Answer the questions that follow for each stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). If necessary, use an arrow to indicate a change that occurs during a particular cell cycle stage (for example, 1→ 2 or yes → no). a. How many chromatids comprise each chromosome during this stage? b. Is the nucleolus present? c. Is the mitotic spindle organized? d. Is the nuclear membrane present?

Explanation:

The abiotic factor are the ice age , meteor , chemicals , never hinder or help the evolution or development of the biotic factors .

As , the ice age can resists or slow down the growth of many of the tropical plants and animals .

But it facilitates the evolution of the organism that can get adapted to the cold climate .

A large amount of oxygen in the environment which is produced by the cyno bacteria helps the evolution of the animals .

Answer:

Explanation:

A) Factors affecting fermentation

Factors which influence the rate of fermentation are as follows-

1) Nutritional requirements-

The media plays a crucial role in the process. Adequate amount of nutrients like C, N , K , P, O2 etc are necessary for the growth and metabolic activity of the microorganisms.

2) Temperature- Optimum temperature is required for the apt growth of the biomass.

3) pH of the fermentation process -Microorganisms grow, multiply and produce active proteins in adequate physio-friendly environment.

4) Mechanical process and Oxygen Transfer- Agitation

The agitation in the reactor allows enough mixing and oxygen transfer which enhances the morphology of the microorganisms.

B) Types of Fermentation  

1) Batch type fermentation- The necessary nutrients required are added before inoculation. It is a discontinuous process

2) Fed batch fermentation- Initial medium concentration is low.

3) Continuous  fermentation- Fresh media is continuously added to the reactor

4) Solid state fermentation- It is the growth of microorganisms on solid material in the absence of water.

5) Anaerobic fermentation- In the presence of oxygen

6) Aerobic fermentation- in the absence of oxygen

C) Industrial uses of fermentation

Fermentation has multiple uses in various sectors like

1)Agriculture- Plant growth hormones

2)Industrial Fermentation- Enzyme production, antibiotic production, ethanol production etc.

3)Agro-food industry-  Food additives

D) Isolation of microorganisms

Isolation is the separation of microorganisms from each other in a mixed culture.

Few techniques employed to isolate the culture  are- Streaking, Plating, Dilution, Enriched Procedure and Single cell technique.

E) Components parts of fermentation

There are three parts of a fermentation process namely

-Upstream processes:  Primary screening, preparation of pure culture and selection of production strain at  lab scale level

-Production processes: Continuous monitoring the production process to maintain best possible  conditions for maximum product formation

-Downstream processes:The extraction of the product and its purification  and the disposal of effluents produced by the process.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-A.

Explanation:

Genetic variation is the difference in the DNA sequences of individuals in a population. Genetic recombination is the main reason for the diversity of organism on earth.

The genetic variation takes place during gamete formation by recombination of DNA sequences which takes place during prophase of meiosis I.

Since genetic variation involves changes in the coding segments of the DNA called genes which leads to mutations, therefore, flowering time does not influence the genetic variation and option-A is the correct answer

Answer:

FALSE

Explanation:

Smallpox was a highly contagious viral disease characterized by the high fever, skin rash, sores in mouth and vomiting. This infection was caused by the virus Variola minor and Variola major.

Smallpox vaccine developed by the English physician and scientist, Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine for smallpox.

In 1980, this infection was certified as globally eradicated.

Answer:

The given statement is true.

Explanation:

HDV or hepatitis D virus refers to a virus, which needs hepatitis B virus for its replication. The HDV infection takes place concurrently or as super-infection with hepatitis B virus. About five percent of individuals with chronic HBV infection are co-infected with HDV, causing a sum of 15 to 20 million individuals infected with HDV globally.  

The co-infection of HDV-HBV is regarded to be the most extreme kind of chronic viral hepatitis because of the rapid cases of liver-associated death and hepatocellular carcinoma. The infection of hepatitis D can be prevented with the application of hepatitis B vaccines.  

