A balloon filled with helium gas has an average density of rhob = 0.27 kg/m3. The density of the air is about rhoa = 1.23 kg/m3. The volume of the balloon is Vb = 0.084 m3. The balloon is floating upward with acceleration a.

Fnet = ma = m*0.23g = mgsinΘ - Ff

where Ff is the friction force upslope.

net torque τ = Ff * r,

but also τ = I*α =(2/3)mr² * a/r = 2mra/3 = 2mr(0.23g)/3 = 0.46mrg/3

Then Ff * r = 0.46mrg / 3

Ff = 0.46mg/3 → put this into net force equation:

m*0.23g = mgsinΘ - 0.46mg/3 → mg cancels; multiply through by 3

0.69 = 3sinΘ - 0.46

3sinΘ = 1.15

sinΘ = 1.15/3

Θ = arctan(1.15/3) = 22.54 º

The centripetal acceleration is [tex]0.63 m/s^2[/tex]

Explanation:

The centripetal acceleration for an object in circular motion is given by

[tex]a=\frac{v^2}{r}[/tex]

where

v is the linear speed

r is the radius of the circle

The body in the problem cover half of revolution in

t = 10 s

And the corresponding linear distance covered is

L = 10 m

which corresponds to half of the circumference, so

[tex]L=2\pi r[/tex]

From this equation we find the radius of the circle:

[tex]r=\frac{L}{2\pi}=\frac{10}{2\pi}=1.59 m[/tex] [m]

While the linear speed is:

[tex]v=\frac{L}{t}=\frac{10}{10}=1 m/s[/tex]

Therefore, the centripetal acceleration is

[tex]a=\frac{1^2}{1.59}=0.63 m/s^2[/tex]

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Answer:

72.25 g

Explanation:

mass of 1.7 L water = 1.7 x 10⁻³ x 10³ kg

= 1.7 kg

heat required to raise its temperature from 25 degree to 100 degree

= mass x specific heat x rise in temperature

= 1.7 x 4.18 x 10³ x 75 J

= 532.95 kJ

Now calorific value of LP gas = 46.1 x 10⁶J / kg

Let required mass of LP gas be m kg

heat evolved from this amount of gas

=  46.1 x 10⁶ m

Heat utilized in warming water  

= 46.1 x 10⁶ m  x .16 J

So

46.1 x 10⁶ m  x .16  =  532.95 x 10³

7376 x 10³ m = 532.95 x 10³

m = 532.95 / 7376 kg

= 72.25 g

In order to heat 1.7 L of water from room temperature to boiling, approximately 66.7 kg of LP gas, assuming that during heating only 16% of the heat emitted by LP gas combustion goes to heat the water, would be required.

To calculate the mass of LP gas needed to heat the water, we firstly need to determine the amount of energy required to heat the water from room temperature to the boiling point. This can be determined using the formula for heat Q=m*c* ΔT, where m is the mass of the water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Considering water's specific heat capacity is 4.184 J/g °C and the change in temperature is 75 °C, the heat needed to warm the water would be (1.7 kg * 4.184 kJ/kg °C * 75 °C) = 532.722 kJ.

Since only 16% of the heat from the LP gas goes to heat the water, the total energy provided by the combustion of LP gas would be obtained by dividing the heat to warm water (532.722 kJ) by 0.16, which equals to 3.33 * 10^3 kJ.

Considering that the heat of combustion of LP gas is about 50 kJ/g approx, the mass of LP gas needed would finally be found by dividing the total energy provided by the LP gas (3.33 * 10^3 kJ) by the heat of combustion of LP gas, which results in approximately 66.7 kg.

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Answer:1.6 rad/s

Explanation:

Given

moment of Inertia  of disk [tex]I=5 kg-m^2[/tex]

radius of disc [tex]r=0.25 m[/tex]

Force [tex]F=8 N[/tex]

Torque [tex]T=I\alpha =F\cdot r[/tex]

[tex]5\times \alpha =8\times 0.25[/tex]

[tex]\alpha =0.4 rad/s^2[/tex]

using

[tex]\theta =\omega _0\times t+\frac{\alpha t^2}{2}[/tex]

[tex]\pi =0+\frac{0.4t^2}{2}[/tex]

[tex]2\pi =0.4t^2[/tex]

[tex]t^2=5\pi [/tex]

[tex]t=\sqrt{5\pi }[/tex]

[tex]t=3.96 s[/tex]

[tex]\omega =\omega _0+\alpha t[/tex]

[tex]\omega =0+0.4\times 3.96[/tex]

[tex]\omega =1.58 rad/s\approx 1.6 rad/s[/tex]

The correct answer is (3) 1.6 rad/s. The angular velocity of the disk after it has turned through half a revolution is approximately [tex]\(1.6 \, \text{rad/s}\)[/tex] .

