Answer:
B
Explanation:
The statistics will need to be qualitative, but in this case descriptions will help with the outcome of the project.
In order to determine whether the sample's results are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ descriptive statistics. Thus, option B is correct.
What is the descriptive statistics?A descriptive statistic is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarises features from a set of data, whereas descriptive statistics is the process of employing and analysing those statistics.
Descriptive statistics enable a researcher to quantify and describe the fundamental properties of a data set. Descriptive statistics, as a result, serve as a starting point for data analysis, allowing researchers to organize, simplify, and summarise data.
It enables data to be presented in a meaningful and understandable manner, allowing for a more simplified interpretation of the data set in question.
Therefore, option B is correct.
Learn more about the descriptive statistics, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/29487303
#SPJ5
Jane explains an idea that she has for improving emergency communications with the hearing impaired. Arnold tells Jane that he agrees that there is a need and likes her general concept, then mentions a few concerns that he has about implementing it. Next he offers an idea and asks Jane's opinion of how it would mesh with her original purpose. This conversation is an example of:A. DelegationB. AgreementC. Trust-reducing behaviorD. Constructive Disagreement
The given conversation is an example of Constructive Disagreement.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Constructive disagreement is the process in which a person decides to disagree by mentioning the concerns related to the problem which is being disagreed upon.The reason and concerns regarding being disagreed are mentioned and based on that a solution is arrived to the problem.It is called constructive because based on the problem the person who pitches the situation is allowed to find and negotiate a solution to the problem.How do we determine the number of representatives to which each state is entitled
The determination of the number of representatives to which each state is entitled is done by examining the population size of that state.
Explanation:
During this process each and every state would have at least one representative. The big populated states have the large number of representatives.
The state population is evaluated in the basis of constitutionally mandated Census. The representatives must meet the entire requirement before he or she being chosen as the representative like the minimum age is 25 years.
A) By the population of each state as determined by the decennial census.
Census Collection: Every ten years, the U.S. Census Bureau conducts a census, which is a count of the population living in the United States. The most recent census was completed in 2020.
Apportionment of Seats: After the census data is gathered and analyzed, the total number of House seats (currently set at 435) is apportioned among the states based on their populations. States with larger populations are allocated more representatives, while every state is guaranteed at least one representative.
Redistricting: Following the allocation of seats, states may undergo a process called redistricting, where they redraw the boundaries of their congressional districts.
Complete question-
How do we determine the number of representatives to which each state is entitled in the U.S. House of Representatives?
A) By the population of each state as determined by the decennial census
B) By the total area of each state
C) By the state's GDP and economic output
D) By the number of electoral votes each state has in presidential elections
Which part of a neuron is associated with receiving information?
Answer: Dendrites
Explanation:
Dendrites are known as the terse branched continuation of nerve cell, they are known as the tree-like extensions that can be found at beginning of the neuron which further helps to expand surface area of a cell unit. The dendrites tend to receive information from several other neurons and therefore transmit the electrical provocation.
Final answer:
Dendrites are the parts of a neuron that receive information from other neurons at synapses. They extend from the cell body and their dendritic spines increase surface area to facilitate connections.
Explanation:
The part of a neuron associated with receiving information is called the dendrite.
These tree-like structures extend from the neuron's cell body and are critical for receiving messages from other neurons at contact points known as synapses.
Dendrites can also have small protrusions known as dendritic spines, which serve to increase the surface area for making synaptic connections, thus enhancing the neuron's ability to receive information from multiple sources.
Additionally, the flow of information in a neuron progresses from the dendrites, through the cell body (soma), and eventually down the axon, demonstrating the neuron's polarity.
When Yasmine says, "I get that you can't put into words what I did to upset you. Was it that I didn't call? Was it that I got here a little late?" she is _____________. A. paraphrasing B. asking for specifics C. endorsing D. guessing about specifics
Answer: Asking for specifics
Explanation: Asking for specifics normally takes place in a negative situations like in an argument, in the midst of the heated argument it is done to get information.
