promoting the rehabilitation and bahavioural corrections for which the prison is meant for.
The prisoner reentry differs from parole in that, in reentry, the offender is truely free to integerate into the society whereas in parole, the offender has a stipulated time frame upon which his good behaviour while being integerated in the society is mandatory. If he goes contrary against the expected behaviour, he would be thrown into prison to continue his sentences.
Explanation:
Prisoner reentry is significant for corrections administrators and society. It involves reintegrating individuals who have been incarcerated back into society and focuses on rehabilitation and reducing recidivism rates.
Explanation:The contemporary concept of prisoner reentry holds great significance for today’s corrections administrators and society as a whole. Prisoner reentry refers to the process of reintegrating individuals who have been incarcerated back into society. It involves providing support and resources to help them successfully transition and avoid re-offending. This concept is important for corrections administrators as it allows them to focus on rehabilitation and reducing recidivism rates, while for society, it contributes to public safety and the overall well-being of communities.
Prisoner reentry differs from parole in that parole is a conditional release granted to individuals who have served a portion of their sentence in prison. Parole is typically granted at the discretion of a parole board and is subject to certain conditions and supervision. Reentry, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of services and support systems aimed at assisting individuals as they transition from incarceration back into society.
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Discrete emotions theory holds that:A)the basic emotions are innate and distinct from early in life.B)emotional facial expressions must be learned.C)a select few emotions are present at birth, and the others are a function of experience.D)children must learn to fear strangers
Answer:
A)the basic emotions are innate and distinct from early in life.
Explanation:
Discrete emotion theory: In psychology, the term "discrete emotion theory" is described as an emotion theory that claims that there are small numbers of different core emotions. However, Silvan Tomkins during 1962, argued that there are eight different emotions including anguish, surprise, fear, joy, disgust, interest, rage, and shame.
In the question above, the correct answer is option A.
Corbin is convinced that he remembers the material from his textbook when he studies for 3 hours straight on the night before the exam, rather than when he studies for 30 minutes each night on 6 consecutive nights. Corbin's experience is NOT consistent with memory research that has documented the effectiveness of
Answer:- Distributed practice
Explanation:-
Distributed practice is the mechanism in which a person tends to split practice into short session over long duration of time unit so that it can be learned .This spaced practice is used for long study.
According to the question, Cobin is unable to remember textbook material if e studies for 30 minutes every nit for six days consecutively because of lack in disturbed practice .He can learn more through studying three hours at nights just before exam for better remembrance.
When grading student papers, Professor Arthur uses a grading rubric that specifies performance standards for grammar, organization, references, and creativity. However, rather than grading student papers based on the rubric, he tends to grade a paper by comparing it to the previously read paper. Professor Arthur's grading is most likely subject to _____.
Answer:
The contrast error
Explanation:
Contrast error occurs when an individual rating is affected either positively or negatively based on the history of their previous marks.
Contrast error is an error that occurs when an individual is constantly evaluated in the basis of their previous mistakes or achievements.
Professor Arthur commits a contrast error by grading his students by their various performances on a previously read paper.
People experiencing mania:A.are acutely aware of their domineering, excessive behaviors.B.want excitement and companionship.C.enthusiastically long for new friends, but ignore old friends.D.enthusiastically look for old friends, but ignore new friends.
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
Mania or Bipolar Mania can be defined as a state an irritable behavior, mood, etc. Such conditions happens to those who suffer from bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder. A person suffering from mania tends to show signs of sadness and fatigue.
Such disorders can be cured with medication and psychotherapy. In psychotherapy, therapists may use family-focused therapy.
Those who experience mania often want some excitement and friendship in their lives. Close friendships help them to feel better.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.
Final answer:
People experiencing mania often seek excitement and companionship due to their abnormally heightened mood and energy levels, and they might engage in reckless behaviors. They can be excessively talkative and have inflated self-esteem, but they don't necessarily ignore old friends in pursuit of new ones.
Explanation:
Individuals experiencing a manic episode often seek excitement and companionship because they experience abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable moods along with increased activity or energy. This can manifest as wanting excitement and companionship, which is represented by showing an eagerness to engage in activities, sometimes seeking new interactions, but they may not necessarily ignore old friends. They may also show signs of inflated self-esteem, require a reduced need for sleep, and exhibit rapid speech patterns, often jumping from one idea to another. During a manic episode, a person's behavior can vary significantly, sometimes being excessively talkative and engaging indiscriminately in personal interaction. They may also exhibit reckless behaviors, such as spending sprees or making impulsive decisions, due to mood lability and inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
Participants answering questions about geography might erroneously claim that San Diego, California, is farther west than Reno, Nevada, when in fact Reno is farther west. This example suggests that spatial information is sometimes stored in:_________.
1. short-term memory using a perceptual code.
2. short-term memory as propositions.
3. long-term memory as propositions.
4. long-term memory using a perceptual code.
Answer:3. long-term memory as propositions.