To solve this problem, we can use the relationship between torque, rotational inertia, and angular acceleration, which is given by the equation:

[tex]\[\tau = I \alpha\][/tex]

 where \(\tau\) is the torque, \(I\) is the rotational inertia, and \(\alpha\) is the angular acceleration.

 First, we calculate the torque \(\tau\) caused by the force \(F\) applied tangentially to the rim of the disk at a distance \(r\) from the axis of rotation:

[tex]\[\tau = F \times r\][/tex]

Given that [tex]\(F = 8.0 \, \text{N}\) and \(r = 0.25 \, \text{m}\),[/tex]we have:

[tex]\[\tau = 8.0 \, \text{N} \times 0.25 \, \text{m} = 2.0 \, \text{Nm}\][/tex]

Now, we know the rotational inertia \(I\) of the disk is [tex]\(5.0 \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2\)[/tex]. Using the torque and rotational inertia, we can find the angular acceleration \(\alpha\):

[tex]\[2.0 \, \text{Nm} = 5.0 \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2 \times \alpha\][/tex]

[tex]\[\alpha = \frac{2.0 \, \text{Nm}}{5.0 \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2} = 0.4 \, \text{rad/s}^2\][/tex]

 Next, we use the equation for angular displacement \(\theta\) when an object starts from rest and has a constant angular acceleration:

[tex]\[\theta = \frac{1}{2} \alpha t^2\][/tex]

We are given that the disk has turned through half a revolution, which is \(\pi\) radians (since one full revolution is \(2\pi\) radians). We can now solve for the time \(t\) it takes to achieve this angular displacement:

[tex]\[\pi = \frac{1}{2} \times 0.4 \, \text{rad/s}^2 \times t^2\[/tex]

[tex]\[t^2 = \frac{\pi}{0.2 \, \text{rad/s}^2}\][/tex]

[tex]\[t = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{0.2 \, \text{rad/s}^2}}\][/tex]

[tex]\[t \approx \sqrt{\frac{3.14159}{0.2}} \approx \sqrt{15.70795} \approx 3.96 \, \text{s}\][/tex]

 Finally, we can find the angular velocity \(\omega\) after this time using the equation:

[tex]\[\omega = \alpha t\][/tex]

[tex]\[\omega = 0.4 \, \text{rad/s}^2 \times 3.96 \, \text{s}\][/tex]

[tex]\[\omega \approx 1.584 \, \text{rad/s}\][/tex]

 Rounding to two significant figures, we get:

[tex]\[\omega \approx 1.6 \, \text{rad/s}\][/tex]

 Therefore, the angular velocity of the disk after it has turned through half a revolution is approximately[tex]\(1.6 \, \text{rad/s}\)[/tex], which corresponds to option (3).[tex]\[\omega = \alpha t\][/tex]

The angular speed of the merry-go-round after the child gets on is approximately 1.28 rev/s.

To find the angular speed of the merry-go-round after the child gets onto it, we can use the principle of conservation of angular momentum. The total angular momentum before the child gets on should be equal to the total angular momentum after.

The angular momentum (L) of the merry-go-round before the child gets on is given by:

L_initial = I_initial * ω_initial

Where:

I_initial = Moment of inertia of the merry-go-round

ω_initial = Initial angular speed

The angular momentum (L) of the child after getting on is given by:

L_child = I_child * ω_final

Where:

I_child = Moment of inertia of the child

ω_final = Final angular speed

Since angular momentum is conserved, L_initial = L_child.

The moment of inertia (I) of a solid disk like a merry-go-round can be calculated using the formula:

I = (1/2) * m * r^2

Where:

m = Mass

r = Radius

For the merry-go-round:

I_initial = (1/2) * 120 kg * (1.80 m)^2

I_child = (1/2) * 37.5 kg * (1.80 m)^2

Now, we can set up the equation for conservation of angular momentum:

I_initial * ω_initial = I_child * ω_final

Solve for ω_final:

(1/2) * 120 kg * (1.80 m)^2 * ω_initial = (1/2) * 37.5 kg * (1.80 m)^2 * ω_final

Now, we can cancel out some terms:

120 * ω_initial = 37.5 * ω_final

Now, solve for ω_final:

ω_final = (120 * ω_initial) / 37.5

Substitute the given value for ω_initial (0.400 rev/s):

ω_final = (120 * 0.400 rev/s) / 37.5

ω_final ≈ 1.28 rev/s

So, the angular speed of the merry-go-round after the child gets on is approximately 1.28 rev/s.