Like in the question Yasmine was trying to ask specifics from the person she was in an in argument with.
Answer:
D. guessing about specifics
Explanation:
Yasmine didn't even let the person with her talk and has started guessing about specifics. We can see this because as soon as she arrives at the place she has marked with the individual, she begins to talk about how she knows that he is extremely upset with her, and that this "conviction" she has prevented her from calling the individual and yet delayed her to reach the marked location.
Whose research regarding career choice and personality traits has been validated and used as the foundation for "job quizzes" that people take to see what occupations they might enjoy?
Answer:
The answer is researcher John L. Holland.
Explanation:
Psychologist John L. Holland is well known for his work on the aptitudes for certain careers or professions and personality traits that an individual might possess. The job quizzes that have been developed are based on the Holland Occupational Themes (RIASEC) which include realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. These traits correspond in turn to the following attributes: doers, thinkers, creators, helpers, persuaders, and organizers.
This activity described a research study by Ahmed M. Megreya and A. Mike Burton (2008) that showed participants an unfamiliar face and asked them to match it with a new photo of the same person in a set of photos of another ten unfamiliar faces. Based on their results, they concluded that:_________
Answer:
They found that in approximately on third of the attempts, the subjects were not able to match the faces, even though the pictures were all presented in optimal conditions. The experiment has since the been replicated with very similar results.
This study has had applications for ID matching in security protocols, such as passport verification in airports.
Greta wants to do a study on how self-efficacy changes over the life span. Her primary concerns are economic – she needs to do the study in the way that will cost the least in terms of time and money. Given these concerns, she is probably going to be best served doing a(n) ____study.
Answer:
cross - sectional study
Explanation:
A cross - sectional study -
It involves the study by using many sources and data for a specific time period , is known as a cross - sectional study .
Some characteristics of a cross - sectional study are as follows - Data iis taken for a single point of time . There should not be any type of manipulationsMany factors are considered like race , income age etc. .It is capable to provide the information of the current .The example of a cross - sectional study is , data for the people suffering from cancer .
Hence , Greta is also performing a cross - sectional study .
Greta is likely to undertake a longitudinal study for her research on self-efficacy changes over the lifespan given her economic constraints. Longitudinal studies trace individuals over time and provide comprehensive data about changes in variables such as self-efficacy.
Greta wants to do a study on how self-efficacy changes over the lifespan with a focus on economic efficiency. Considering her constraints regarding time and money, she is likely best served by undertaking a longitudinal study. A longitudinal study involves tracking the same individuals over a period of time to observe changes or developments in a particular variable, in this case, self-efficacy. This type of study can provide insights into how self-efficacy beliefs evolve throughout an individual's life.
Previous research has demonstrated that self-efficacy beliefs are complex and vary among individuals and situations. Task-specific measures of self-efficacy, according to this research, are better predictors of behavior than general measures of self-efficacy, suggesting the importance of context in understanding this construct. Moreover, these beliefs are not confined to personal capacity alone and could also encompass collective self-efficacy, the belief in a group's ability to achieve goals.
Nawaz and his boyfriend break up. Nawaz makes an internal attribution for this outcome. Complete the sentence to show an internal attribution that Nawaz could make. My boyfriend broke up with me because ________.
A) He can’t appreciate how wonderful I am.
B) His parents think he should focus on school.
C) I am unlovable.
D) We were not right for each other.
Answer:
The answer is letter C, I am unlovable.
Explanation:
In order to know the answer, it's best to learn the meaning of "attribution."
Attribution- In social psychology, attribution is defined as the process by which individuals explain the causes of behaviors and events. This means that a person thinks of a situation's result as being caused by the person's behavior or other external factors.
Internal Attribution- This is also known as "dispositional attribution." The person believes that another person has changed because of his own personal feelings or behavior.
In the example above, Nawaz is making an internal attribution by saying that his boyfriend broke up with her because she is unlovable. This is Nawaz' personal reason why her boyfriend broke up with her.
External Attribution- This type of attribution states that a person's behavior is caused by situational factors.