Answer:

1.6x[tex]10^{6}[/tex]

Explanation:

All you have to do is divide the number of base pairs by 3, since 3 nucleotides constitute a codon.

Answer:

a. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.

Explanation:

A species is a group of organisms that can breed with each other and reproduce viable offsprings that are also capable of reproducing in future.

Here, Audubon's warbler and Myrtle warbler had separate habits which might or might not be similar. Their food requirements also might or might not be similar. But they were found to interbreed and give rise to offsprings who survived and reproduced well so they belonged to the same species of yellow rumped warbler.

Answer:

Ubiquinone.

Explanation:

Electron transport chain is the important cycle in which electrons are transferred are from one complexes to another complexes and couples it with  proton transfer. This is important for the formation of ATP molecule.

Ubiquinone acts as a mobile carrier in the electron transport chain. The ubiquinone accepts electron from the NADH dehydrogenase. The accepted electron is then transferred to the complex III ( cytochrome C reductase). Both oxidation and reduction occur in this step.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Answer:

e. vertebrate

Explanation:

The question states that the organism posses the following characteristics:

Option a is discarded as seed cones are produced by conifers which are autotrophics.

Option b is incorrect as basidiocarps are typical of Basidiomycetes (fungi) which are not large and are rarely consumed by carnivores.

Option c and d correspond to small animals (e.g. arthropods) and with usually high biotic potential and r-selected species which prioritizes high growth population rates and offspring.

Then, option e (vertebrate) is consistent with belong to a k-selected, low biotic potential, iteroparus, heterotrophic species (e.g. a mammal).

DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts:

1. A five carbon carbohydrate (pentose)

Pentose is classified as a monosaccharide (simple carbohydrate), and its molecular formula is represented by [tex](CH_{2} O)n[/tex]. They are water soluble molecules with sweet taste. Monosaccharides may have from three carbon atoms (trioses) to six (hexoses). In DNA is present pentose (5 carbon atoms)

2. A nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases are ring-shaped compounds that contain nitrogen in their molecular structure. They are classified into two groups: purines and pyrimidines

The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G). They are larger and contain more than one ring in their structure,.

The pyrimidines, cytosine (C), uracil (U) and thymine (T), are smaller and composed of a single ring.

3. One or more phosphate groups

A phosphate consists of a trivalent anion that contains one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms. Its molecular formula is expressed by [tex](PO_{4} ^{-3})[/tex].

The chemical components of DNA are nucleotides, made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and four nitrogenous bases. These components form the structure and base pairs in DNA molecules.

The Chemical Components of DNA

The chemical components of DNA are nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar molecule called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). The sugar and phosphate group form the backbone of the DNA molecule, while the nitrogenous bases pair up to form the rungs, or base pairs, of the DNA ladder.

Example:

A DNA molecule may have the sequence ATCGAT.

In this example, the sugar deoxyribose and phosphate group (sugar-phosphate backbone) connect the nucleotides, while the nitrogenous bases A, T, C, and G pair up in a complementary way: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.

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Answer:

The cell decides to ferment instead of the krebs cycle when there is no oxygen in the cell cytosol.

Explanation:

Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell cytosol. In this situation glucose is degraded into simpler substances such as lactic acid (lactic fermentation) and ethyl alcohol (alcoholic fermentation). In both lactic and alcoholic fermentation there is a balance of only 2 ATP molecules and, in both processes, they start with pyruvic acid obtained from glycolysis, as described in aerobic respiration.

In a nutshell, we can say that fermentation is an anaerobic process of obtaining energy, ie occurs when there is no oxygen available in the medium. The fermentation may be an alcoholic fermentation or a lactic fermentation.  

The initial stage of fermentation is the same as cellular respiration: glycolysis. The energy yield of fermentation is lower, only of the 2 ATP that are produced in glycolysis. But it is a faster process than aerobic respiration.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-C.