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Answer:

2 seconds

5.74165 seconds

-32 ft/s²

119.73 ft/s

Explanation:

t = Time taken

u = Initial velocity

v = Final velocity

s = Displacement

a = Acceleration due to gravity = 32 ft/s²

[tex]s=-16t^2+64t+160[/tex]

[tex]v=u+at\\\Rightarrow t=\frac{v-u}{a}\\\Rightarrow t=\frac{0-64}{-32}\\\Rightarrow t=2\ s[/tex]

The maximum height will be reached in 2 seconds

From the given equation

[tex]s=-16(2)^2+64\times 2+160\\\Rightarrow s=224\ ft[/tex]

The maximum height is 224 ft from the ground

[tex]s=ut+\frac{1}{2}at^2\\\Rightarrow 224=0t+\frac{1}{2}\times 32\times t^2\\\Rightarrow t=\sqrt{\frac{224\times 2}{32}}\\\Rightarrow t=3.74165\ s[/tex]

Time taken to fall from the maximum height is 3.74165 seconds

Time taken from the point in time the ball is thrown is 2+3.74165=5.74165 seconds

[tex]v^2-u^2=2as\\\Rightarrow v=\sqrt{2as+u^2}\\\Rightarrow v=\sqrt{2\times 32\times 224+0^2}\\\Rightarrow v=119.73\ ft/s[/tex]

Velocity with which the ball will hit the ground is 119.73 ft/s

At t = 1

Acceleration of a body thrown is always i.e., a body in free fall is always 32 ft/s². Here as the ball is thrown up the it will be negative so -32 ft/s²

Io experiences tidal heating primarily because of the intense gravitational pull of Jupiter which creates friction inside Io and ultimately results in heating. This process is enhanced by Io's elliptical orbit.

Io, one of Jupiter's moons, experiences tidal heating primarily due to the intense gravitational pull of Jupiter. These gravitational forces create friction within Io, resulting in heat. This process is also facilitated by Io's elliptical orbit which varies the gravitational forces acting on it during its orbit around Jupiter, thereby enhancing the frictional heating. Therefore, the main contributor to Io's tidal heating is its interaction with Jupiter's gravitational field.

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Answer:

Solids

Explanation:

Some of the properties that limit the motion of particles in a solid:

1. The molecules of a solid are very closely packed together thereby limiting their motion compare to molecules of liquid which are free to move  and gas with loosely bound molecules.

2. The molecules of a solid are held together by strong inter-molecular force due to very small inter-molecular spaces.

3. The motion of molecules in a solid vibrates only in their mean or fixed positions.

4. The particles are arranged in definite pattern and shape. A solid neither takes on the shape of its container like liquid, nor does it fill the entire volume available like a gas.

5. A solid is rigid and does not flow like liquid and gas.

6. A solid has a definite volume and can not be easily compressed.

Forces of attraction most limit the motion of particles in solids. This is because particles in a solid are tightly packed together and held in place by strong intermolecular forces. As solids change to liquids or gases, these forces lessen, allowing particles more freedom.

Forces of attraction most limit the motion of particles in solids. A solid's particles are tightly packed together and held in place by strong intermolecular forces. For example, atoms in a solid are always in close contact with neighboring atoms, held in place by forces (Figure 14.2 (a)). In contrast, particles in a liquid, while also in close contact, are able to slide over one another (b), and particles in a gas move about freely (c).

As solids are heated and change state to a liquid and then a gas, these forces of attraction lessen, allowing particles more freedom of movement. In summary, the state of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) is largely dependent upon the behavior of its particles, which, in turn, is determined by the attractive forces between them. The stronger the forces of attraction, the less motion the particles will have, as is the case with solids.

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Answer:

Q=116.37 W

Explanation:

Given that

Emissivity ,ε= 0.200

Surface temperature ,T₁ = 10⁰ C = 283 K

Surrounding T₂ = - 15⁰ C = 258 K

Area ,A= 1.6 m²

The net heat transfer given as

[tex]Q=\sigma A \varepsilon (T_1^4-T_2^2)[/tex]

σ = 5.67 x 10⁻⁸

The temperature should be in Kelvin.

Now by putting the values

[tex]Q=5.67\times 10^{-8}\times 1.6\times 0.2\times (283^4-258^2)\ W[/tex]

Q=116.37 W

Therefore answer will be 116.37 W.

Answer:

Circuit breaker

Explanation:

Circuit breaker is the devise designed to protect the circuit from over current by opening the circuit automatically. Breaker can also be off manually by toggle switch. Earlier fuses were used but circuit breakers have replaced them. Fuse and circuit breakers operates differently. in case of overloading fuses blown off and opens the circuit while circuit breaker opens the circuit automatically without being blown off.

