Answer:
B. Watery diahrrea
Explanation:
Clindamycin inhibits the synthesis of ARN proteins in chain elongation phase. As a result tRNA dissociates from the ribosome and does not allow to incorporate amino acids. They cover positive cocci, anaerobes and some anaerobic negative bacilli.
Side effects include:
Dermatological: rashes, erythema multiforme, anaphylaxis
Diarrhea
Colitis induced by antibiotics (pseudomembranous colitis)
Mild alteration of liver function tests
Rare: neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
The correct answer is B. Watery diarrhea
Explanation:
Clindamycin is an antibiotic commonly prescribed to treat serious infections, more specifically those caused by bacteria, this includes meningitis, tooth infections, and respiratory infections. This medicine can be prescribed in injection, capsules or intravenous solution. In terms of effects, common side effects of clindamycin include abdominal pain, rashes, nausea, and diarrhea, although if they persist the patient will need to go to the doctor. This implies the one that is an adverse effect of this medication is watery diarrhea; also others such as blurred vision, hypertension or agitation are not connected to this medication.
Explain the difference between the specific (adaptive) and non-specific (innate) immune response.
Answer: The INNATE IMMUNE response is the first line of defense of the body against pathogens or potentially pathogens. It can avoid an infection.
The ADAPTIVE IMMUNE response comes into action when innate immunity does not have the tools to act or when its action has failed.
Explanation:
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE:
- The response to pathogens is nonspecific, it acts rapidly between minutes to hours.
- Recognizes certain molecular patterns in infectious agents, but its number is limited. This is because it is codified in germline, it means, every cell has it.
- The epitelium and the mucus are physical barriers that helps with the innate immune response.
- The components are: The Complement, Natural Killer cells (NK), neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE:
- It is highly specific, and as its name, it could adapted over time. It has memory.
- It recognizes a large number of pathogens, including microorganisms, and other not necessarily infectious. It is codified by gene recombination.
- The response is mediated by Immunoglobulins.
- The components are: T cells, B cells and circulating antibodies.
The basal lamina arises from which type of tissue?
a) Epithelial tissue
b) Connective tissue
c) Nervous tissue
d) Muscle tissue
Answer:
The answer is C: connective tissue
Explanation:
The basal lamina, is a thin layer of extra cellular tissue that is part of the basal menbrane, which is part together with the reticular lamina; The basal lamina separates many tissues and cell types, such as muscle cells or fat cells from connective tissue. It is made up of fibrous proteins (elastin, collagen)
A muscle inserted at the thyroid cartilage of larynx that originates in the manubrium of sternum.
Answer:
Sternothyroideus (or sternothyroid muscle)
Explanation:
Sternothyroideus is a muscle present in neck of the human body. The muscle is shorter as well as wider than sternohyoideus. It is situated beneath sternohyoideus.
This muscle arises from posterior surface of the manubrium of sternum as well as from edge of cartilage of first rib or sometimes that of second rib. It is inserted into oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage.
What are the organs of the upper respiratory system?
Answer:
The answer to the Question is:
Explanation:
The main ducts and structures of the upper respiratory tract are the nose, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx) and larynx. The respiratory system is covered by a mucous membrane that secretes mucus, which traps small particles such as pollen or smoke. Hair structures called cilia cover the mucous membrane and displace the particles trapped in the mucus outside the nose. The air that is inhaled is moistened, heated and cleaned by the tissue that lines the nasal cavity.
Body Planes and Sections:
Write the name of the plane in relation to its description.
What plane divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior sections? ______________
What plane divides the body into right and left halves? _____________________________
What plane divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior sections? ____________
What plane divides the body (or organ) into unequal right and left sections? ____________
The transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections; the midsagittal plane divides it into right and left halves; the frontal (coronal) plane into anterior and posterior sections; and any sagittal plane that is not the midsagittal plane (parasagittal plane) divides the body into unequal right and left sections.