The example above can be turned into an external attribution if Nawaz will state that his boyfriend broke up with her because his boyfriend's parents think he should focus on school.
Although President Obama is of mixed race, White Americans typically perceive and label him as Black. Researchers believe this happens because White observers ________ the distinctive physical features of the less-familiar Black minority.
Answer:
selectively attend to
Explanation:
Although President Obama is of mixed race, White Americans typically perceive and label him as Black. Researchers believe this happens because White observers selectively attend to the distinctive physical features of the less-familiar Black minority.
Final answer:
White Americans often label President Obama as Black, which reflects historical racial classification systems based on physical features. Individuals with mixed-race backgrounds, like Obama and Tiger Woods, face societal impositions of racial categories that can lead to discrimination and clash with their self-identification.
Explanation:
Perception of Racial Identity in America
Research indicates that White Americans often perceive and label individuals like President Barack Obama, who is of mixed-race heritage, as Black owing to the prominence of certain physical features that are distinct from their majority group. This tendency can stem from lingering effects of historical racial classification systems that placed individuals in simplistic racial categories based on a few visible traits like skin color, hair texture, and eye shape. President Obama, despite his equal White ancestry, is predominantly identified as Black due to such cultural and social constructs.
In American society, people of mixed-race often confront challenges where their self-identification clashes with the societal imposition of a racial category. For example, Tiger Woods, who describes himself as 'Cablinasian' to represent his Caucasian, Black, American Indian, and Asian heritage, is often regarded as Black in the U.S., which demonstrates how societal views on race can overshadow an individual's complex racial identity. Additionally, immigrants from other countries may find the American racial classifications to contrast sharply with those of their homelands, leading to potential discrimination based on a newly ascribed racial identity.
These issues highlight the problems with static racial categories and call for a deeper understanding of the complex nature of racial identity. The reliance on physical features for racial identification not only oversimplifies a person's heritage but can also perpetuate stereotypes and discrimination. President Obama's and Tiger Woods' experiences exhibit how race is a socially constructed concept with significant implications on individual identity and treatment within society.
In those individuals with limited experience of a particular motor skill or activity, high levels of contextual interference during practice of the skill will __________ learning of the skill.
Answer: Have no effect
Explanation: The contextual interference during exercise is in fact the occurrence that interference during exercise is useful for enhancing and improving skills. However, higher levels of interference during practice result in poorer performance than when it comes to lower levels of interference. Scientific studies have shown that, with increasing levels of interference during practice, performance degradation occurs when it comes to motor skills. Contextual interference in motor learning and enhancement of motor skills is in fact an interference due to some exercise / practice that is within the context of the exercises / practices, that is, an integral part of a larger number of exercises. Thus, one exercise, that is, practice, interferes with other exercises / practices, and when it is at a lower level, then the motor skills increase. But in this case, for people with limited motor skills and exercise experience, a high level of interference that would otherwise reduce the development of motor skills, in this case, will have no effect, since those people have not developed those skills anyway.
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali’s use of the cartons represent____________.
Answer: divergent thinking
Explanation:
This technique is a broder type of thinking that involves many ideas which are used towards pursuing various directions in order to come up with more ideas , this type of thinking involves creativity in which there is no restrictions to stick to one idea but it allows the invention of new ideas.
Caralee's coworker Mohammed, who is Muslim, celebrates Ramadan for one month each year; during this time, he fasts from sunrise to sunset. Donuts and muffins are usually served at meetings in their company. Caralee is demonstrating ________ when she does not order snacks for meetings during Ramadan.
Answer:
high cultural intelligence
Explanation:
Cultural intelligence is the ability of an individual to adapt to the different cultures in different conditions. It has been used in business, government, and educational context and improves the efficiency of a person working in the environment. If a person interacts well with people from different cultural backgrounds, it will enhance the productivity of the work.
As per the question Caralee's ability to understand the culture of her coworker, make her coworker comfortable and develops a sense of respect for her.
Carlos and Maria's daughter is about 4 years old. She rarely makes eye contact with them and seems lost in her own world. She does not seem to make friends with other children. Her diagnosis is MOST likely to be _____ disorder.