Final answer:

A circuit breaker is a safety device in a circuit that opens the circuit when an overcurrent occurs. It is faster than fuses and can be reset.

Explanation:

A circuit breaker is a device designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without damage to itself when properly applied within its rating. It acts as a safety device that switches off an appliance if the current in the circuit is too strong.

Circuit breakers are rated for a maximum current and can be reset, reacting much faster than fuses. They consist of components like bimetallic strips that respond to heat to break the electrical connection in the circuit.

Answers:

a) [tex]65.075 kgm/s[/tex]

b) [tex]10.526 s[/tex]

c) [tex]61.82 N[/tex]

Explanation:

According to the Impulse-Momentum theorem we have the following:

[tex]I=\Delta p=p_{2}-p_{1}[/tex] (1)

Where:

[tex]I[/tex] is the impulse

[tex]\Delta p[/tex] is the change in momentum

[tex]p_{2}=mV_{2}[/tex] is the final momentum of the ball with mass [tex]m=0.685 kg[/tex] and final velocity (to the right) [tex]V_{2}=57 m/s[/tex]

[tex]p_{1}=mV_{1}[/tex] is the initial momentum of the ball with initial velocity (to the left) [tex]V_{1}=-38 m/s[/tex]

So:

[tex]I=\Delta p=mV_{2}-mV_{1}[/tex] (2)

[tex]I=\Delta p=m(V_{2}-V_{1})[/tex] (3)

[tex]I=\Delta p=0.685 kg (57 m/s-(-38 m/s))[/tex] (4)

[tex]I=\Delta p=65.075 kg m/s[/tex] (5)

This time can be calculated by the following equations, taking into account the ball undergoes a maximum compression of approximately [tex]1.0 cm=0.01 m[/tex]:

[tex]V_{2}=V_{1}+at[/tex] (6)

[tex]V_{2}^{2}=V_{1}^{2}+2ad[/tex] (7)

Where:

[tex]a[/tex] is the acceleration

[tex]d=0.01 m[/tex] is the length the ball was compressed

[tex]t[/tex] is the time

Finding [tex]a[/tex] from (7):

[tex]a=\frac{V_{2}^{2}-V_{1}^{2}}{2d}[/tex] (8)

[tex]a=\frac{(57 m/s)^{2}-(-38 m/s)^{2}}{2(0.01 m)}[/tex] (9)

[tex]a=90.25 m/s^{2}[/tex] (10)

Substituting (10) in (6):

[tex]57 m/s=-38 m/s+(90.25 m/s^{2})t[/tex] (11)

Finding [tex]t[/tex]:

[tex]t=1.052 s[/tex] (12)

According to Newton's second law of motion, the force [tex]F[/tex] is proportional to the variation of momentum  [tex]\Delta p[/tex] in time  [tex]\Delta t[/tex]:

[tex]F=\frac{\Delta p}{\Delta t}[/tex] (13)

[tex]F=\frac{65.075 kgm/s}{1.052 s}[/tex] (14)

Finally:

[tex]F=61.82 N[/tex]

Answers:

a) 65.125 Ns

b) 5.263 * 10^(-4) s

c) 123737.5 N

Explanation:

a) Impulse delivered to the ball F.dt

According to the Impulse-Momentum we have the following:

[tex]F*dt = m*(V_{2} - V_{1})[/tex]

Using the given data we insert in equation above:

[tex]Impulse = 0.685 kg (57 - (-38))\\\\Impulse = 65.1225 Ns[/tex]

Answer: 65.125 Ns

b)

This time can be calculated by the following equations, taking into account the ball undergoes a maximum compression of approximately 0.01m :

Using the kinematic equations for constant acceleration:

[tex](v_{f})^2 = (v_{i})^2 + 2*a*s[/tex]

Where:

vf = 0 (ball stops on the bat)

vi = 38 m/s

s = compression = 0.01 m

Using the equation above we compute acceleration:

[tex]a = \frac{(v_{f})^2 - (v_{i})^2}{2*s} \\\\a = \frac{0^2 - 38^2}{2*0.01} \\\\a = -72,200 m/s^2[/tex]

Using the acceleration to compute time:

[tex]v_{f} = v_{i} + a*t\\\\t = \frac{v_{f} - v_{i}}{a}\\\\t = \frac{0 - 38}{-72,200}\\\\t = 5.263*10^(-4) s[/tex]

Answer: 5.263*10^(-4) s

c)

According to Newton's second law of motion:

[tex]F_{avg} * dt = Impulse[/tex]

Using answer from part a and b

[tex]F_{avg} = \frac{Impulse}{dt} \\\\F_{avg} = \frac{65.125}{5.263*10^(-4)} \\\\F_{avg} = 123737.5 N[/tex]