The anatomical planes are used to describe how the body is divided into sections. There are several key planes that are used:
The plane that divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior sections is the transverse plane.The plane that divides the body into right and left halves is known as the midsagittal plane or median plane.The plane that divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior sections is the frontal or coronal plane.The plane that divides the body (or organ) into unequal right and left sections is any sagittal plane that is not the midsagittal plane, often referred to as a parasagittal plane.Understanding these planes is crucial for accurately describing the locations and orientations of body parts within the three-dimensional space of the body.
Why is it important that bone formation and bone resorption are balanced? What happens if this balance is disturbed?
Answer:
Bone formation and bone resorption are two processes, which are responsible for balancing or homeostasis of bones. Bone formation can be defined as a process that leads to formation of new bones. Bone resorption involves a process that causes breakdown of bone tissue by releasing minerals.
If this balance gets disturbed it would lead to bone disorders. Inadequate bone formation or increased bone resorption can leads to weakening of bones or osteoporosis, due to which bones become fragile and prone to fractures.
Thus, balancing of bone formation and bone resorption is important for maintaining homeostasis in bones.
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
a. excitation of the SA node
b. closure of the heart valves
c. friction of blood against the chamber walls
d. opening and closing of the heart valves
Answer:
The answer is D opening and closing of the heart valves
Explanation:
The closure of both atrial and ventricular heart valves are responsible for normal heart sounds, it should be said that blood circulation must be laminal, without turbulence or colliding with the walls of the heart.
Normal sounds of heart are caused due to "opening and closing of heart valves".
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The two noteworthy sounds heard in the ordinary heart sound like "lub and dub". The “lub" is the main heart sound, generally named S1, and is brought about by the closing of mitral and tricuspid valves toward the beginning of systole.
The subsequent sound,"dub" or S2, is brought about by the closing of aortic and pulmonic valves, denoting the end of the systole
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it __________.
a. produces vitamin D
b. is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys
c. stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
d. ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The renal capsule is the tough and fibrous layer which surrounds the kidney. It is covered by a layer of peri-renal fat which is known as adipose capsule of the kidney.
This structure helps to hold the kidney in their respective position inside the human body. Fatty layer also helps in the protection of kidney from the external injury, trauma and any other damage.
Hence, the correct answer is option C
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it stabilizes the kidneys' position by keeping them in their normal place in the body.
Explanation:The fatty tissue that surrounds the kidneys, also known as perirenal fat, plays a significant role in maintaining the anatomical position of the kidneys. This is critical because the kidneys must adhere to their correct location most effectively to carry out their vital functions, which include filtration of blood and removal of toxins from the body.
So, the correct answer to your question is option (c): 'The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position'.
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Which cranial nerve does not carry motor commands to an eye muscle?
a. vagus nerve
b. abducens nerve
c. oculomotor nerve
d. trochlear nerve
Answer:
The answer is A vagus nerve
Explanation:
The vagus nerve despite being part of the twelve cranial nerves does not innervate any eye muscle.
Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, or yeast that invade the body are known as
a. tumors.
b. pathogens.
c. interferon.
d. immunoglobins.
Answer: B. Pathogens.
Explanation: The word pathogens refers to external agents that are hosted in live organisms (humans, animals or vegetals), and has the property of affecting the host causing diseases or damages visible or not. Saying this, the microorganisms described in the question are pathogens.
Option A. Incorrect. Tumors are described as an abnormal growth of any group of cells of an organism.
Option C. Incorrect. Interferon is a protein released by cells of the immune system when it is time to defend the body against microorganisms.
Option D. Incorrect. Immunoglobulins are proteins created specifically for attacking an antigen (something harmful for the body). They are also part of the immune system.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
When checking a victim for a head or spine injury, move the victim so they are lying on their back.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Explanation:
In case any victim is suspected from the spinal or neck injury then the victim should not be moved on any side. He must be left untouched.
Doing so can make the person permanently paralysed. Try to cover the front and back of the neck with rolled piece of clothe but do not move the person unnecessarily.