Answer:
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Explanation:
This disorder usually develops at a young age. The symptoms include lack of eye contact and ablivion to the outside world. They have difficulties in social activities and don't make friends easily.
Brent has been diagnosed with terminal cancer. Today, he spent hours praying: "Please, I’ll do anything. Just give me one more chance. I’m so sorry. I’ll be the best person, just please give me another chance." Brent is most likely in the ____ stage of dying.a. bargaining
b. depressionc. acceptance
d. denial
Brent is most likely in the bargaining stage of dying.
Explanation:According to psychiatrist Elizabeth Kubler Ross, there are five stages of dying or grief written in her work On Death and Dying which is very helpful for doctors in dealing with such kinds of patients.
The five stages of dying are:-
Denial: In this stage, the patient enters a denial mode and denies the fact that his/her death is real.
Anger: In this stage, the patients may get angry about the fact that they are dying.
Bargaining: In this stage, the patient might try to bargain for their death from the doctors and God mostly in exchange for money or good deeds.
Depression: Here, the patient might get depressed upon realizing what they could and couldn't do.
Acceptance: Here, the patient completely accepts reality.
From observing the question, it is clear that Brent is in the Bargaining stage of dying as he is praying. Hence, option A is correct.
Lowery has extreme feelings of failure and worthlessness and believes he is the most sinful person on earth and deserves to die. He has eaten little and rarely left his bed in the last several days. Lowery would be diagnosed with a __________ disorder.
Answer: Major depressive
Explanation:
Major depressive disorder is the type of disorder that induces depression and sadness in a person's mind which can last for long period of time.These feelings tends to persist in mind and disturb the normal functioning which is also known as clinical depression.
Symptoms displayed by the person are sadness for extended period, less sleep, tiredness,worthlessness, harming yourself etc.
According to the question, Lowery is suffering from major depressives disorder(MDD). She is thinks herself as sinful individual ,want to dies and has no interest in activities of daily life.
Assume a researcher finds that overuse of a drug reduces the body's production of neurotransmitters. Thus, if an abuser of this drug stops taking the drug, withdrawal symptoms occur until the brain begins producing normal levels of neurotransmitters again. Such a finding would most directly support which view of the cause of substance-abuse disorders?A. behavioralB. biochemicalC. socioculturalD. opponent-process
Answer:
The answer is B. biochemical.
Explanation:
Many studies have shown the biochemical effects of drugs (i.e. effects related to hormones and enzymes released by the brain when using the substances).
Drugs can alter the way neurons communicate with each other; they might activate or inhibit them, and this may interfere with the normal functioning of the brain. An excess of neurotransmitters (as produced by cocaine, for example) could interfere with the regular life cycle of neurons and disrupt the behaviour of neurons.
Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues?
A) growing children
B) young adults
C) infants
D) the elderly
Answer:
I think it would be the elderly.
Answer:
the answer is
C. Infants
Anton is applying for a technician's job with a neurosurgeon. Trying to impress his potential employer with his knowledge of the brain, he says, "After my father's stroke I knew immediately that the blood clot had affected his left cerebral hemisphere because he no longer recognized a picture of his friend." Should Anton be hired?a. Yes. Anton obviously understand brain structure and function.b. No. The right hemisphere, not the left, specializes in picture recognition.c . Yes. Although blood clotes never form in the left hemisphere, Anton should be rewarded for recognizing the left hemisphere's role in picture recognition.d. No. Blood clots never form in the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere is more involved than the left in recognizing pictures.
Answer:
No. The right hemisphere, not the left, specializes in picture recognition.
Explanation:
Anton is incorrect. The right hemisphere of the brain, not the left, is mainly responsible for picture recognition. Blood clots can also occur in either hemisphere.