Answer: 123737.5 N

Answer:

a) Kinetic energies

K₁ = 1.2 J

K₂ = 7.5 J

b) The bullet that has the highest kinetic energy is the one with the highest speed , v = 50 m/s , K₂ = 7.5 J

c) K₂ -K₁  = 6.3 J

Explanation:

The kinetic energy (K) is that due to the movement of a body and is calculated as follows:

K = (1/2) m*v²  (J)

Where :

m : the mass of the body ( kg)

v is the speed of the body (m/s)

Data

m₁ = m₂ = 0.006 Kg

v₁ = 20 m/s

v₂ = 50 m/s

a)Calculation of the kinetic energy

K₁ = (1/2) (m₁)*(v₁)²

K₁ = (1/2) (0.006)*(20)²

K₁ = 1.2 J

K₂= (1/2) (m₂)*(v₂)²

K₂ = (1/2) (0.006)*(50)²

K₂ = 7.5 J

b) K₂ ˃ K₁

The bullet that has the highest kinetic energy is the one with the highest speed , v = 50 m/s, K₂ = 7.5 J

c) Difference of their kinetic energies (K₂ -K₁)

K₂ -K₁  = 7.5 J - 1.2 J = 6,3 J

Answer:

(a) 0.05 Am^2

(b) 1.85 x 10^-3 Nm

Explanation:

width, w = 10 cm = 0.1 m

length, l = 20 cm = 0.2 m

Current, i = 2.5 A

Magnetic field, B = 0.037 T

(A) Magnetic moment, M = i x A

Where, A be the area of loop

M = 2.5 x 0.1 x 0.2 = 0.05 Am^2

(B) Torque, τ = M x B x Sin 90

τ = 0.05 x 0.037 x 1

τ = 1.85 x 10^-3 Nm

a) The magnetic flux is 0.0005Tm².

b) 1. The magnitude of the magnetic field due to the coil is uniform over the area of the loop.3. The magnetic field due to the coil is uniform in direction over the area of the loop.

c) The direction of the electric field inside the wire of the loop at time t1 is zero

d) The direction of the "curly" electric field in the loop at time  when the current in the coil t₂ is counter clockwise

e)  The absolute value of the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop is [tex]0.000045T^2[/tex]

f) The absolute value of the emf in the loop at previous instant is 0.000045V

g) The magnitude of the electric field at location P, which is inside the wire is 0.0036V/m

h) Now the wire loop is removed.

The question is investigating the interactions of current, magnetic fields, magnetic flux, and electromagnetic forces.

(a) The magnetic flux is the magnetic field times the area it is flowing through. So we have

[tex]\phi_{mag}= B * A = 0.4T * \pi*(0.02m)^2 = 0.0005 T m^2[/tex]

(b) The assumptions made are: 1. The magnetic field is uniform over the loop's area, 2. Magnetic field outside the loop is zero, 3. The magnetic field is uniform in direction over the loop's area.

(c) The direction of the electric field inside the wire of the loop at time t1 is zero, as the magnetic field and the current are constant and hence there’s no change in magnetic flux.

(d) If the current in the coil begins to decrease, Lenz's law tells us that an induced current will always counteract the change in magnetic flux that caused it. Therefore, the direction of the "curly" electric field in the loop will be counter-clockwise.

(e) At the later time the rate of change of the magnetic flux, |dΦmag/dt|, would be equal to the rate of change of the magnetic field times the area of the loop [tex]= |0.36 T/s * \pi*(0.02m)^2| = 0.000045 T m^2/s.[/tex]

(f) The absolute value of the emf in the loop would be equal to the absolute value of the rate of change of magnetic flux. Based on Faraday's law this means [tex]|emf| = |d\phi_{mag}/dt| = 0.000045 V.[/tex]

(g) [tex]\|E| = \frac{|\text{emf}|}{2 \pi r} = \frac{0.000452 \, \text{V}}{2 \pi (0.02 \, \text{m})} \approx 0.0036 \, \text{V/m}[/tex]

(h ) The magnitude of the electric field at location P, which is inside the wire, would depend on specifics not given in the question.

Answer:

D) shrivel up, since the atmosphere exerts more force on the can as it cools.

Explanation:

As the water in the can is boiled the can gets heated up and contains hot vapour and gases which are rare in density and are in their expanded state. In this state when the can is sealed tightly such that no air leaks in or out of the can. When the temperature of the can drops, the gases shrink in volume and the pressure inside the can become less than the pressure of the atmosphere which leads to shriveling of the can.

Answer:

1. A only

Explanation:

First law of thermodynamics it sates that energy of the universe is constant.It is also known as energy conservation law.