Explanation: Following are part of segments in a long-term memory. a) Semantic memory is stored (as propositions, images, and schemas) for meaning. b) Propositions and propositional networks. (1) Proposition - refers to very tiny unit of information that can be either true or false.2) Propositional network - refers to how these units of information are interconnected.
Answer:
3. long-term memory as propositions.
Explanation:
Long-term memory can be described as the storage of information over an extended period. This means that, it is obviously enough, intended for storage of information over a long period of time.
It is very important because it helps to store and recall information for later use.
It should be noted that, the hippocampus is regarded as the catalyst for long-term memory, but the actual memory traces are encoded at various places in the cortex.
Proposition is simply the smallest unit of information that can be judged true or false.
In this case, the response of the participants was based on the information that have been stored in their memories for a long time which they thought to be the correct answer.
The earliest and most serious failure of the United Nations involved its inability to _________.
a. Command widespread support in the United States
b. Preserve peace in places such as Iran
c. Prevent the Soviet Union from exercising its veto power in the Security Council
d. Control atomic energy, especially the manufacture of weapons
Answer:
d. Control atomic energy, especially the manufacture of weapons.Explanation:
The United Nations established in 1945 after the end of the Second World War had its aims and goals directed towards bringing world peace and security all over the countries.However, it has failed on many occasions. One of the earliest and most serious failure of the United Nations was its inability to control atomic energy and the manufacture of biological weapons by nations.It failed to monitor the creation of weapons of mass destruction and other nuclear ammunition after the end of the Second World War. The rise of Cold War was one such consequence of United Nations's failure to contain countries from amassing atomic energy.Which statements accurately describe models in science? Check all that apply. HURRY!!!!!
Scientific models can predict and explain events, test hypotheses, and communicate scientific ideas, but they are not always accurate and are subject to change based on new evidence. B, C, and D are true statements about scientific models.
Scientific models are not always accurate representations of reality as they are simplifications that help in understanding and predicting phenomena.
They serve as tools to predict or explain events, test hypotheses, and communicate scientific ideas to other researchers and the general public. Moreover, scientific models are subject to change as new data and evidence emerge, leading to revisions and improvements in understanding.
The dynamic nature of scientific modeling allows for a continual refinement of knowledge and an evolving comprehension of the natural world. Scientists employ models to formulate and test theories, allowing for the development of accurate and reliable scientific knowledge over time. The correct statements are: B. Scientific models can be used to predict or explain events.
C. Scientific models can be used to test hypotheses.
D. Scientific models can be used to communicate scientific ideas.
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Complete question:
Which of the following are TRUE about scientific models?
A. Scientific models are always accurate representations of reality.
B. Scientific models can be used to predict or explain events.
C. Scientific models can be used to test hypotheses.
D. Scientific models can be used to communicate scientific ideas.
E. Scientific models are never changed.
Which of the following cases would NOT be heard in federal court?
The third case would not appear in federal court because it has nothing to do with the country or constitution.
Proceedings involving the legality of a statute, laws, and treaties enacted by American ambassadors and public ministers, disagreements between two or more states, admiralty law, sometimes known as maritime law, and bankruptcy cases are all heard by federal courts.
Thus, Option C is correct.
What cases are heard in federal court?Situations involving constitutional or legal infractions, crimes conducted on federal property, crimes committed in bankruptcy, and cases in which the United States is a party are frequently the only things federal courts take into account.
Federal courts also consider cases with parties from other states that are founded on state law. Only federal courts are qualified to interpret laws, determine their constitutionality, and apply them in particular circumstances. The courts' use of subpoenas to compel the production of evidence and testimony is comparable to Congress' use of them.
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Suppose you instruct a couple to have a typical conversation while you observe them in your office. This would be an example of Group of answer choices research reactivity. obtrusive observation. unobtrusive observation. interval recording.
Answer:
This would be an example of obtrusive observation (letter b).
Explanation:
Obtrusive observation is a method used in research. With this method, the subjects know they are being observed - that's why it can also be called undisguised observation. The opposite method would be unobtrusive or disguised observation, in which the subjects are not aware of being watched. Since the couple you instructed to have a typical conversation knows you are watching them, this situation constitutes an example of obtrusive observation.
1. What is each person’s role in the group? What do they do? What do other people expect from them? 2. Who in your opinion contributes most to the group's work? 3. As long as you communicate within your group role, communication is relatively easy because you are doing what you are used to doing, and you are acting as expected. To communicate out of your group role is to try something new that goes against group expectations. Roles tend to limit people's behaviours. What ideas and feelings do you think each person in the case study might have difficulty expressing?
Answer:
Check below for the explanation
Explanation:
NOTE : Your question is not completely and well stated, but i will explain to you what group role is and the importance of communication in the group. I believe this will answer any question that you have in mind.
The group role is the role and responsibility of a leader and the individual members working within the group. It refers to the function that individual members of a group will perform within the group as a whole.