Explanation:

Carbon fixation is a step of the light-independent reaction called the Calvin cycle of the photosynthesis.  The Calvin cycle proceeds in three steps: carboxylation, reduction and regeneration of RuBP.

During carboxylation, the carbon from carbon dioxide binds the RuBP molecule, a five-carbon molecule by Rubisco enzyme and form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA).

Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.

Carbon fixation results from the combination of CO₂ and RuBP, catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCo. The correct answer is 'c. RuBP'. The other options listed are also parts of the photosynthesis process

Carbon fixation is an important process in photosynthesis where the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is converted into organic compounds. In this process, CO₂ combines with Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). This process is catalyzed by the enzyme named Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known as RuBisCo. Option 'c. RuBP' Is the correct answer in this context.

It's important to note that the other options in your question are part of the photosynthesis process as well. G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is the molecule that is created as a result of the carbon fixation process, while glucose phosphate is part of the process of converting G3P to glucose.

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Answer:

E. All of the preceding are correct

Explanation:

When the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and estrogen, the

Concentration of these hormones in the blood drops.

As a result, small arteries in the endometrium contract, reducing

the oxygen supply. Menstruation, which marks the beginning

of a new cycle, begins when cells die (due to the lack of oxygen) and blood vessels  break and bleed. Estrogen concentrations and

Progesterone are now too low to inhibit the anterior pituitary,

so the secretion of HSF and HL grows again.

Answer:

B. Primary spermatocytes

Explanation:

The germ cell line is a group of cells found inside the seminiferous tubules. This germ cells undergo mitosis (creating spermatogonia) to have a steady supply of cells that will divide by meiosis to produce gametes. When spermatogonia divide by meiosis at the end of meiosis I the newly created cells are known as primary spermatocytes.

Answer:

Explanation:

A) Fredrick Griffith Bacterial Transformation Experiment

In 1928 Fredrick worked on various strains on Staphylococcus pneumoniae

and mice.

He was trying to develop a vaccine against pneumonia.

He chose two strains of bacteria,

R stain- rough and non virulent strain

S strain- smooth and virulent strain

when he injected the strains one by one into the mice these were the results-

R strain into the mice  -----> Mice lives

S strain into the mice  ------> Mice gets pneumonia and dies

Heat killed S strain     ------> Mice lives

R starin + Heat killed S strain----> Mice dies

Thus, Griffith concluded that The living R strain must have taken a 'transforming principle' from the heat killed S train and became virulent. This resulted in the death of the mice.

B) Hershey Chase experiment

They used bacteriophages to conduct this experiment. Their phase was made up of protein and contained DNA.

To determine that whether the phage added proteins or DNA to the host cell in order to multiply, he radiolabeled the components of the phage

Proteins were labelled by 35S

DNA was labelled with  32P

He infected various batches of bacterial culture with these radiolabelled bacteriophage.

Then he centrifuged the culture and got a pellet( heavy material like bacteria) and supernatant( light material like media, phages).

He found that pellet was mostly labelled with 32P and not 35S. Hence they concluded that it DNA and not protein were the genetic material.

RNA stores the genetic material. In fact RNA was the first genetic molecule and it was only after evolution that DNA became the genetic molecule.

-RNA has a great capacity of storing and expressing the genetic information.

-But the single stranded structure of RNA is unstable and can be easily destroyed by the enzymes.

-Hence the double stranded nature of DNA is much more stable and and passes the genetic information with more accuracy.

Answer:

Cri du chat syndrome.

Explanation:

Maintenance of chromosomal structure is important for the proper functioning of the cell. The alteration or change in the chromosome structure may leads to the various genetic problem.

The cri du chat syndrome occurs due to the missing of the short arm of the chromosome number 5. The deletion in short arm of chromosome 5 is responsible for this syndrome. The infants that suffer from this syndrome has high pitched cry that is similar to the cry of a cat.

Thus, the answer is Cri du chat syndrome.