Hence, the given statement is False.
Which of the following correctly traces the path of air as it enters the respiratory system?
a. Nose -> Larynx -> Pharynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
b. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
c. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Primary Bronchi -> Trachea -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Alveoli -> Bronchioles
d. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Alveoli -> Bronchioles
Answer:
c. Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Primary Bronchi -> Trachea -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Alveoli -> Bronchioles
Explanation:
The respiratory system's primary function is to obtain oxygen for use, and eliminate carbon dioxide.
The correct path of air as it enters the respiratory system is Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli.
Explanation:The correct answer is option b. Air enters the respiratory system through the nose, from where it then moves to the pharynx (throat). It then travels to the larynx (voice box), proceeds to the trachea (windpipe), and then into the bronchi. The bronchi have multiple branches, with primary bronchi being the first division, followed by secondary bronchi, and then tertiary bronchi. The air continues its pathway to the bronchioles, which end at tiny sacs called the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
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Making up medical or psychiatric symptoms to get attention (but without realizing that it is to get attention) is known by the name of ____________ disorder.
a. Tourette
b. Munchausen
c. Beck
d. Rorschach
Answer:
b. Munchausen
Explanation:
The Munchausen disorder is a psychiatric disorder closely associated with severe emotional difficulties in which a person repeatedly pretends to have psychiatric or physical symptoms, such as chest pain, stomach problems, fever and allusions, or tries to get ill (For example, by trying to hurt themselves) in order to draw attention, sympathy or reassurance to themselves.
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the:
a. corpus callosum
b. thalamus
c. central sulcus
d. optic chiasm
Answer:
The answer is A: corpus callosum
Explanation:
The corpus callosum is a structure that is located in the deep part of the brain and whose function is to unite the two cerebral hemispheres. it is responsible for coordinating the functions of both hemispheres.
Which of the following is an important exception to the usual function of arteries and veins?
A. The inferior vena cava carries oxygenated blood to the heart
B. The superior vena cava carries oxygenated blood to the heart
C. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart
D. The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the heart
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Heart is an organ that is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from heart to various parts of the body.
The deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body comes into heart by veins and then oxygenated blood is transported from the heart to various parts of the body by artery.
The exception is that Pulmonary veins of heart are responsible for the carrying oxygenated blood from lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.
Hence, the correct answer is option C.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Home Health Agency reimbursements are adjusted to reflect a patient’s needs based on?
a. RUGs
b. HHRG
c. DRG
d. CPT codes
Answer:
I show HHA's, was this not an option at all?
Explanation:
I stand corrected if Im wrong. I'll do some further investigation if need be...
Upon fertilization of the egg, a single cell is created and is called the:
A. gamete
B. gonad
C. zygote
D. ova
Answer:
The answer is C zygote
Explanation:
The zygote is the first cell that is formed after fertilization of the sperm to the ovule, which will subsequently give rise to the fetus.
In fertilization of Egg, a single cell known as Zygote is created.
Explanation:
The process called fertilization happens during the combination of Sperm and an egg which is also called as an oocyte.
This will result in the generation of a single new cell which is known as Zygote. This zygote has the generic material that is essential for the formation of Human.
The generic material are obtained half from the male and half from the female. A zygote is a diploid cell, formed as a result of fertilization of haploid gametes that are from male and female lines.
Describe the role of the organ system listed in the maintenance of homeostasis for each of the following respiratory events:
a. The cardiovascular system in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs ________________
b. The muscular system in inhalation and exhalation ________________
c. The cardiovascular system in the transport of gases throughout the body ______________
d. The lymphatic system in the exchange of gases between the blood and cells of the tissues _____________
Answer:
Explanation:
Homeostasis can be define as the tendency of the body to maintain it's environment constant and stable as compared to the changes occurring in the external environment.
a. The cardiovascular system will exchange gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen with the body and the external environment. The main requirement of the body is the oxygen which is inhaled and the carbon dioxide is the gas which is produced as waste of the metabolic process which is exhaled out.