Explanation:In this scenario, the appropriate response would be choice b. Anton is incorrect in asserting that the left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for picture recognition. Neuroscientific research has shown that the right hemisphere has specializations in recognizing images and faces, not the left. While the left hemisphere also plays substantial roles in other cognitive tasks, picture recognition falls predominantly under the domain of the right hemisphere. Furthermore, the presence of a blood clot can occur in either hemisphere of the brain, contrary to Anton's implication that such events are exclusive to the left hemisphere.
Learn more about Brain Hemispheres here:https://brainly.com/question/34208477
#SPJ2
The Old English verb steorfan ("to die, from any cause") is the source of the Modern English verb starve ("to die from lack of food"). What is the technical term used to describe this type of meaning change?
Answer:
Semantic narrowing
Explanation:
In linguistics, the term semantic narrowing refers to the shift in which words refer to a more specific class of items or objects.
Semantic narrowing also refers to the process by which a word's meaning becomes less general than its earlier meaning so, with time, the meaning of said word becomes more specific.
In this example, the word 'steorfan' which means 'to die of any use' is the source of the verb 'starve' which means 'to die from lack of food'. We can observe that the original meaning is broader than the current meaning of the word, which is more specific now. Thus the meaning of the word got narrowed and we can say that the technical term that would describe this would be the term 'semantic narrowing'
A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you, followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?
A. primary memory
B. sensory memory
C. long-term memory
D. short-term memory
Answer:
B. sensory memory
Explanation:
According to the information processing model, there are three basic forms of memory storage, they are:
1. Sensory memory.
2. Short-term memory.
3. Long-term memory.
Sensory memory: This is the very first stage of the memory storage and it lasts for the shortest-term. Sensory memory retains various impressions of particular sensory information after the extinction of the original stimuli. It is used to transfer the memory in short-term memory.
The sensory memory is of three types including iconic memory, echoic memory, and haptic memory.
"Be loyal to your family" was what the child heard all the time, along with "You shouldn't— and can't—do it on your own, so don't even try." A behaviorist would say this kind of upbringing would be MOST likely to produce which of the personality disorders in the child, when he or she reached adulthood?
A) narcissistic
B) antisocial
C) avoidant
D) dependent
Answer:
D) dependent.
Explanation:
Dependent personality disorder: The dependent personality disorder is also referred to as DPD, and is an anxious personality disorder that is being represented as the inability of a person to be alone. A person dealing with DPD feels anxious if the person is not being surrounded by another person, and often rely on the other person for reassurance, support, comfort, and advice. The person with DPD often fears to get separated from the loved ones.
Treatment: Behavioral therapy.
In the question above, A behaviourist would say this kind of upbringing would be most likely to produce dependent personality disorders in the child when he or she reached adulthood.
5. In a psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspective?
A.Its concepts are too precise and specific.
B.The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values.
C.It emphasizes collectivism too heavily.
D.It emphasizes unconscious motivations too heavily.
Answer:
B. The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values.
Explanation:
Humanistic perspective refers to the importance of good behavior and empathy and using these tools to make an individual believe in their worth and lead them to self-actualization. On the other hand, Maslow's personal values reflect on self-actualization through achievement of physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, and esteem while working towards achieving one's full potential. Here, Maslow's self-actualization description provides a scenario where a person can themselves work towards achieving their goals leading them to self-actualization which can be a great criticism of humanistic perspective as it requires dependence and assistance of another person.
In terms of the underlying causes of performance problems, leaders seem to have the most difficulty recognizing and rectifying:
A. motivation problems.
B. unclear expectations.
C. employee skill deficits.
D. resource shortages.
Answer:
A. motivation problems.
Explanation:
The answer is --
A. motivation problems.
A performance problem is drawback in somebody to perform well or work diligently to achieve the desired result. The performance management for an employee is to help the individual to be successful and bring the desired outcome of the wok on time. But many fails to do so and the the main underlying cause for performance problems is the lack of motivation in people. people are not motivated to work for the desired goal and success.
Thus the leaders finds it very difficult to recognize and rectify the motivational problem in peoples.
Therefore the answer is --
A. motivation problems.
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, most notably _____.
Answer:
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, most notably Anxiety.