Answer:

b. the theory of blending inheritance

Explanation:

Before Mendel's work was completed and published, theory of blending inheritance was widely accepted. According to it traits from both parents were blended and expressed in the next progeny. The new trait wont be in extreme like its parents' and would fall somewhere in between the spectrum.

Mendel disproved theory of blending inheritance by his famous pea experiment. When he crossed a pure breeding tall and pure breeding dwarf pea plant he got all tall pea plants in next progeny. According to theory of blending inheritance, the height of pea plants in next progeny should have been a result of mixing of heights from the two parent plants. But all the plants were tall like one of the parent plant disapproving the theory.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-E.

Explanation:

Gregor Mendel is known for his transmission of traits- the principle of inheritance.

He was the first person to show the idea that how the traits are passed on from generation to the next generation through factors which gave rise to the theory of heredity.

Before him, no other theories wee predicted and proposed to show the inheritance pattern and therefore option-E is the correct answer.

Answer:

Explanation:

DNA extration from a onion and from a cauliflower would be different because even though all DNA is composed by the same nucleotides. The sequence of genes will be different in both onion and cauliflower. That's why a cauliflower doesn't look like a onion. The genes are responsible for making up the cauliflower and the onion.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Light independent reactions of photosynthesis produce glucose from carbon dioxide. Glucose is the ultimate product of photosynthesis which is used by plants as a source of energy.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis include photolysis of water molecule and release of electrons to drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The electrons are transferred from water molecule to the PSII, carrier, PSI and finally to the NADP+ to reduce it into NADPH.

During the electron transfer, the generated proton gradient drives the ATP synthesis. ATP and NADPH formed during light reactions are used in light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

The correct answer is E. A cell

Explanation:

The cell is the smallest unit of life that exists and that constitutes all living organisms and body tissues including unicellular and multicellular organisms. Due to this, cells are considered as the fundamental unit of life as even the smallest and simplest living organisms are made of cells or at least made of one cell.

Cells are commonly made up of three main parts: the cell membrane which surrounds the cell and controls the substances that enter and leave it; the nucleus which is the structure within the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell's DNA; and the cytoplasm that is the fluid inside the cell that contains other tiny cell particles with specific functions, such as the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. This applies to all cells except to prokaryotic cells because these do not contain a nucleus but a chromosome in the middle of the cell.

Answer: d. choose the tree with the fewest branch points

Explanation:

Parsimony is a phenomena of evolution which involves classifying organisms on the basis of their characteristic under levels. The most parsimonious tree is a tree, which depends upon morphological characters with few evolutionary events. So, while constructing a phylogenetic tree based on parsimony, the tree, which has few evolutionary lineages in terms of both DNA base pairing as well as in the morphology, can be taken into consideration.

Hence, the correct option is (d).

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology. Option C is correct.

Parsimony is the cornerstone of all science and implies that the simplest possible scientific explanation is the one that best fits the evidence.

When it comes to tree-building, it implies that all else being equal, the simplest possible hypothesis is the hypothesis that requires the least evolutionary change.

Maximum parsimony (MPS) is a fundamental way of identifying evolutionary relationships between species based on the minimum number of changes that may have led to the current phenotypic characteristics.

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Answer:

Since the condition is sex-linked, it must be related to the X chromosome.

Let [tex]X^{A}[/tex] represent the dominant allele and [tex]X^{a}[/tex] the recessive one, the daugther must have a [tex]X^{a}[/tex] chromosome from the father (the only one he could pass) and a [tex]X^{A}[/tex] from the mother, otherwise she wouldn't be female ([tex]X^{a}Y[/tex]) or would have the condition ([tex]X^{a}X^{a}[/tex]).

If the man does not have the condition, he has the dominant allele on the X chromosome, represented as [tex]X^{A}Y[/tex]. You can use Punett squares to represent their cross.