b. The muscle of the diaphragm contracts which allows the increase in volume of the thoracic cavity. The muscles helps in inhalation and exhalation. The intercostal muscles present between the ribs helps in enlargement of the chest cavity. They contracts the rib cage that helps in inhalation and when the rib cage expands the process results in exhalation. The inhalation process helps in maintaining the oxygen levels and exhalation maintains the carbon dioxide levels. Thus respiratory system maintains the homeostasis.
c. The cardiovascular system is the organ system that allows the circulation of the blood and transports nutrients like oxygen, carbon dioxide, blood cells, hormones, electrolytes and amino aids to and from the cells. Thus helps in maintaining the homeostasis by regulating the demands of the cells for oxygen and nourishment.
d. The lymphatic system is a network of small tubes called as lymph vessels. These vessels transfers the lymph fluid which transfers gases, white blood cells and nutrients throughout the body. Thus lymph system maintains the homeostasis by the fulfilling the demand of oxygen when body experience scarcity of oxygen.
The cardiovascular system absorbs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide in the lungs before transporting these gases to and from body tissues, while the muscular system aids in breathing.
The organ systems listed play crucial roles in the maintenance of homeostasis through the process of gas exchange during respiratory events:
a. The cardiovascular system in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs helps to absorb oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from it. Oxygenated blood is then transported to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs to be exhaled.b. The muscular system in inhalation and exhalation uses the respiratory muscles like the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to change the volume of the thoracic cavity, thus facilitating airflow into and out of the lungs.c. The cardiovascular system in the transport of gases throughout the body carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells where it is used for energy production, and it also picks up carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, from the cells to transport it back to the lungs for exhalation.d. The lymphatic system is not directly involved in the exchange of gases. Instead, the cardiovascular system is responsible for the transport of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the tissue cells.These systems work together to ensure that the body's cells have a constant supply of oxygen and that carbon dioxide is efficiently removed, thus maintaining the balance of the body's internal environment.
Which one of the following does not belong to this set of bone types?
A) Dense bone
B) cortical bone
C) cancellous bone
D) compact bone
Answer:
C) Cancellous bone
Explanation:
Bones in the body are composed of 2 types of tissues:
1. Compact bone: Compact bone is also called as cortical bone, a dense bone. It is hard outer layer that is strong, dense and durable. Compact bone makes up almost 80% of adult bone mass.
2. Cancellous bone: The bone contains a network of rod-like structures. They are less dense and more flexible than compact bones.
Option A, B and D belong to one type of bone.
Thus C is the answer
What are myoepithelial cells? What is the function?
Answer:
each cell consits of a cell body from which 4to8 proccers and embrance the seceritary unit
Symptoms for syphilis often disappear between stages leading patients to believe that they are not at risk for further damage.
a) True b) False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium. It is usually spread after people have unprotected sex (any kind of sex).
The first symptoms of syphilis include having open, wound like sores around the mouth and the genitals areas. They are usually pain free but very unpleasant and they tend to heal on their own. During a later stage of this disease they symptoms may become latent and even disappear for months or years. The no visible symptoms stage is very dangerous one, as the bacterium can damage the internal organs in the body, including the brain.
Syphilis is treated with antibiotics.
Which of the tollowing is not a stimulus for breathing?
a. arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention
b. arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
c. rising blood pressure
d. rising carbon dioxide levels
Answer:
C. rising blood pressure
Explanation:
Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?
a. into the lungs, called expiration
b. out of the lungs, called inspiration
c. into the lungs, called inspiration
d. out of the lungs, called expiration
Answer:c
Explanation:because the body will automatically react
To the air in your body
Final answer:
Air flows out of the lungs, called expiration when alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure because air moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
Explanation:
When alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, air flows out of the lungs, which is called expiration. This occurs during the pulmonary ventilation process, which includes inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). In the case of expiration, the muscles of the thoracic cavity relax, causing a decrease in volume, which leads to an increase in alveolar pressure. As a result, the air is pushed out of the lungs because air moves from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure.