Explanation:
Anxiety is the psychological state of feeling fear, worry or nervousness about a sudden situation. Although anxiety is helpful in creating a consciousness about a situation and desire to improve upon it, people with anxiety disorder has problem of extreme worrying of situations in everyday life which is harmful for psychological, mental and social health. The root cause of anxiety disorder can be genetics, trauma faced in childhood or the parenting of overprotective parents where children might develop anxious disposition.Joe has an incredible ability to memorize whatever he reads in a book, and he can recite all the cities in the United States alphabetically. However, he has difficulty doing simple tasks like taking the bus. Joe most likely
Answer:Joe most likely is a savant.
Explanation:
A savant is a person with mental disabilities who excels past average.
Mikell telephoned her uncle to see if she could live with him and his family for a year while she sorted out what she was going to do with her life. Unsurprisingly, he declined. She then asked if she could stay with him for just a couple of weeks, and he agreed to this. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the_________.
Answer:
The answer is door-in-the-face technique.
Explanation:
This psychological method explains that a person is more likely to comply to a smaller request after a larger one has been turned down.
This behaviour can be explained through social responsibility. The person asked might find himself compromised after declining the first request, and now feels socially obliged to make up for it in a more reasonable way.
Sonya was born into a poor family in a poor neighborhood. She became a bestselling author in her late 20s and then moved her family to an expensive house in an expensive neighborhood. This is an example of:
Answer:
intragenerational mobility
Explanation:
Intragenerational mobility -
It is the social movement which occurs during the lifespan of a person , ot may refers to the change in the status of an individual during the course of time .
As , seen in the question , Sonya moves with her family to an expensive house as soon as she became a very good author of the best selling book is an example of intragenerational mobility .
Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages?a. Formal operationalb. Concrete operationalc. Sensorimotord. Preoperational
Answer:
a. Formal operational.
Explanation:
The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget. This stage approximately starts at the age of twelve and last into adulthood. At this stage, the children tend to think more advanced and abstract. Children would able to understand theoretical concepts and their practical application in real life. They can use their creativity to form new concepts.
Answer:
20
Explanation:
General Formulas and Concepts:
Algebra I
Reading a Cartesian Plane
Step-by-step explanation:
We can disregard the length of the line from the Library and the House, as Davina does not use that path at all.
We know that 1 unit on the grid represents 1 km. We define the lengths of the route from the graph:
Davina's House to School = 4 units = 4 km
School to Library = 6 units = 6 km
The entire trip Davina takes from House to Library would be 4 km + 6 km = 10 km total.
We also know that Davina takes the same route back from the Library to House. It would be the same exact route and length. Therefore:
2(10 km) = 20 km total
A problem-solving heuristic is
Select one:
a. likely to be less effective than a strategy such as hill climbing or means-end analysis.
b. needed for unfamiliar problems but not for familiar problems.
c. a strategy that guides a search through the problem space.
d. guaranteed to find a problem solution if one exists.
Answer:
Option C, a strategy that guides a search through the problem space, is the right answer.
Explanation:
The term heuristic is derived from the Greek word ‘eurisko’, which means to ‘find’, or to search. Therefore, it is an approach to find a solution to a problem. This method gives speed to the process of relinquishing a satisfactory resolution. In other terms, it is a strategy which is derived from the earlier encounters with similar problems. Such a strategy is dependent on using immediately accessible information to manage problem-solving in machines, humans and abstract issues.
The standard or amount of evidence necessary to affect the arrest of an individual or that induces the belief in the minds of a reasonable officer that the accused probably committed a crime is known as ________.
Answer:
Probable cause
Explanation:
Probable cause is related to the probability reason due to which police can arrest a person. For the probable cause, a police officer has to find out the points and the circumstances in which a person is suspected to do the crime. It is not in hand of police that he simply said that the person was suspected of the crime because I have seen him attempt the crime or doing burglar. There is not any parameter for people to judges the probable cause of the crime. But on some suspension or any suspect doing the crime. But this information is not enough to judge a person's criminal. There should be reasonable doubt for proving that a person is a criminal.