The role of the each person (I.e. the individual members) is the role of the group since the group is trying to achieve a common goal.The expectation of others in the group is to ensure that each individual communicates clearly their roles to the group which must align with the ultimate group role. No member of the group is expected to try new ideas that do not align with the roles and the ultimate goal of the groupBecause of the limitation that members cannot communicate out of the group role, members may find it difficult in expressing and implementing new ideas.Sandy persists in mixing toxic chemicals without a face mask and can be seen out spraying pesticides and weed killer with abandon. She believes she is too young and healthy for any of this to have any negative consequences. This demonstrates the concept of ___ that is typical of adolescents' thinking.
Answer:
The personal fable.
Explanation:
The personal fable is a belief or notion that one perceives about himself/herself common during adolescence. They perceive themselves to be too unique a person ever walked on the planet. They believe that no problems can affect them regardless of their behavior.
In the given case, Sandy is exemplifying a personal fable. It is because she is using toxic chemicals without face mask and spraying pesticides and weed killer abandon. She is perceiving that these toxics can not harm her because she is young and healthy. It is a personal fable.
Thus, the correct answer is personal fable.
Two monocular depth cues are most responsible for our ability to know that a jet flying overhead is at an elevation of several miles. One cue is relative size. What is the other? a. Relative motion. b. Retinal disparity. c. Interposition. d. Light and shadow. e. Linear perspective.
Answer: Relative motion
Explanation: Relative motion can be defined as the change of position with respect to time of an object as observed from a particular reference frame, and it varies with the choice of reference frame. The motion is not calculated with reference to the earth, but is calculated with reference to the velocity of the object in the reference frame.
Final answer:
The two monocular depth cues most responsible for perceiving the elevation of a jet are relative size and a. relative motion, which allow depth perception with one eye.
Explanation:
Two monocular depth cues most responsible for our ability to judge that a jet flying overhead is at an elevation of several miles include relative size and relative motion. While relative size informs us about the object's size compared to known objects giving us a clue on the distance, relative motion (also known as motion parallax) indicates that objects closer to us move faster across our field of view than objects that are further away, such as a jet in the sky.
Unlike binocular cues such as binocular disparity, which require two eyes to perceive depth through the slightly different views each one receives, monocular cues can be perceived with just one eye.
The sickle-cell allele is pleiotropic (that is, it affects more than one phenotypic trait). Specifically, this allele affects oxygen delivery to tissues and affects one's susceptibility to malaria. Under conditions of low atmospheric oxygen availability, individuals heterozygous for this allele can experience life-threatening sickle-cell "crises." Such individuals remain less susceptible to malaria. Thus, pleiotropic genes/alleles reveal that _____.
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions a. are a uniquely human expression of emotion. b. may have originated in a common ancestor. c. vary from culture to culture. d. are a sexually selected trait.
Answer:
a. are a uniquely human expression of emotion.
Explanation:
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions are a uniquely human expression of emotion.
PLEASE HELP!!
Which two investment options would be best if you are 45 years old, just starting to save, and want to retire when you are 65? Consider the kind of investment, rate of return, level of risk, and other factors.
Answer:
The interval of the investment is 20 years, so it is better to allocate a 30 percentage of the income on investments because this will serve as guaranteed sustainable income for the future.
The investment should be in two different types of 15%, 15%. This will help Incase something happens to one. And a return of at least 10% on each for 20 years will be alright. Thank you.
Explanation:
In investments risk, income and return should be considered with economic state.
Darius is a shareholder of Energy Renewable, Inc When the directors fail to undertake an action to redress a wrong suffered by the corporation, Darius files a suit on the firm's behalf. Any damages recovered by Darius's suit will normally go to:______
A) Darius
B) Energy Renewable.
C) Energy Renewable's directors.
D) Energy Renewable's shareholders.
Answer: Any damages recovered by Darius's suit will normally go to ENERGY RENEWABLE.
Explanation: This damages will typically go to energy renewable because this is an example of a derivative suit. A Derivative suit is defined as a case where two or more people disagree and a shareholder on behalf of a corporation takes the case to a court for resolution. Shareholder derivative suits permit a shareholder to initiate a suit when management has failed to do so.
Jessica is a recent graduate. She begins her first job at a publishing house as a trainee editor. Jessica's manager is a highly authoritative person who closely monitors her performance. Jessica believes that if she obeys her manager's instructions, she can avoid harmful personal consequences. In the context of ethics, Jessica is at the _____ of moral development.
Answer:
Jessica is at the preconventional level of moral development
Explanation:
An individual is said to be at the preconventional level if the individual level of reasoning is to form an opinion or conclusion about the morality of an action by its direct consequence
As seen in the question, Jessica believes that if she obeys her manager's instructions, she can avoid harmful personal consequences; this means that she's more concerned with external rewards and punishment; hence, she obeys authority (i.e. her manager) in order to avoid unpleasant personal treatment.
There are two stages in preconventional level of moral development
Obedience and Punishment Orientation. A person does what's right only to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong. Individualism and Exchange. This is where an individual realizes that different individuals have different viewpoints.In Jessica's case. she's at the stage 1 of preconventional level of moral development