Therefore according to the first law of thermodynamics ,the thermal energy of the system is unchanged.

Second law of thermodynamics states that ,it is impossible to make a device which take heat from higher temperature energy resource and give 100 % work without heat rejecting.

Therefore only option A is correct.

1. A only

Answer:

1. True

2. False

3. True

Explanation:

Semiconductors are the materials whose conduction is intermediary to that of the conductor and insulator and can be made more conducting by mixing impurities or we call it as doping.

In semiconductors, the concentration of the holes in the valence band and the electrons in the conduction band is usually very small and can be varied noticeably by doping.

(1) After being excited by a photon, an electron can move to the conduction band as a hole is created in the valence band band and this hole moves to the p-side of the p-n junction.

(2) It is not the n-type but the p-type semiconductor with missing electrons or holes in the valence band of lower energy.

(3) Electrons are free to move in a partially filled conduction band and valence band.

There is no movement of electrons along the band which are completely full or totally vacant.

Answer:

Answered

Explanation:

Terrestrial Planets are the planets that have solid surface and are smaller in size. Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are the terrestrial planets of our solar system.

The main greenhouse gases in the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets are, Carbon dioxide( the atmosphere of Venus has mainly CO_2 in it making it hottest planet of the solar system because of greenhouse effect). Water vapor and Cloroflorocarbons in the Earth atmosphere. Traces of methane and nitrous oxide are also present.

Answer:

A) 21.2 kg.m/s at 39.5 degrees from the x-axis

Explanation:

Mass of the smaller piece = 200g = 200/1000 = 0.2 kg

Mass of the bigger piece = 300g = 300/1000 = 0.3 kg

Velocity of the small piece = 82 m/s

Velocity of the bigger piece = 45 m/s

Final momentum of smaller piece = 0.2 × 82 = 16.4 kg.m/s

Final momentum of bigger piece = 0.3 × 45 = 13.5 kg.m/s

since they acted at 90oc to each other (x and y axis) and also momentum is vector quantity; then we can use Pythagoras theorems

Resultant momentum² = 16.4² + 13.5² = 451.21

Resultant momentum = √451.21 = 21.2 kg.m/s at angle 39.5 degrees to the x-axis  ( tan^-1 (13.5 / 16.4)

Answer:

The work function ϕ of the metal = 53.4196 x 10⁻¹⁶ J      

Explanation:

When light is incident on a photoelectric material like metal, photoelectrons are emitted from the surface of the metal. This process is called photoelectric effect.

The relationship between the maximum kinetic energy ([tex]E_{k}[/tex]) of the photoelectrons to the frequency of the absorbed photons (f) and the threshold frequency (f₀) of the photoemissive metal surface is:

                                        [tex]E_{k}[/tex] = h(f − f₀)

                                        [tex]E_{k}[/tex] = hf - hf₀

E is the energy of the absorbed photons:  E = hf

ϕ is the work function of the surface:  ϕ = hf₀

                                        [tex]E_{k}[/tex] = E - ϕ

Frequency f = 8.12×10¹⁸ Hz

Maximum kinetic energy [tex]E_{k}[/tex] = 4.16×10⁻¹⁷ J  

Speed of light  c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s

Planck's constant h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ Js                                

                                        E = hf = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ x 8.12×10¹⁸

                                        E = 53.8356 x 10⁻¹⁶ J

from [tex]E_{k}[/tex] = E - ϕ ;

                                        ϕ = E - [tex]E_{k}[/tex]

                                        ϕ = 53.8356 x 10⁻¹⁶ - 4.16×10⁻¹⁷

                                        ϕ = 53.4196 x 10⁻¹⁶ J

The work function of the metal ϕ = 53.4196 x 10⁻¹⁶ J      

Answer:

F = 84.61 N

Explanation:

As in the figure, since there is no friction so if component of Force applied along the incline is greater than the component of weight along the incline, then the object will move up the incline.

component of Force along the incline = F cos(23° - 15°) = F cos(8°)

component of weight along the incline = 33*g*sin(15°) = 33*9.81*sin(15°)

Equating the above two components of forces will give the minimum Force required.

F cos(8°) = 33*9.81*sin(15°)

F = 33*9.81*sin(15°) / cos(8°)                  (calculate the value using a scientific calculator)

F = 84.61 N

Answer:

Explanation:

The photons travel faster faster through space because photons always travel through space faster than electrons, in fact when an electron gets hitted by a photon this boost its speed

Answer:

0.686 g of ice melts each second.