The correct answer to the question is d. out of the lungs, called expiration.
Pathology in which of the following lobes of the brain is MOST associated with personality changes?
A. frontal
B. occipital
C. temporal
D. parietal
Answer:
A. frontal
Explanation:
it controls personality, decision making, and reasoning.
If work is constant, power increases as time increases.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
Power may be defined as the rate of doing work with time. The S.I. unit of power is J/s or watt. The power is a scalar quantity as it has only magnitude and no direction.
The power can be calculated by the formula:
Power = work done/ time taken.
From the formula, it is clear that power is inversely proportional to the time taken by the body. Hence, if the work remains constant, power will decrease with time.
Thus, the answer is false.
Condition of abnormal blueness of the skin is called?
A. Cyanosis
B. Smurfism
C. Jaundice
D. Albinism
Answer:
(A). Cyanosis.
Explanation:
Cyanosis can be defined as a condition, in which skin and mucous membrane turns into blueish in color. This abnormal blueness of skin is caused by low level of oxygen in blood cells due to problems in lungs, heart, or airway.
Some other causes for cyanosis include low temperature, high altitude, and low blood pressure. Treatment for cyanosis involves various drugs and methods that restore the normal blood flow to the body parts affected.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr efect)
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer is option A. False.
Explanation:
John Scott Haldane described a property of hemoglobin which is termed as the Haldane effect. Displacement of carbon dioxide from the hemoglobin of blood by oxygen in the lungs. It promotes the removal of CO₂ from the blood. This process is the Haldane effect.
Decrease in the affinity of the oxygen to binding with hemoglobin in response to a decrease in blood pH due to increased CO₂ concentration in the blood. It is the Bohr effect.
Thus, the correct answer is option A. false.
Bile from the liver emulsifies _____________.
Answer:
Fat particles
Explanation:
The acids in the bile emulsifies globules of fat into microscopic droplets. This is of significance because the surface area of fat is made to increase, which allows it to become available for digestion by lipases (fat deteriorating enzymes).
You3 hospitalized patient is exhibiting the symptoms that he is experiencing a fat embolism. Your priority nursing actions is to?
a. administer oxygen.
b. Assessing his vital signs.
c. Notify the health care provider (HCP).
d. Administer IV fluids.
Answer:
The answer is C: Notify the health care provides (HCP).
Explanation:
Fat embolism originates when fat thrombi travels through the bloodstream, causing obstruction in different vital organs of the body, such as heart, lung, brain; Depending on the symptoms presented by the patient, and the severity of their condition, this will be the immediate management of this. You may need intravenous fluids and oxygen. Being therefore a priority, inform the treating physician of the patient's condition, so that he can take the appropriate medical behavior since depending on the place where the obstruction produced by the thrombus is located, this is going to be the medical management.
Which of the following occurs during heightened iron needs?
a. genes of the GI tract produce more proteins that assist with iron absorption
b. more iron is absorbed from the foods we consume
c. our body absorbs iron at a slower rate but more efficiently
d. a and b
Answer:a
Explanation:
Because the body will react to it right away
During heightened iron needs, both genes of the GI tract producing more iron absorption proteins and increased absorption of iron from food occur.
Option (d) is correct
During heightened iron needs, both options a and b occur. Option a states that genes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract produce more proteins that assist with iron absorption. This means that the body increases the production of proteins involved in transporting and absorbing iron from the intestines. Option b states that more iron is absorbed from the foods we consume. This means that the body increases its uptake of iron from the digestive system to meet the heightened iron needs.
These mechanisms are part of the body's response to increased iron requirements, such as during periods of growth, pregnancy, or in cases of iron deficiency.
By increasing the production of iron-binding proteins and enhancing the absorption of iron from the diet, the body aims to meet the increased demand and maintain adequate iron levels for essential physiological functions, such as oxygen transport and enzyme activities. Therefore, both option a and b are correct statements regarding what occurs during heightened iron needs.
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