\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c| }\ & X^{a} & X^{A} \\ \ X^{A} & X^{A}X^{a} & X^{A}X^{A} \\ \ Y & X^{a}Y & X^{A}Y \\ \end{tabular}\end{center}

None of the possible daugthers could have the condition, but there is a 50% chance of their son having it (1/2).

In total, since there is a chance of 1/2 for their son to be affected, the probability of having four sons with the condition is 1/2⁴, or 6.25%.

Answer:

When we breath, we are making respiration. As me are doing respiration, a lot of glucose (we get from food) is turning into ATP, and that is energy; the energy to make cells function. That's why respiration, is important.

Explanation:

Glucose (food) + Oxigen (breathing) ---> carbon dioxide (free by lungs) + water + ATP

Answer:

to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide (cellular respiration)

Explanation:

Glucose (food) + Oxygen (breathing) ---> carbon dioxide (free by lungs) + water + ATP

Answer:

1/4 or 25% chance/ probability of having an albino child.

Explanation:

Albinism is a recessive trait, this means that a person need 2 copies of the allele to express this condition. If both parents are normal their genome must be Aa ("A"=normal condition and "a" recessive allele) when they produce gamets they could either be "A" or "a" but when fertilization happens there's a 25% chance of 2 gametes with the recessive trait to meet, hence producing an albino.

It is important to understand that this is only probability. A couple could have 6 children and all of them could be normal.

Answer:

Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower (Ans C).

Explanation:

Angiosperm is known as flowering plants and bears their seeds within a fruit. They are vascular plants they have stem, leaves, and roots. They represent approximately 80% of all living green plants. They are the most abundant and diverse plants throughout the globe.

Angiosperms are vascular seed plants where the ovule or egg is fertilized and develops into the seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary is also enclosed in a flower, it is the part of the plant angiospermous plant which contains both male or female reproductive organs. Fruits are derived from the maturing flower organs present in the angiosperm plants.

They are also defined as vascular plants with fruit, seeds, and flowers for reproduction.  

Answer:

(A) -> (D) -> (C) -> (B)

Explanation:

First off, given that the problem requires us to explain how life on Earth may have arisen from terrestrial origins, we can discard sentence (E), as impacts from meteorites would count as extraterrestrial origins.

Then it's just a matter of describing the steps by which simple compounds turned into more and more complex structures, that would in turn lead to the origin of life.

Simple inorganic compounds (such as CO₂, or NH₃) were exposed to energy, because of that they formed simple organic molecules, like carbohydrates or amino acids.

These organic molecules, in turn, would self-assemble into more complex structures, such as proteins.

Lastly, there's the phenomenon of Compartmentalization, where large organic structures became enclosed within a membrane-like structure, separating them from the 'outside' medium and thus creating primitive cells.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-A.

Explanation:

Inverted repeats are the sequence of the nucleotide in a nucleic acid which is identical but arranged in the opposite orientation. The inverted repeat may be separated by some sequence or they may lie adjacent to each other. They can be read the same from the backwards or forward direction.

In the given question since four bases when read from the forward direction is same as reading the sequence from the backward direction like CGAC can be read the same both backward and forward.

Thus, option-A is the correct answer.

Answer:10 -10M

Explanation:

Answer:

(c). Aa Bb cc Dd

Explanation:

The number of genetically different eggs that could be formed by women with the following genotypes are a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8.

The Principle or the law of Independent Assortment describes how different genes separate independently from one another during the development of reproductive cells or germ cells. An Independent assortment of genes and the traits corresponding to this was first observed by Gregor Mendel in the year 1865 when he was studying genetics in pea plants.

Mendel performed the experiment called dihybrid cross. In this, he performed a  between organisms which are different with regard to two traits. His discovery was that when traits combine in the offspring, the cross does not always match the combinations of traits according to the parent organisms. From his data, he could formulate the Principle of Independent Assortment.

Therefore, according to the principle of independent assortment, the number of genetically different eggs that could be formed by women with the following genotypes are a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8.

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