Solution:

As per the question:

Cross-sectional Area of the Copper Rod, A = [tex]11.6\ cm^{2} = 11.6\times 10^{- 4}\ m^{2}[/tex]

Length of the rod, L = 19.6 cm = 0.196 m

Thermal conductivity of Copper, K = [tex]390\ W/m.^{\circ}C[/tex]

Conduction of heat from the rod per second is given by:

[tex]q = \frac{KA\Delta T}{L}[/tex]

where

[tex]\Delta T = 100^{\circ} - 0^{\circ} = 100^{\circ}C[/tex] = temperature difference between the two ends of the rod.

Thus

[tex]q = \frac{390\times 11.6\times 10^{- 4}\times 100}{0.196} = 228.48\ J/s[/tex]

Now,

To calculate the mass, M of the ice melted per sec:

[tex]M = \frac{q}{L_{w}}[/tex]

where

[tex]L_{w}[/tex] = Latent heat of fusion of water = 333 kJ/kg

[tex]M = \frac{228.48}{333\times 10^{3}} = 6.86\times 10^{- 4}\ kg = 0.686\ g[/tex]

To find the number of grams of ice melted per second, we can calculate the rate of heat transfer through the copper rod from the boiling water to the ice-water mixture using Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction. The formula is:

[tex]\[ Q = kA \frac{\Delta T}{L} \][/tex]

Where:

- Q is the rate of heat transfer (in watts, W)

- k  is the thermal conductivity of the material (in W/m°C)

-  A  is the cross-sectional area of the rod (in m²)

- [tex]\( \Delta T \)[/tex] is the temperature difference between the hot and cold ends (in °C)

- L is the length of the rod (in meters)

First, we need to find the temperature difference [tex]\( \Delta T \)[/tex]between the hot end (boiling water) and the cold end (ice-water mixture). We know water boils at 100°C and ice-water mixture is at 0°C. Therefore,[tex]\( \Delta T = 100°C - 0°C = 100°C \).[/tex]

Given:

- Cross-sectional area [tex]\( A = 11.6 \, \text{cm}^2 = 0.00116 \, \text{m}^2 \)[/tex]

- Length of the rod [tex]\( L = 19.6 \, \text{cm} = 0.196 \, \text{m} \)[/tex]

- Thermal conductivity of copper [tex]\( k = 390 \, \text{W/m°C} \)[/tex]

- Latent heat of fusion of ice [tex]\( L_f = 334 \, \text{J/g} \)[/tex]

Now, let's calculate the rate of heat transfer  Q :

[tex]\[ Q = (390 \times 0.00116) \times \frac{100}{0.196} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ Q \approx 236.8 \, \text{W} \][/tex]

Next, we need to convert this rate of heat transfer into grams of ice melted per second using the latent heat of fusion of ice:

[tex]\[ \text{Grams of ice melted per second} = \frac{Q}{L_f} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Grams of ice melted per second} = \frac{236.8 \, \text{J/s}}{334 \, \text{J/g}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Grams of ice melted per second} \approx 0.708 \, \text{g/s} \][/tex]

Therefore, approximately [tex]\( 0.708 \)[/tex] grams of ice melt each second. This means that [tex]\( 0.708 \)[/tex] grams of ice in the ice-water mixture will melt every second due to the heat transferred from the boiling water through the copper rod.

The given parameters;

The potential energy of the hydrogen atoms is calculated as follows;

[tex]V = \frac{kq}{r}[/tex]

where;

The potential energy when the distance = 0.74 x 10⁻¹⁸ m

[tex]V = \frac{9\times 10^{9} \times 1.602\times 10^{-19}}{0.74\times 10^{-18}} = 1.95\times 10^9 \ N.m[/tex]

The potential energy when the distance = 0.5 x 10⁻¹⁸ m

[tex]V = \frac{9\times 10^{9} \times 1.602\times 10^{-19}}{0.5\times 10^{-18}} = 2.88 \times 10^9 \ N.m[/tex]

Thus, we can conclude that the following;

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When hydrogen atoms approach each other, their potential energy decreases and they begin to form a bond. At an optimal distance of 0.74 å, a stable covalent bond is formed. The potential energy being zero or less does not signify a bond formation.

When two hydrogen atoms are far apart, the potential energy indeed approaches zero because there is no overlap of their atomic orbitals. As they approach each other, their atomic orbitals start overlapping, the energy of the system decreases, initiating the process of bond formation. When the distance between the two hydrogen atoms reaches 0.74 å (Angstroms), their energy is at its lowest point which signifies the formation of a covalent bond. This is because at this optimal distance, both repulsive and attractive forces combine to achieve the lowest possible energy configuration, leading to a stable covalent bond.

However, if the distance were to reduce to 0.50 å, the atoms would be too close and the energy of the system would increase due to stronger nuclear repulsions and electron confinement. In essence, a scenario where the potential energy is either less than or equals to zero does not correlate to the formation of a covalent bond. Instead, it's the optimal balance of forces at a specific distance that gives rise to a stable covalent bond in hydrogen atoms.

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Answer:6.0×10^5m/s

Explanation:

According to the law of conservation of momentum, sum of the momenta of the bodies before collision is equal to the sum of their momenta after collision.

After their collision, the two bodies will move with a common velocity (v)

Momentum = mass × velocity

Let m1 be the mass of the proton = m

Let m2 be the mass of the alpha particle = m2

Let v1 be the velocity of the proton = 3.0×10^6m/s

Let v2 be the velocity of the alpha particle = 0m/s (since the body is at rest).

Using the law,

m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)v

m(3.0×10^6) + 4m(0) = (m + 4m)v

m(3.0×10^6) = 5mv

Canceling 'm' at both sides,

3.0×10^6 = 5v

v = 3.0×10^6/5

The common velocity v = 6.0×10^5m/s

Answer:

20%

Explanation:

Relative Humidity (%) = (water vapor content÷water vapor capacity) × 100

=(7÷35)×100

=(0.2)×100

=20%

According to the Temperature-Water Vapor Capacity Table, the water capacity at 35 °C is 35 grams.

Water Vapor Capacity: The amount of water (grams) which air can hold at a given temperature.

Water Vapor Content: The amount of water vapor actually present in the air.

The direction of rotation of a proton can be determined using the right-hand rule in physics when considering the direction of its magnetic moment and the uniform magnetic field it's immersed in. The resultant rotation direction works to facilitate energy minimization in the system.

In the presence of an external magnetic field, the principle of physics concerning the interaction between magnetic fields and magnetic moments state that the magnetic moment of an object, in this case a proton, will align itself along the direction of the external magnetic field. This means, if the magnetic moment vector mu of the proton is directed along the positive z-axis, and the magnetic field is also along the positive z-axis, the proton's rotation will be in the direction opposite to that of the magnetic field following the right-hand rule. The proton's rotation and the magnetic field directions facilitate energy minimization in the system. Hence, the direction of rotation of a proton, based on the direction of its magnetic moment and the direction of the uniform magnetic field it is immersed in, can be determined by the right-hand rule; if your thumb points in the direction of the proton's magnetic moment (as opposed to the magnetic field), your fingers will curl in the direction of its rotation.

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It takes the same amount of work to move up the stairs whether running or walking, as work is related to the change in potential energy, which does not depend on the speed of climbing. However, running up the stairs requires additional work to be done against gravity due to the higher kinetic energy, leading to a feeling of greater exhaustion.

The question concerns whether it takes more work to run up stairs than to walk up. In physics, the term 'work' refers to the amount of energy transferred by a force through a distance. In the context of climbing stairs, work is done against gravity to elevate a person's body to a higher potential energy level. According to the work-energy principle, work is equal to the change in kinetic energy plus the change in potential energy.

Using the given information, the person does 1764 J of work to move up the stairs, regardless of whether they run or walk.

This is the work done to overcome gravity. Only 120 J of work is used to increase the person's kinetic energy when running, which is additional work that occurs due to the higher speed.

Therefore, the total work done when running will be the sum of these two amounts.

However, the amount of work done to raise the person's body to a higher elevation (the potential energy) does not change whether the person runs or walks.

The difference is in the kinetic energy.

The feeling of exhaustion may be greater when running due to the higher pace requiring more power output (rate of doing work) and possibly higher energy expenditure related to physiological effects, but the work done against gravity, which depends on the change in elevation and mass of the person, remains the same in both cases.

Answer:

Explanation:

One therm = 1.055 x 10⁸J

= 1.055 X 10⁵ kJ

= [tex]\frac{1.055\times10^5}{60\times60}[/tex]kWh

29.3055 kWh

cost of 29.3055 kWh is 86 cent

or cost of imput= [tex]\frac{86}{29.3055}[/tex]

= 2.93 cent /]kWh

compare it with cost rate quoted earlier which each was

= 10

The partial pressure of ozone at 441 ppb with an atmospheric pressure of 0.67 atm is [tex]2.947 x 10^-7 atm.[/tex]

Atmospheric pressure=0.67 atm

We have to calculate the partial pressure of ozone at 441 ppb .

To calculate the partial pressure of ozone at 441 ppb, we need to use the formula:

Partial Pressure = Concentration x Total Pressure

Given that the atmospheric pressure is 0.67 atm and the concentration of ozone is 441 ppb (441 parts per billion), we can calculate the partial pressure as follows:

Partial Pressure of Ozone

= (441/1,000,000,000) x 0.67 atm

[tex]= 2.947 x 10-7[/tex]

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